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Modern Chinese History (1949-1980), 2004.
An examination of modern Chinese history, focusing on the rule of Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The modern Chinese history under Mao Zedong is often perceived as a one-dimensional, iron-fisted rule by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao. The truth, of course, is not so simple or one-dimensional. It is true that Mao was a larger-than-life figure who was raised to a godlike status through the personality cult built around him. The paper points out that, at the same time, Mao was an incorrigible revolutionary, which in itself ensured that there would never be a dull moment as long as he was in power. Although defying Mao?s thoughts in China was a hazardous occupation while he lived, differences of opinion and expression of alternate visions within the CCP about how the country should be governed were not totally absent, even during Mao?s lifetime. This paper examines some of the major policy campaigns launched by the CCP during 1949-1980, the difference of opinion or alternate visions expressed by a few, and the consequences they had to face.
From the Paper
"In order to understand the dynamics of Communist China, it is worthwhile to briefly examine the background of the Communist movement and see how it came to China. China was a formerly great continental empire ruled by a weakened monarchy in the early part of the 20th century. A republican revolution in 1911 brought an end to the monarchic rule but the country remained beset with internal troubles and foreign interference. Japan, with its imperialist ambitions, sought to make China its protectorate, while local warlords in the country all but made a central government, irrelevant. China entered the World War I on the side of the Allies, hoping to halt the Japanese ambitions on its territory, but was badly let down at the Treaty of Versailles. In such a political environment, a group of Chinese intellectuals?inspired by the October 1917 Communist revolution in Russia, formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. Initially, the Communists joined the Kuomintang nationalists (KMT) who led a fight against the warlords to reunify the country."
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Chinese History, 2005.
A review of recent Chinese history.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines four issues that are crucial to the understanding of modern Chinese history. The paper examines U.S-Chinese relations between 1840-1949; the significance of the "May 4th" movement; and the rise and fall of Chang Kai-Shek's KMT at the end of the 1940s. The paper further analyzes notable writers of the early twentieth century whose work still resonates today.
From the Paper
"The Relationship between China and the US from 1840 to 1949. The relationship between China and the United States has been a very interesting one. The devastating Chinese defeat at the hands of the British during the Opium Wars of the 1840s had a deep, almost ineradicable, impact upon how Americans saw the Chinese. For instance, the Chinese came to be viewed, at least in some precincts, as a weak and servile people. Using their naval might, the British compelled the Chinese to do away with their habit of imposing tariffs arbitrarily upon Western traders; the British also saw to it that westerners accused of crimes were tried by their own consular officers and not through hostile Chinese courts."
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Modern Chinese Kung Fu, 2003.
An analysis of the genesis of modern Chinese Kung Fu and its philosophy.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This research projects examines three main factors: a) the postulation of a new philosophical entity; b) implementation of the method "Mahavipassana"; and c) identification of an object of contemplation. The problem investigated by this research project determines the extent to which Lenhua Cientao conforms to the holistic approach of Kung Fu, the general Chinese martial art.
From the Paper
"The various martial arts can be divided into the armed and unarmed arts. The former include archery, spearmanship, and swordsmanship; the latter (which originated in China), emphasize striking with the feet and hands or grappling. In Japan, traditionally a warrior's training emphasized archery, swordsmanship, unarmed combat, and swimming in armor. Members of other classes interested in combat concentrated on arts using the staff, everyday work implements (such as thrashing flails, sickles, and knives), and unarmed combat."
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Modern Chinese Women, 2005.
This paper discusses the transformation of the social status of Chinese women in recent years.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the international headlines, especially in the West, often refer to the one-child policy in China, can give the impression that women in China experience great discrimination; however, it can be shown that such a perception is incorrect. The author points out that anthropological research contradicts this assumption. The paper reveals that the transformation has mainly been apparent in the areas of education, marriage, employment and the family.
