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Monotheism vs. Dualism, 2006.
This paper focuses on the similarities and differences between the theological mindset of monotheism and the philosophy behind dualism.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper defines monotheism as the general religious belief in one God, which is prevalent with most religions including Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This paper also delves into the philosophy of dualism which states that the universe is comprised of two specific substances. This paper presented as a comparative analysis details and examines the differences between the two philosophies. This paper clearly shows that monotheism does in fact possess some of the characteristics of the dualist philosophy yet dualism does not have even one characteristic similar to that of monotheism. The writer contends and proves in this paper that dualism decidedly emerged from the basic principles of monotheism.
From the Paper
"The idea of an infinite and united God is consistent with the argument presented in the preceding paragraph. Time does not play a significant role in determining God's efficacy to its believers. Furthermore, mind and matter merge to create a united entity, a characteristic achieved only by God. And because God transcends all the worldly ideas and concepts that humanity has created, God is then considered simple, mainly because it is not spiritual or material, it simply exists as it is. This fact alone explains God's simplicity, though to explain its existence and knowability is actually a complex contemplation to engage in. Lastly, because God is infinite, united, and simple, he is thus divine: an entity that exists for different causes not known by humanity."
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?Moses and Monotheism?, 2002.
A review of Sigmund Freud's book ?Moses and Monotheism?.
2,707 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Freud's "Moses and Monotheism", an unusual book in which the founder of psychoanalysis investigates the origins of the Jewish religion and discusses, on the basis of his historical conclusions, the meanings of monotheism and the relationship between Judaism and Christianity. It examines how Freud believed he could accomplish this fresh look at Judaism and monotheism in general, because he had developed the psychoanalytic tools that made it possible to understand why certain processes occurred in the way they did and most importantly, to account for gaps and changes in the record for which, otherwise, no solid, factual explanations can be provided. It also examines how work is largely a response to the anti-Semitic tone of the times (1930s Germany) and places Judaism's (and the Jewish people's) relationship to the ancient past and the increasingly dangerous present in a clearer light.
From the Paper
"In his discussion of the development of Judaism Freud's sources of information are only loosely described. It is not, in a strict sense, a scholarly book since, as the author mentions many times, he is not more than a casual student of ancient civilizations or biblical literature. But, after drawing certain conclusions about the historical course of Moses' influence on the faith, Freud argues that an analogy between this story and the foundational myth of human civilization (i.e., the killing of the father) demonstrates the likelihood that his interpretation is sound. In a circular fashion Freud's theoretical account of the pre-historic past validates his interpretation of the Moses legend and its subsequent history--down through Christianity--while his version of the Moses legend seems to be seen as a confirmation of that theory."
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Monotheism, 2002.
A look at the strengths and weaknesses of monotheism with an emphasis on Islam.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the strengths and weaknesses of monotheism. The paper uses Islam as the foundation for discussion, with references to polytheistic beliefs.
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"Moses and Monotheism", 2002.
A discussion of Freud's book on the origins of the Jewish religion.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Discusses Freud's book on the origins of the Jewish religion. The meanings of monotheism. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity. History of the Jewish people; repression and anti-Semitism. The book as a response to Hitler. Influence of Moses on the Jewish faith. Freudian theory on myths, and the Moses legend.
From the Paper
"Freud's Moses and Monotheism is an unusual book in which the founder of psychoanalysis investigated the origins of the Jewish religion and discussed, on the basis of his historical conclusions, the meanings of monotheism and the relationship between Judaism and Christianity. This also includes a brief discussion of the nature of the Jewish people's centuries-long solidarity in the face of brutal repression and the reasons for the anti-Semitism that had been a prominent feature of European thought for centuries. The book was researched and written during the 1930s, as Freud's fellow Austrian Adolph Hitler rose to power in Germany on a flood of virulent anti-Semitic propaganda. Freud was reluctant to publish much of his work on this subject and waited until he had fled the 1938 German invasion of Austria and emigrated to the safety of "beautiful..."
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Monotheism, 2000.
The origins and development, beliefs, interconnections, human experience, geographical and cultural aspects of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Maps.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 25 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine religious monotheism and its three major faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The research will set forth the context, both geographically and culturally, in which monotheism arose, and then discuss the human experience that appears to have informed religious development as a central form of custom and practice and as a core system of belief, culture, and society.
If the evidence of texts designated as holy scripture is that religion is as old as the earth itself and that, according to Judaeo-Christian tradition, it can be dated to the creation of Adam and Eve. But religion also has other historical and geographical roots that can be traced to the Paleolithic period, the geological time period in which development of human life within the familiar meaning of the term has been identified. Human..."
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Dualism, 2002.
