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Moral Reasoning, 2004.
This paper discusses gender differences in moral reasoning styles.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that females more often advocate caring and compassionate responses in cases where wrongdoing is evidenced, whereas males are more likely to advocate an ?eye for an eye? type of thinking. The author points out that, in the situation of the film, ?Taps?, if girls had been involved, they would have been more likely to base their moral sensitivity and decisions not only upon their interpersonal needs and experiences, but also back their decisions by more rational thought processes. The paper stresses that a teacher should take into consideration the different learning patterns and moral reasoning styles of boys and girls to assist them in working out problems.
From the Paper
?Taps? is a movie about a private military high school, where the school is facing closure. To prevent this the adolescents attending the campus take over the school; in terms of adolescent moral reasoning, the boys involved impulsively react instead of thinking things through. They arm themselves, feeling like they are taking initiative and working together as a team to accomplish a common goal. They react just as they are taught, to be a team and to foster group dependence and unity."
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Nietzsche on Reason and Morality, 2007.
An examination of Friedrich Nietzsche's views on reason and morality.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Friedrich Nietzsche's attempts to show the empty interior of the "idols", that is, the "truths" man has taken to heart so blindly. The paper focuses on Nietzsche's views regarding two such 'truths', reason and morality, and points out that it is not so much the falsity of these idols that Nietzsche wants brought to light but their life-denying qualities that have had such a tight grasp on our lives. The paper then asserts that Nietzsche's message for future generations was to not let reason and morality reign over mankind. The paper concludes that Nietzsche advocated that we question the 'truths' we hold so dear, those that seem to him to do little more than prevent us from living.
From the Paper
"Reason is the first enemy in Nietzsche's battle against the denial of life. At first he sets out to show how reason has progressed (starting with Plato) into a current form that is such denial of life that it caused nihilism to spread across Europe. When Plato first began investigating the world he came to the conclusion that what we experience here on earth could not be the reality or nature of world as it really was in itself. The importance Plato placed upon such earthly objects and occurrences (instead of a sort of self existence) was a representative quality, in which they were mere glimpses, place-holders for reality, the 'forms' of such a world that existed beyond the heavens. Thus the world became homage to truth rather than truth itself; this event, for Nietzsche, was the 'sun beginning to set'."
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Moral Standards and Moral Consistency, 2008.
This paper explores the moral standards in the associations of Eberhard Faber, Incorporated.
1,049 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the decision to allow Eberhard Faber to associate with known bribe-givers. The paper is of the opinion that this association seems like an affront to the moral consistency requirement demanded of any credible moral standard. The paper contends that respecting the law in some, but not in all, circumstances makes a mockery of the organization's avowed commitment to legal dictates and therefore is inherently immoral.
From the Paper
"Before going too far, the stakeholders in this situation need to be listed. Obviously, the share-holders of Eberhard Faber are one significant stake-holder; so too is the Board of Directors and, especially, the key principals (Mr. Faber and Mr. Carey) who offer widely divergent views on how to approach this matter. Not to be forgotten, the other company involved is a stake-holder as it could lose a major deal with an American company - a deal it would seem to covet. Lastly, IRS and legal consultants who convinced Mr. Faber that the deal was above-board and breached no US laws are stake-holders with credibility on the line (for a lengthier discussion on all of these parties, please see "Eberhard Faber, Inc.," n.d.). In the end, many people stand to win - or lose."
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Seaman Holmes, 2005.
A discussion on the moral reasoning of Seaman Holmes.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the story of Seaman Holmes. The writer proposes that his story is tragic because, while it relates mostly to the lives that were lost at sea, it also is a case in which one individual was condemned as responsible for death, and this will be knowledge that he will keep with him for life. The writer argues that, while some during the time of the trial attempted to state that Holmes acted out of a desire for his own life to continue, it is evident from the story that Holmes acted with moral and amoral reasoning, always attempting to consider what was best for all aboard the boats. The paper further explains that, through moral reasoning, Holmes made the decision, with the sinking of the ship, which people's lives had to be saved. Holmes, placing the welfare of the passengers above his own, began to aid people to safety.
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Moral Development, 2007.
This paper studies Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a cornerstone of our understanding of moral development. The writer notes that in the tradition of Piaget, Kohlberg proposed that children form their ways of thinking--including their moral reasoning--through their experiences during development. Thus, the writer relates that moral development and reasoning is a function of the usual childhood development and lies well within the realm of psychology. The writer concludes that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a strong extension of work already conducted by Jean Piaget on the developmental process. However, the writer claims that it is severely limited in its applicability as Kohlberg imagines incorrectly it can function as a universal guide for moral reasoning.