From the Paper
"International headlines, especially in the West, often refer to the one-child policy in China. These headlines can give the impression that women in China experience great discrimination. However, it can be shown that such a perception is incorrect, and is in fact contradicted by the facts, once we undertake some anthropological research. In fact, such research shows that there has been a very beneficial transformation in the status of Chinese women in recent years. This transformation has mainly been apparent in the areas of education, marriage, employment and the family."
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Modern Chinese Art, 1994.
Analyzes the prime influences on 20th century Chinese Art. Issues of identity & the relationship of the self to the state are determined primary. Focuses on the works of Xu Beihong & Lin Fengmian.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"John Fitzgerald in his essay "The Invention of the Modern Chinese Self" considers ways in which the Chinese developed the concept of self, an idea that was first developed in Europe in modern times. The view taken currently differs from that of the earlier Republican era in Chinese history:
In the ethics of late-twentieth century China the naked, new-born self is born a citizen, a little helper and a pillar of society. . . The roles of citizen, little helper and pillar of society into which the child is welcomed today were not known to the child's forebears earlier this century when the identity of the self was up for negotiation along with the rest of the empire (Fitzgerald 25).
Issues of identity and the relationship of the self to the state serve.."
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Taixu and Modern Chinese Zen Buddhism, 2008.
An analysis of the efforts of Buddhist activist monk, Taixu, to improve Buddhism and life in China.
1,622 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and influence of the Buddhist activist monk, Taixu. It describes how he was profoundly affected by China's experience of World War I and the suffering of ordinary Chinese and what he did to improve the situation. In particular, the paper discusses how Taixu improved Buddhism, in order to improve the life of ordinary people in China.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Improving Buddhism, Improving China
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"What was observed as a New Buddhist Movement in China after the Communist Revolution of 1949 was still remarked upon by observers and associated with Taixu after his death. (See Callahan 1952) Taixu had hoped for a Buddhism that was national, transnational, public and populist, as needed well educated and otherwise prepared monks and outlets suiting lay people who wanted to create an improved society. Taixu could not imagine what lay in store for the Chinese in the decades after his death. In 1950, his disciplines saw his writings published, and then all things of the kind were steadily discouraged. In 1989, there was renewed interest in Taixu and his followers, in a rather glorified rendition of Taixu, despite his failure to ever gain leadership of the Chinese Buddhist Association. The regime backed several volumes of his works that were reprinted in various languages, as though the People's Republic of China had never opposed its spiritual authorities, the competing network in the Buddhist establishment."
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Modern Chinese Literature, 2007.
This paper discusses the Liang Qichao style of writing as well as the works of Lu Xun and Yu Dafu.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Liang Qichao's writing style that stemmed from his conviction that literature should be accessible to any literate person. The paper discusses how Lu Xun and Yu Dafu's writings reflected Chinese political developments. The paper explores these ideas that inspired the educated, but points out that these beliefs were soon to be forcibly put to rest with the Communist takeover of China.
From the Paper
"Between 1930 and 1937, Chinese literature developed as a modern profession, mainly in the sophisticated atmosphere of coastal China, incorporating Western thought towards new styles. There was much use of the vernacular languages and appeals to a wider range of readers with what became known as the Liang Qichao style involved the grammar and vocabulary of the old, in a mix of literary and modern spoken forms. (McDougall & Louie, p.16) Liang Qichao was inspired by Japanese efforts to embrace Western technology and knowledge as seen during his time as a student in Japan and his literary work often called for 'good government' as something the Chinese could have if borrowing institutions and values. Looked at a century later, the reader spots the faith in a new system for China that would bring about what was needed. One also sees a man, undoubtedly like most of those he knew, both informed about but very cut off from the lived reality of more ordinary Chinese."
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Chinese Literary Modernism, 2007.
An overview of Chinese literary modernism with a focus on Ja Bin's novel "Cold Night".
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Shanghai's modernist literary movement popularly associated with the interval of 1917 to 1937. A second topic is introduced of how Ja Bin's novel of 1947, "Cold Night", describes the plight of the individual in relation to his or her connection to the state during the Sino-Japanese War, which inflicted such widespread and extreme suffering and destruction in China.
