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European Medieval History, 2007.
A review of the changing influence of religion on community life in medieval Europe between the years 400-1200.
1,879 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses European medieval history from the years 400-1200. It particularly focuses on the influence of the church and the way that religious orders began to have a more and more important role in the political and social life of the surrounding villages or cities. It discusses the changing role of religion on the surrounding communities over these centuries.
From the Paper
"The monasteries of females were in a more delicate position. The nuns could not turn into good knights, their abbesses had less influence in the Church councils and being their ally was not as valuable. In the centuries under scrutiny, the number of newly founded monasteries for women was in a constant decline . Nonetheless, the existing monasteries, as well as the new ones, were seldom poor, and this for various reasons. First, the convents were built on the lands or from the donations of rich noble women, daughters, wives or widows, who were involved in the charitable activity. Second, uncomfortable wives or mothers of kings or of other members of nobility could be easily sent to the convent, together with a generous donation, to live a peaceful and silent life. Third, donating money to a nuns' community led by a women born and belonging to one family, could represent, for that particular family, a way to make a temporary investment which would return to the donors after a certain interval of time. "As part of the general strategy to maintain control over their proprietary foundations, the founders installed family members as abbesses, guardians or advocates of the monasteries and required that in the future these positions be held by their heirs"."
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European Economic History, 2008.
This paper discusses the Industrial Revolution and the industrialization process across Europe in the 19th century.
2,287 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article notes that the industrial revolution phenomenon is one of the most controversial issues studied by the economic literature, and each author tries to analyze it from a different point of view and to emphasize the aspects considered to be most significant. The writer then points out that the essence of all authorized opinions regarding the subject is that the industrial revolution took place approximately between 1760 and 1830 in Great Britain. Further, the writer discusses the industrial revolution consisted of technical, economic, and social mutations that generated industrial development and ensured Great Britain's world leadership until the end of the 19th century. The writer concludes that all over Europe, economies were reduced to a national level, the world trade reached a sudden decrease, the crisis having irreversible consequences regarding economic policies.
Outline:
The Impact of Industrialization over the European Economy
Europe's Economic Supremacy in the 19th Century
Europe's Development Process in the 19th Century
The Interwar European Economy
European Economic Trends in the 1920's and 1930's
The Great Depression and European Economy's Post-Crisis Situation
From the Paper
"The industrial revolution in Europe represented a leap that was created by certain accumulations generated by processes and phenomena that took place in the 17th century. Political aspects, like the centralization of certain monarchical states and the quasi-permanent state of war, led to several economic issues, like: administrative apparatus growth, refined royal courts, large armies with adequate equipment, in other words - very high expenses that generated the increase of taxes, of inflation, and the emphasis on the role of the international financial network.
"The mercantile economic policy that dominated the entire century contributed in a substantial manner to the process financial capital accumulation that represents an essential premise for the existence of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution and the industrial development until World War I took place in several countries, presented both common elements and particularities between countries and between stages. The industrial revolution and development had various degrees of intensity until the middle of the 19th century and significantly increased several countries' production potential."
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Henshall's "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy",, 1994.
This paper is a critical analysis of Nicholas Henshall's methods of questioning the validity of absolutism as label for 18th Century. European monarchiesin as presented in his book "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Mo
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Nicholas Henshall, in his book "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy", argues that the concept of absolutism as generally used by historians to describe kingly rule in early modern Europe is badly misleading and inaccurate. Henshall argues that absolutism is no longer a valid and significant concept, for it is too often equated with outright despotism, instead of being seen as a description of broader and more varied forms of monarchic rule. Therefore, the author examines the misuse of the term and endeavors to redefine the governments it was meant to describe in a way that will be useful to the understanding of the era and the governments in question. Monarchies were not "absolute" in terms of force and despotism and the crushing of liberties. In opposition, to traditional theories, Henshall argues that monarchies were ... "
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Early Modern European Invasion, 2001.
Examines the early European conquest of the world, using Shakespeare's "The Tempest" as an example of the process of invasion.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the European invasion of the world and how it impacted the spread of cultures, thoughts, beliefs, ideas, practices and new ways of life. The author debates the type of assimilation that took place and whether the spread of new ways of life was warmly accepted or forced upon the natives. The paper uses William Shakespeare?s ?The Tempest? as a case in point of a perfect example of the process of occupation of a foreign land in the name of world expansion.
From the Paper
"When looking at the results of the European invasion of the world during the Early Modern Period, one must ask if it was all for the best. Then, if it was for the best, whom did it benefit? Taking the actual possession of land is the first stage, then settling in with the indigenous people is second, and when the trust has been won, bringing in more settlers to overpower the indigenous people and transform them into the image of the settlers."
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Economic History of Pre-modern Europe, 2005.
Answers several questions on European economic history.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses several aspects of European economic history, focusing primarily on the medieval period. The paper includes a discussion of the role of the fairs of Champagne and the effect of the Black Death.