From the Paper
"Kohlberg's theory of moral development is built on a foundation of Jean Piaget's own work on the question of moral judgment and development. Piaget's work on the subject divided moral judgment into two stages of development, with a stark division in ways of thinking between children aged more or less than ten or eleven. Younger children, Piaget argued, view morality and rules as fixed and absolute, while older children treat moral issues in more relativistic terms based on individual circumstances. Piaget found that a number of related changes occur at about the same time, when children are roughly ten or eleven. In addition to above mentioned change, when children pass this milestone they also shift from a focus on consequences to a focus on intentions. For a young child, the end result of a decision is the basis for the child's evaluation of the decision as moral or not. An older child will consider the intention of the act before making any strict judgments. Piaget's two stages of moral development are, however, quite limited and do not consider potential changes in moral reasoning that might occur as individuals pass other developmental milestones. Kohlberg recognized this deficiency and extended Piaget's work to develop a greater number of stages in moral reasoning. He argued for a more gradual, longer process of moral development that involved six distinct stages divided into three discrete levels of development. This extension of Piaget's work has been one of Kohlberg's greatest contributions to the study of moral development."
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A Crime of Compassion, 2007.
This paper argues that euthanasia is wrong for moral and intellectual reasons.
1,034 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper asserts that euthanasia undermines the sanctity of human life and can lead to situations in which people are put to death against their wishes. The paper looks at the reasons why some want to see the widespread use of euthanasia. The paper then examines the position of those opposed to euthanasia and agrees that it must be viewed as a crime of compassion that needs to be punished.
From the Paper
"There are few controversies in our society more polarizing than the topic of Euthanasia. For one thing, a host of moral assumptions and values are brought "into the mix" whenever the subject is brought up. Perhaps more significantly, Euthanasia frightens many people because it involves a matter of life and death and whether or not a human being should be given that power over another human being regardless of how well-meaning the latter might be. In any case, Stedman's Medical Dictionary defines "Euthanasia" as being "The act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition, as by lethal injection or by the suspension of extraordinary medical treatment" ("Euthanasia," defin.1)."
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Kant's "Metaphysics of Morals", 2004.
An analysis of the significance of the "role of reason" in Kant's fundamental approach in his "Metaphysics of Morals".
6,408 words (approx. 25.6 pages), 31 sources, MLA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, for the philosopher Kant, an understanding of knowledge is circumscribed by the limitations of sensory experience. It looks at how, in "The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals", he delineates an understanding of the law and duty, which has its source a priori and is necessarily uncontaminated by empirical volition and data. It also discusses how his moral philosophy insists that knowledge that is contingent of context and conditions is not the highest knowledge and, in fact, dilutes pure understanding. It shows how Kant explores the ramifications of his view of moral understanding in a rigorous analysis of the action of a priori, synthetic reason and shows how reason acts ?in itself? to produce the groundwork for a metaphysics of morals.
Outline
Abstract
Contents
Introduction and Overview
Foreground: A general Overview of Some Essential Concepts
Reason
An Analysis of Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In the third section of the Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant attempts to elucidate the difficulty of understanding freedom in a moral sense. His analysis differentiates the knowledge that can be obtained from the senses, through experience, from that which is valid through reason alone. This relates to the seminal element that runs like an intellectual current throughout his work, which is the distinction made between a contingent reality derived from sense experience and a reality or ?understanding? that comes from an a priori synthetic reasoning."
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Kant and Morals, 2005.
A look at what the concept of moral meant to Immanuel Kant.
1,958 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Immanuel Kant had firm beliefs that first we start with a moral sense within reason and through this, every normal thinking person will have the principles of morals. It looks at how Kant being a rationalist firmly felt that we have preconceived ideas about the world and how his fundamental principles of morality reflect his idea that our moral principles are based within reason.
From the Paper
"Kant's standpoint differs from Mill's on the point about where our morals lay. Mill believed that it was the consequence of an action that makes it moral, rather than the motive behind the action. Like Kant, Mill also believed that as long as there is enough goodness in the end the motive is not that important. Kant's second principle of the categorical imperative is something that I can agree with in respect to morality. That everybody should have a degree of respect for others and treat others with dignity. Kant touched on what humanity is in my mind. People giving each other the respect they as individuals deserve. "
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Inner and Outer Morality, 2007.