Outline:
Introduction
Lee, Shih and What Happened in Shanghai
"Cold Nights"
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Literary modernism in Shanghai, as a 'movement' evolving between 1917 and 1937, continues to fascinate scholars of literature as much as those of modern Chinese history. Indeed, pre-World War II Shanghai continues to intrigue a variety of Westerners in particular as shown by a strong tourism industry of the present, visitors wishing to see what survives of "old" Shanghai, meaning the world of China's westernized elite, Chiang Kai Shek, or where the Soong Sisters liked to take cocktails in the evenings on visits, there. What some Chinese have regarded as run down, pre-War hotels and other structures of the past hold a powerful romantic or nostalgia appeal to visitors that may or may not have much to do with what Shanghai's literary scene was like through the 1920s and 1930s."
Mao, Nathan. "Pa Chin's Journey in Sentiment from Hope to Despair." Journal of the Chinese
Language Teachers' Association. 11. (1976): 131-137.
Shih, Shu-meih. The Lure of the Modern - Writing Modernism in Semi-Colonial China, 1917-
1937. Berkeley Interdisciplinary Studies of China Series No. 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.
Tang, Xiaobing. "The Last Tubercular in Modern Chinese Literature - on Ba Jin's Cold
Nights," in Chinese Modernism - the Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000, 131-160.
& course materials, University of Toronto, 2006-2007.
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Chinese Myth and Modern Social Practices, 2006.
This paper examines the Chinese myths associated with having a safe delivery and healthy child.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how mothers who desire to have a child in China are guided by a plethora of Chinese myths that affect the process of giving birth in the modern era. These practices have evolved through Chinese ancestry and are considered essential elements of the pregnancy, delivery and after-birth process. The paper explains that women who follow these rituals are believed to be destined to have healthy babies.
From the Paper
"The BBC reports on two specific myths that affect a woman's after-birth and the health of her child. These myths are detailed in the narrative by Kate Saunders. Saunders contends that women often practice the ritual of the burial of the placenta and "lying-in" ("Chinese Baby Rites"). Ancient Chinese believed that if the placenta were "buried in an auspicious location" that child would be destined to have good fortune ("Chinese Baby Rites")."
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The Chinese Revolution of 1949, 1990.
An overview of the Chinese Revolution of 1949. Examines the role of the Chinese Communist Party, its leadership and goals.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"The Chinese Revolution in 1949 altered the structure of Chinese society both in the immediate case and in the long term. The long term change included modernization of the economy and a shift. The effort to change Chinese society began before the Revolution, with the efforts of the Communists first to attract people to their cause and second to make that cause understandable as a force which would empower the people and lead them to revolution. After the Revolution, efforts at changing society were undertaken in a more methodical and all-inclusive manner. Many traditional institutions were either dismantled, prohibited, or downgraded in the effort to modernize and to bring about a new political and social attitude on the part of the people.
These efforts had varying results and were of varying effectiveness. Some traditional institutions persisted in spite of Communist..."
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Chinese Peasants & 1949 Revolution, 1996.
Role played by common masses in events before & after Communist victory. History, peasants' associations, village structure (rich, middle & poor), motivation, resistance and indoctrination.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the role played by Chinese peasants in the Chinese Communist revolution which brought the communists to power in 1949. The primary role of the peasants in that revolution had to do with efforts in land reform. Also important to an understanding of this issue are the Peasants' Associations and the differences between the three categories of peasants---rich, middle and poor. In general, however, it can fairly be said that the peasants were profoundly crucial to the revolution and to its ultimate success. As William Hinton writes in Iron Oxen: A Documentary of Revolution in Chinese Farming, "Everything that had been achieved in the Communist areas had been carried through by the united efforts and hard work of the people. The people's brains and muscles were the primary resource" (Hinton Iron 25)
It is undeniable that the peasants depended on organization.."
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Architecture: Modernism, Pre-Modernism and Post-Modernism, 2002.