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Nokia: The European Exporter of Modern Communications, 2001.
An analysis of the telephone company Nokia and its business strategy.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the mobile telephone company known as Nokia and focuses on their business and how they distribute their mobile telephones. It looks at how Nokia shop's atmosphere affects the customers and the reasons as to why Nokia does not sell their mobile telephones through the Internet. It further discusses Nokia and its business background along with certain information regarding new Nokia phones and the number of mobile telephones Nokia creates in a certain time.
From the Paper
"The company originally began as a paper mill in 1865 and by the 1980's it was the largest manufacturer of toilet paper in Europe (Harbert, 2000). It can be argued that as a manufacturer of paper the company was involved in the communications industry ever since it was formed, however we can see that there were many developments the company would soon embrace. At the turn of the nineteenth century there were advances in chemicals and rubber, the company embraced these changes, also establishing a culture that was adaptive and flexible, able to adapt to the changing environment. It was in 1912 that the first move towards the telecommunication industry was made, with the manufacturing of cables for the new telegraph industry and for use with the new invention that was catching on; the telephone (Nokia, 2002)."
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Architecture: Modernism, Pre-Modernism and Post-Modernism, 2002.
A discussion of the different movements - pre-modernism, modernism and post-modernism - in architectural history and how each one differs from the other.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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A paper which discusses the different movements in architectural history and compares the differences between them. The paper shows how among these movements, modernism is the most popular and how it has influenced art and architecture in the United States and Europe. It shows, on the other hand, that pre-modernism is a less popular era in which architecture was influenced by the industrial age and its need for order and precision, and that Post-modernism was the movement that followed modernism and contains elements of both classicism and modernism.
From the Paper
"During the modernism movement, architects started using steel and iron more in their designs and they also started focusing on functional designs. Apart from the use of steel and iron, concrete was also brought back to the architectural world. It is important to know here that concrete is one thing that sets late 19th century buildings from pre-modernism architectural designs. While concrete was first used by the Romans in 5 B.C., it was later taken over by other materials such as marble, stone, brick etc. Modernists are responsible for the revival of concrete in architecture."
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"A Look at Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies", 2005.
An analysis of European colonialism as interpreted in the book "A Look at Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies."
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at the impact of European colonialism upon its own self-identity and upon its place in the world by reviewing a text entitled, :Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies.: While the reading glosses over the impact of the Europeans upon the indigenous peoples they were displacing, it does offer some interesting insights into how overseas adventurism changed European cartography and self-identification.
From the Paper
"As much as Western imperial powers may wish otherwise, there can be little doubt that colonialism inflicted great harm upon many indigenous peoples the world over. Of all the many depredations that can be laid at the feet of colonial activity, one of the most pernicious was - and remains - population displacement. Among other things, this paper will examine the extent to which population displacement is treated in Modernity: an Introduction to Modern Societies. As will soon become evident, the paper refers to the issue of population displacement only obliquely while focusing far more upon the impact of Western expansion and colonialism upon western self-identity. "
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?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity?, 2004.
An analysis of traditional and modern societies during the European expansion, through a review of ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? written by S. N. Elsenstadt.
723 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
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This paper examines modernism in Europe and the rise of socialism in non-Western societies. The paper reviews S. N. Elsenstadt's ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? and discusses Elsenstadt?s arguments regarding the changes in the European expansion in non-Western societies, from being modernist to socialist, even traditionalist, societies. The paper argues that the retardation of modernism in non-Western societies is not exactly the abrupt stoppage of the European expansion.
From the Paper
"?European expansion and the civilization of modernity? by S. N. Elsenstadt provides a through discussion and analysis of the dynamics concerning the European expansion, centering in particular on its effects in non-Western or Asian societies. Tracing the history of the European expansion from the emergence of industrialization to the development of capitalism in Western societies, the author seeks to determine what caused the seemingly contradicting development of the so-called ?expansionist? movement of modernization in Europe. That is, instead of spreading modernization and capitalism in Asian societies, what occurred was the rise of socialism, which is a new form of society that overturns the basic premises of capitalism-in effect, modernization."
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European Communities and the European Court of Justice, 1990.
This paper examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities: European cooperation in economics, national interests, law and integration of actions and policies.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities. The Court of Justice is a body of the European Communities. There are several sub-communities of the European Communities, of which the most widely known is the European Economic Community.
Integration in Europe
Within the context of international regional integration, there are five levels--(a) free-trade area, (b) customs union, (c) common market, (d) economic union, and (e) political union (Grosse & Kujawa, 1988). Each successive level involves a greater degree of integration. At the lowest level of integration, the free-trade area, tariffs are eliminated on the ... "
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From Modernism to Post-Modernism, 2005.