This paper discusses inner and outer morality in Plato's 'Republic'.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that, according to Socrates in Plato's Republic, morality is one of the four elements of goodness in a community. The writer notes that inner morality was the rule of reason over other parts of the mind whereby a person lets reason and rationality rule. The writer points out that Socrates argues that when there is harmony between all elements of a community, morality will emerge. The writer explains that this is outer morality. The writer concludes that for morality to exist, it is important that every single part of the community and mind must be allowed to function properly within its own limits. The writer maintains that this would create harmony and peace and these two are the essential components of inner and outer morality.
From the Paper
"The third part is self-discipline. Socrates explained that it is not easy to allow oneself to be ruled. But when every section of a community accepts its rulers and understands that some people rule while others are the ruled, they are exhibiting self-discipline. This is needed for a community to function smoothly. When all these elements are found, we realize that the ability to a community to allow every person to do his job without creating conflict is morality. This is the outer morality that helps keep a community intact."
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Reason and Passion, 2004.
An examination of David Hume's philosophy of reason and passion.
1,293 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how British philosopher David Hume posited that reason cannot be the major determinant of moral action and how, instead, reason should only play a secondary role to another primary human faculty, passion. It argues the continuing relevance of Hume?s thesis that, despite the current level of scientific knowledge, passion remains the strongest determinant of ethical and moral action. The first part of this paper evaluates Hume's conception of reason as an ability to calculate and to discern causation. The next part of the paper then looks at Hume's definition and categories of conception. In the final section, the paper compares Hume?s writings on the secondary role of reason to Peter Singer?s principle of utility and shows how passion continues to be the prime motivator human action.
From the Paper
"Despite the supposed primacy of reason, however, most people disagree with controversial philosopher Peter Singer's view of "preference utilitarianism," an extreme ethical value system that seeks to replace individual instinctive interests with a ?reasoned? concept of the general good. Singer?s value system states that one's own interests and ideas matter only when seen in their consequence to everyone else's interests (Singer 15). According to Singer's preference utilitarian, the obligation of an American couple to feed and nurture their own baby is equal to their obligation to feed and nurture a refugee Kurdish child. After all, both children have an interest in eating and growing up. The fact that parents intuitively love their own child more than a child they have never met does not figure into Singer's equation."
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Nietzsche, Morality, and the French Revolution, 2000.
This paper is a reconstruction of Nietzsche's moral theory in "On the Genealogy of Morals" and its application to the moral-political philosophies of the Old Regime and the French Revolution.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of Nietzsche's "On the Genealogy of Morals" and its relation to the historical context in which it was written. A parallel is drawn between Nietzsche's view of the historical evolution of morality and the development of the moral-political philosophies of the Ancient (Old) Regime and the French Revolution. The Ancient Regime is associated with Nietzsche's idea of "good, bad" morality, while the French Revolution is connected with "good, evil" morality. Some other issues discussed are the idea of the slave revolt and the morality of Napoleon.
From the Paper
"Every civilized society is concerned with its moral fabric: the ethical and behavioral norms that all citizens are expected to obey. Morality, on its surface, appears to be a philosophical issue. Some people speak of a universal morality, beyond time and devolving upon all people equally. In this way, they explain the prevalence of certain moral laws, for instance, the prohibition against murder, in almost every society. Others view morality as a subjective concept, yet still one with philosophical origins. They maintain that many societies possess laws against murder because each group of people has made an independent philosophical evaluation, and determined that the value of life is something they as cohabitants of the same state all uphold. For Friedrich Nietzsche, both of these approaches are fundamentally flawed."
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Poe, Reason and the Irrational, 2007.
This paper discusses the work of Edgar Allan Poe's as it relates to reason and the irrational.
8,527 words (approx. 34.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 180.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that a significant literary tradition exists questioning the defining characteristics of madness, as not deviant behavior but behavior associated with brilliance. The writer then points out that discussions of the literary interpretation of madness as a form of brilliant understanding, is expressed through the works of Edgar Allan Poe so effectively that even his interpretation of the mundane as horrible, can be called into mind on the issue of analogous representations. The writer maintains that when speaking of Poe and his contribution to literature one expert expressed that the analogous idea of the mundane as filled with horror was not based upon the reality of the object but on its interpretation by the individual character and therefore his or her readers.