A discussion of the different movements - pre-modernism, modernism and post-modernism - in architectural history and how each one differs from the other.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
A paper which discusses the different movements in architectural history and compares the differences between them. The paper shows how among these movements, modernism is the most popular and how it has influenced art and architecture in the United States and Europe. It shows, on the other hand, that pre-modernism is a less popular era in which architecture was influenced by the industrial age and its need for order and precision, and that Post-modernism was the movement that followed modernism and contains elements of both classicism and modernism.
From the Paper
"During the modernism movement, architects started using steel and iron more in their designs and they also started focusing on functional designs. Apart from the use of steel and iron, concrete was also brought back to the architectural world. It is important to know here that concrete is one thing that sets late 19th century buildings from pre-modernism architectural designs. While concrete was first used by the Romans in 5 B.C., it was later taken over by other materials such as marble, stone, brick etc. Modernists are responsible for the revival of concrete in architecture."
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"A Look at Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies", 2005.
An analysis of European colonialism as interpreted in the book "A Look at Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies."
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at the impact of European colonialism upon its own self-identity and upon its place in the world by reviewing a text entitled, :Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies.: While the reading glosses over the impact of the Europeans upon the indigenous peoples they were displacing, it does offer some interesting insights into how overseas adventurism changed European cartography and self-identification.
From the Paper
"As much as Western imperial powers may wish otherwise, there can be little doubt that colonialism inflicted great harm upon many indigenous peoples the world over. Of all the many depredations that can be laid at the feet of colonial activity, one of the most pernicious was - and remains - population displacement. Among other things, this paper will examine the extent to which population displacement is treated in Modernity: an Introduction to Modern Societies. As will soon become evident, the paper refers to the issue of population displacement only obliquely while focusing far more upon the impact of Western expansion and colonialism upon western self-identity. "
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From Modernism to Post-Modernism, 2005.
Describes the theories of four major thinkers of the modern and post-modern era, including Weber, Durkheim, Victor Turner and Clifford Geertz.
1,486 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the theories of these thinkers on the role of the individual and his/her relationship to the community. In conclusion, the author states that the thinking of Victor Turner is the most accurate and convincing.
From the Paper
"Two thinkers -- Max Weber and Emile Durkheim -- were late modernist thinkers who developed theories about the relation of the individual to society. Their theories were appropriate to the industrial societies in which they lived. With the end of World War Two and the rise of the post-modern period, however, different ways of conceiving of the individual and society arose that sought to break with modernist thinking, including the thought of Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner."
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Taste Chinese Food, Taste Chinese Culture, 2003.
An overview of how to organise a Chinese function from the planning stage to the execution of the function itself.
3,243 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the planning of a Chinese function as part of a university assignment. It summarises the whole function from pre-planning, organization until the end production, taking into consideration marketing and finances as well as the catering. It examines how the students demonstrated that they can employ supervisory skills through the planning, organization and production of a function,through the use of practical and technical skills and by the interpretation of the Food and Beverage Control Cycle through the application of the principles and procedures to a practical situation.
Outline
Introduction
Pre-Planning
Approach to Setting Objectives
Strategy for Achieving Objectives
Analysis of:
Marketing Considerations
Financial Considerations
Catering Considerations
Evaluate Function Failures and Overcome Difficulties
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix 1 Pre-Planning Function Menu
Appendix 2 ?Taste Chinese Food, Taste Chinese Culture? Function Menu
Appendix 3 Handling Complaints
Appendix 4 Blueprinting of the Function.
Appendix 5 Service Procedures
Appendix 6 The Failures of Each Co-Ordinator
From the Paper
"A comparison of competitive catering services reveals trends in private party formats, cuisine menus, theme and entertainment concepts. Competitive business can often provide valuable information to new and developing operations. Although competition wasn?t a major problem for the function operation because of the nature of this function- it is a university assessment. The consideration of the competition should not be ignored to help to maintain the function to be better and professional. Group 1 chose Chinese food and Group 2 chose Moroccan food. These 2 groups had exactly same location, facilities and support from the university teachers, and the 2 groups targets on the same customers- university students, lecturers, university staff, their own family and friends etc."
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