Describes the theories of four major thinkers of the modern and post-modern era, including Weber, Durkheim, Victor Turner and Clifford Geertz.
1,486 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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This paper summarizes the theories of these thinkers on the role of the individual and his/her relationship to the community. In conclusion, the author states that the thinking of Victor Turner is the most accurate and convincing.
From the Paper
"Two thinkers -- Max Weber and Emile Durkheim -- were late modernist thinkers who developed theories about the relation of the individual to society. Their theories were appropriate to the industrial societies in which they lived. With the end of World War Two and the rise of the post-modern period, however, different ways of conceiving of the individual and society arose that sought to break with modernist thinking, including the thought of Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner."
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Modernism and Post-Modernism, 2002.
A discussion of the the study of film as a post-modern event.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses the study of film as a post-modern event. Defines the aesthetic values & dynamics of modernism and post-modernism. Post-Modernism as a cultural, aesthetic & historical issue. Structuralist thinking. Development of post-modern material and fragmented surface style in film. Examples: CONTEMPT, RESEVOIR DOGS, PULP FICTION.
From the Paper
"Movements in artistic expression often occur spontaneously and are then given a name to identify a perceived trend. This is clearly the case with reference to both modernism and postmodernism, and the very fact that we have seen a need to find a name for the changed environment after 1960 shows that postmodernism exists in some degree--it exists because we have named it, but that does not make it any more a coherent or "intentional" movement than was modernism. In film terms, postmodernism primarily shows a certain weariness with modernism rather than a drive to something clearly new. The elevation of film to a subject for study is itself a postmodern event, signaling as it does the end of the modernist division into High and Low culture. The increasingly self-reflexive nature of modern film along with the elevation of style over substance are..."
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Post-Modern Rebellion Against Modernism, 2004.
A comparison of Jackson Pollock's and Andy Warhol's art.
1,494 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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This paper talks about, not only the significance of modernism and postmodernism, but also characteristics of both artists, Pollock and Warhol, along with their artworks.
From the Paper
"An art-historical comparison of Jackson Pollock and Andy Warhol, two of the most celebrated artists of the mid to late twentieth century, is significant in demonstrating a shift from modernism to postmodernism. Pollock is represented as an ultimate expression of modernism and the embodiment of ambition for liberation in the 1950's. His drip paintings, which eliminated subject matter as essential , paved the way for modernist artists to take apart the foundations of all that was special in previous art making and abandon beauty as an ideal. Because of the significance of his work, modernism couldn't have gone as far without Pollock. The era of modernism, however, came to an end in 1964 according to Arthur Danto who stated that Warhol's art, especially his Brillo Boxes, marked its end. At the same time, as this work also implies the beginning of postmodernism, which is derived from modernist beliefs and attitudes, it is the art world with diverse aesthetic forms that broke with modernism. As a postmodernist and the enigmatic homosexual superstar of Pop Art, Warhol, adopted media, popular culture, and reproduction to rebel against the characteristics of modernism which Pollock's work and attitude toward art represented. By looking at two particular paintings, Pollock's Lucifer (1947) and Warhol's Triple Elvis (1961), we are able to bring out not only the differentiation of their personas and attitudes toward their art, but also the issues of Warhol's rebellion against modernist including Pollock."
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Modern Technology and Modern Malaise, 2002.
A look at the impact of information and communication technologies on society.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion of information and communication technologies, and the effect of alienation that new technologies have on society. In this paper, technologies and social realms are described as integrated relationships. The impact of new innovations in digital and communication technologies is, in this essay, one of increased malaise and indifference within the social venue of these technologies. Technologies are changing so rapidly that the possibility of a social or global influence in the development of technology is eclipsed by the larger investment in change, not progress.
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A World View of History, 2008.
This paper outlines why the world view approach to history is preferable to a European and/or American-centered approach to studying history.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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This paper shows how a world history view allows for more creativity, is far more holistic and encourages students to see societal, spatial and cultural interactions with a sophistication they would not be able to otherwise.The paper looks at articles by Patrick Manning and by Gilbert Allardyce and briefly compares and contrasts them with an eye towards illuminating the central arguments they advance in favor of eschewing a rigid, Eurocentric view of history.
From the Paper
"To begin with, an emphasis upon world history is eminently desirable because there is mounting evidence that the differences between groups of people are much smaller than previously supposed. In his plenary address of March, 2004, Patrick Manning writes that geneticists have now proved that humans are closely-related to one another, that our collective ancestors emerged roughly 200,000 years ago in Eastern Africa, and that human beings have a consistent pattern of biological mixing. Findings such as these clearly call into question the ill-conceived notions of racial hierarchy and racial distinctiveness which dominated popular (and academic) thought in previous generations. As well, a focus on world history offers valuable insights into both why Northern Atlantic economies rose to pre-eminence in the early nineteenth century and the extent to which the world's various economic systems have been linked since at least the sixteenth century."
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