Outline:
Introduction
Morality
Intuition and Reason
The Death of Reason
Power
Supernatural
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The defining characteristics, of madness in the literary and cultural determinism present in Poe's 19th century and now our 21st century worlds are associated not with the inability of an individual to function, within a normal scope of human cultural existence but with his inability to function within such a context while still knowing so much more than the average man. The individual, whom the norm expresses as possessed of madness has both superior reasoning and increased knowledge, including greater knowledge than the leaders of average men, who are in and of themselves leaders, likely to be average as well, as a product of their ability to possess power among those whose admiration is based on normalcy and who constantly seek the clues of congruence to determine their trust in another and self. Poe expresses this idea masterfully in Marginalia, when he expresses that seeking the brilliant in the historical would require one to discount the great and look for those who were condemned to death or who died in obscurity within the walls of an asylum or prison."
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Evaluation of Kant's Moral Philosophy, 2002.
An evaluation of "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals - Deriving the Moral Law" by Immanuel Kant.
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 1 source, $ 61.95
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Abstract
A paper which explores philosopher Immanuel Kant's theory which is expressed in his book ?Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals - Deriving the Moral Law? where he guarantees a surefire formula we should apply for every decision we make. What is absolutely right and wrong (morals) by Kant?s definition are exclusively an idea from pure reason and not from anything we experience in the natural world. Therefore a pure, universal moral law is ?indispensably necessary? to allow for morality to live up to its name without any influence from our fallible empirical inclinations. His theory is examined by answering several questions pertaining to modern life.
From the Paper
"This supreme principle of morality is called the Categorical Imperative. Categorical means it is universal, and imperative means that it is absolute and must be done for its own sake. It is used by the will to determine the right action for every situation. The will is important, because the good will is the only thing without qualification that can be good. If it is the only true good thing, then it must be the basis for all good actions. Kant states that we have a duty to follow what we determine is right by reasoning. So the next piece of Kant?s philosophy is to explain how to go about this reasoning using the Categorical Imperative."
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Employee Morale in Corporate America, 2005.
An analysis of the importance of employee morale and how critical it is to the success of a company.
6,001 words (approx. 24.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 142.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this report is to educate upper-level management and line managers on the importance of employee morale. It first discusses what morale is and its significance in the corporate structure. Then it addresses who is affected by low morale and how. It also explains the high costs related to low employee morale, the critical role managers play in morale, signs of deteriorating employee morale, and techniques for improving morale. In the concluding pages, a proposal is presented on how upper-level management within corporate America can help improve morale. Some of the solutions include transformational training for managers, employee empowerment, improved ties between reward and performance, and improvements on basic employee practices, all of which can be implemented using a 7-step morale-boosting program described in the recommendations section of this paper.
Outline
Overview: Report
Introduction: Employee Morale Problem
Background: Corporate America's Morale Problem
What is Morale?
Significance of Employee Morale
Deteriorating Employee Morale
Case Studies
Recommendations: Ideas for Improving Employee Morale
Techniques for Improving Morale
Action Plan
Tying it All Together
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A great way to help upper-level management discover employee problems is through an employee satisfaction survey. A well-orchestrated employee survey can lead to high return rates and help uncover hidden many workplace problems. However in order to receive helpful information from these surveys they must: (1) establish clear goals and objectives, (2) ask the right questions the right way, (3) collect data the right way at the right time, and (4) ensure confidentiality. The most important thing is that management must take clear follow-up actions. After reviewing and collecting the data have a group meeting informing the employees on the findings of the survey, how management intents to go about addressing the issues, ask for feedback, and implement the necessary changes."
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The Genealogy of Morals, 2007.
A discussion of Friedrich Nietzsche's work "The Genealogy of Morals" which evaluates the value of moral judgments according to a genealogical method.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Nietzsche's work, "The Genealogy of Morals", questions and evaluates the value of moral judgments according to a genealogical method, which in turn investigates the origins and meanings of various moral concepts. The paper further explains that "The Genealogy of Morals" discusses ascetic ideals or asceticism, a force that dominates modern thinking and life, and that Nietzsche views this as the expression of a weak and sick will that is unable to cope with its own struggle against itself.
From the Paper
"The ascetic priest, Nietzsche writes, is the person who modifies the direction of resentment. While every suffering person instinctively look for the cause or agent of his suffering. The ascetic priest seeks living persons on whom he can unload his feelings in order to obtain relief from his mountains of resentment, revenge and similar torments. It his instinct to strike back as a merely reactive and protective measure or reflex .He needs them for emotional release and he must pretend utterly in order to produce it. He passes his guilt and vileness to others, assaults their past and present, look for what is dark and painful in these in indicating what needs to be healed. Finding cause, he blames it on others and thus keeps them forever bound to their guilt and to their need for his control (Nietzsche)."
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