An in-depth study of the philosophical concept of dualism.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth academic examination of the philosophy of dualism. It defines dualism and describes the important arguments in support of it through the concepts of Descartes, Chalmer and Jackson. The paper debates the existence of qualia. The author presents a decisive argument against dualism and in support of physicalism.
Table of Contents:
What is Dualism?
A Cartesian Argument for Dualism
Jackson?s Knowledge Argument for Dualism
Chalmers? Zombie Argument for Dualism
Arguing against Dualism: Why it is a False Theory of the Mind
References
From the Paper
"Dualism is a philosophical theory about the fundamental nature of reality. Perhaps the most important and best known proponent of the view was Descartes who described it as follows: ?Thought and extension can be regarded as constituting the natures of intelligent substance and corporal substance; they must then be considered as nothing else but thinking substance itself and extended substance itself that is, as mind and body.? [CSM I p. 215]. Influenced by Descartes characterization, contemporary philosophers take Dualism to be the conjunction of the following two theses:
(1) There are mental properties and there are physical properties.
(2) Neither kind of property can be reduced to the other. "
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Dualism, 2004.
Discusses the philosophy of dualism, which holds that there are two kinds of reality: material and immaterial.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the theories of dualism as espoused by philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Descartes, and Kant, and explains how the various branches of dualism differ. The paper begins with a description of substance dualism, explains how it differs from monisms, pluralisms, and a dialectic, and then explains metaphysical dualism and epistemological dualism.
From the Paper
"Dualism is a view that implies that there are two separate and distinct substances that make up a human being: mind and body. In religious terms, the mind is often equated with the soul - with Plato and Aristotle, for instance, where the Greek term nous is used to describe the part of the individual that survives death."
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Dualism, 2002.
Asks whether any form of dualism can be defended as an acceptable theory of the mind.
2,701 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper concerns the philosophy of the mind and attempts to answer the question of whether dualism provides an acceptable account of the mind. In doing so, the fundamental arguments and problems associated with dualism are discussed and analyzed. This paper assesses the plausibility of a number of different forms of dualism such as Descarte's cartesian dualism, property dualism and epiphenomenalism.
From the Paper
"For centuries, philosophers have debated the ontological problem of the mind. Through introspection, we know that we, and believe others possess a conscious intelligence that has the ability to register emotions, interpret sensations and perform reason. But where do such abilities originate? In what medium do they take place and how is it that our mental phenomena such as desires and beliefs seem to be able to causally act on the physical world? Dualism is just one of many theories that have sought to find answers to such intriguing questions. Unlike materialist theories that optimistically asserts that all mental phenomena can eventually be explained through physics and neurological science, dualists argue that mental phenomena is so far removed from anything physical that it requires the existence of a non-physical entity or property. Since, as yet science is unable to fully explain all mental phenomena such as consciousness, perhaps dualism is a plausible alternative. Is any form of dualism plausible?"
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Dualism, 2007.
A discussion of dualism and Paul Churchland's arguments against this theory.
851 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the concept of dualism, which holds that every human being is divided into two parts in which the mind and the body are considered as different from each other. The paper discusses how the body belongs to the physical element while the mind belongs to the intellectual element. The paper points out that any material substance is defined as physical; materialism includes all things that exist. The paper looks at Rene Descartes' theory of dualism and examines the arguments of Paul Churchland against dualism. The paper demonstrates how the arguments of Churchland regarding dualism are quite doubtful and very unclear.
Outline:
Concept of Dualism
Concept of Materialism
Rene Descartes' Theory of Dualism
Paul Churchland's Argument Against Dualism
From the Paper
"During the 17th century Rene Descartes was the famous dualists philosopher because of his belief that there are two substances that exists in the universe. His particular philosophy is referred to as substance dualism because he believed that the universe consisted of two different kinds of substances that he termed res extensa (extended things, physical things) and res cogitans (thinking things) (Cofer, 2002). He believed that every action of the body, the mind only responds on the body's actions. The set of thinking things does not exist in space and time as we know it, but are separate, irreducible and exist after the body is completely gone (Cofer, 2002)."
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Dualism, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between dualism and religion, psychology and behavior.
1,708 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of dualism, which is any philosophical system that attempts to explain 'everything' in terms of two distinct principles. The paper discusses how dualism relates to religion today in the United States, according to William DuBay. The paper then discusses the psychological theories of dualism, in terms of the mind and the body and also discusses dualism in terms of human behavior.
From the Paper
"Dualism, which allowed Descartes to distinguish mechanical behavior from behavior generated by free will, thus resolving the conflict between the materialist interests and religious concerns of his era, continues to underpin scientific accounts of human action (Chiesa). Although psychology generally subscribes to the idea that individuals comprise behavior and something else, and dissects the individual along the lines of intention, beliefs, and perception, radical behaviorism dispensed with dualism, and starts "from a different view of persons in that it does not separate them into behavior and some other internal system" (Chiesa). Thus the individual is the sum of what they do, and are defined in terms of their behavior, with no other entity. Because radical behaviorism does not assume that behavior counts as evidence of something else, the individual is a unity rather than a duality, "an interactive part of its environment rather than a contained and separate entity" (Chiesa). Therefore, the individual operates in rather on an environment, and because a person is what he does, behavior takes primary place (Chiesa)."
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Dualism, 2002.
Analyzes the concept of Cartesian dualism as set forth by philosopher Rene Descartes.
1,398 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Dualism is the theory that the mind and the body (mind and matter) are two distinct things. This paper examines the theory as set forth by philosopher Rene Descartes in his work "Meditations on First Philosophy" in which he discusses what has come to be called the Cartesian dualism - that the mind and body are separate and that the mind is incorporeal.
From the Paper
"Inherent in Descartes's argument is the mind-body problem and the need to understand what is the mind and what is the body as well as how they are connected and related. The mind is our awareness, the one thing that we can know is real. It is the site of rational thought. It is subject to the senses in that it acquires information through the senses, but it is not a sense in itself. Descartes says he had no doubts as to the nature of "body," though now he has had to reconsider this position given that he realizes all the elements of the body are known to him only through the senses that he does not trust any longer. He says if he had been asked to explain the nature of the body, he would have explained that it was whatever could be determined by a certain shape, and comprised in a certain location, whatever fills a certain space so as to exclude from it every other body, whatever can be apprehended by the senses, and whatever can be moved in certain ways. In truth, he is identifying the body through various characteristics perceived by the senses and in no way identifying the body itself. The mind is his awareness and his reality, but the body may be an illusion sent to deceive him. Here he shows an intuitive understanding of duality, for the mind is trusted for what it develops through reason even as the senses are linked with the physical body that is in effect fooling the mind."
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Cartesian Dualism, 2004.
Looks at the different interpretations of Rene Descartes's writings on dualism in human nature.
2,756 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Descartes's approach to dualism, how he based his idea on what Augustine wrote in his work, "City of God", and considers how the advances made in the life sciences has caused modern society to revisit the concept of dualism.
From the Paper
"As a philosophy used to understand the composition / nature of mankind, Cartesian Dualism had its origin?s with Rene Descartes. Descartes approached the subject of mankind?s unique identity by wrestling with logical arguments that were intended to answer metaphysical problems. His writings expanded the limited religious framework of his day, as he attempted to understand the nature of mankind as dual, both body and soul, through means that were not attached to an individual creed. His work has long been looked to as the basis for understanding the unique position which mankind holds in the universe (Charles Darwin, please take notice.)"
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Cartesian Dualism, 2004.
This paper gives a brief outline of Descartes's interactionist dualism.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the epistemological and ontological characteristics of Cartesian dualism. It gives a detailed outline of Descartes's view of the mind/body relationship and explains why the contemporary view of the mind/body relationship is strikingly different from what Descartes's interactionist dualism suggests. The paper begins with Descartes's statements in his "Meditations" and expresses the problems that he faced afterwards.
From the Paper
"Substance dualism holds that reality consists of two disparate parts - mental and physical - which are deeply different in kind. Descartes' mind/matter distinction, most accurately called the Cartesian interactionist dualism, is a particular kind of substance dualism in which the ?mental? mind and the ?physical? body can causally interact. Descartes (1596-1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician and psychologist, who is often considered to be the founder of the modern discipline of philosophy. He lays down the foundations of his interactionist dualist theory in his ?Meditations on First Philosophy?."
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Mind/Body Dualism, 2003.
An analysis of Descartes? mind / body dualism concept.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by stating the argument Descartes gives for a version of mind/body dualism. It then considers two objections to Descartes? argument and finally assesses the validity of Descartes? argument in light of those objections.
From the Paper
"Much of the intellectual history of psychology as well as philosophy has involved the attempt to come to grips with a dilemma of mind and body. This dilemma was eventually broken into main two opposing views: one view (dualism) proposes that our universe contains two very different and equally fundamental types of entity: mental/spiritual and physical/material items. Most followers of this view hold that human mind (or soul) is to survive the annihilation of the body. The contrasting view, materialism, on the other hand, affirms that everything in our universe is composed of mass-energy, minds and bodies included."
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Nonreductive Materials and Substance Dualism, 2004.
A comparison of views on nonreductive materialism and substance dualism.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper compares views on nonreductive materialism and substance dualism and looks at problems the philosophical theory of nonreductive materialism encounters with relation to causation. It also examines concepts of neurophysiological processes in the brain.
From the Paper
"This essay will explain the philosophical theory known as nonreductive materialism. It will then identify the problems that this theory encounters with respect to causation and then given its ..."
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