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"The Mismeasure of Man" by Stephen Jay Gould, 1991.
A critical analysis of the work on the weaknesses of biological determinism and intelligence testing.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man seeks to demonstrate both the scientific weaknesses and political contexts of biological determinist arguments. As a side argument, Gould attempts to show that science is objective only if performed properly, like anything else. In order for scientists to obtain this all essential objectivity, he shows that they must first "shuck the constraints of their culture, and view the world as it really is" (21).
The primary focus of The Mismeasure of Man is intelligence testing. Long shrouded in pseudo-scientific mumbo jumbo, IQ testing has been used to culturally oppress the mental underdogs who occupy the lower rungs of the social ladder. The essential tragedy of such thinking is that biological determinist arguments with regard to IQ are limiting to the individual. As Gould..."
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The Mismeasure of Man ( Stephen Jay Gould ), 1994.
Critical review of work on intelligence, racial factors, mathematics, education and multiculturalism.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 1 source, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
" Gould's book The Mismeasure of Man, is not so much a book that promotes a thesis of his own as a book that studies a thesis other people believed and how they used the doctrine of evolution to support it. After chapter 1, in which Gould quotes Plato's attempt to use the propaganda of innate (and therefore unchangeable) differences, In chapter two Gould states the following:
This books treats an argument that, to many people's surprise, seems to be a latecomer: biological determinism, the notion that people at the bottom are constructed of intrinsically inferior material (poor brains, bad genes, or whatever). Plato, as we have seen, cautiously floated this proposal in the Republic, but finally branded it as a lie (p. 31)."
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Stephen Jay Gould, 2005.
A review of the life and work of Stephen Jay Gould.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life of Stephen Jay Gould, a paleontologist and evolutionary theorist. According to the paper, his concepts conflicted with many theorists who suggested that certain human elements, such as brain size, would determine intellect. Gould published many works in his lifetime, and was well known for his concepts that brought evolutionary theory toward modern day thought.
From the Paper
"Throughout history there have been many theories regarding the evolution of the world, and of the many creatures that have existed in it. Charles Darwin, perhaps the most famous evolutionary theorist, had writings that were immediately taken out of context. For many years these misconceptions of Darwin's writings were considered facts, and the world consistently argued over their worth. Yet, there were many people that often expanded on these assumptions to use them as excuses for societal inequalities, and personal gain. By the late 1960s Stephen Jay Gould began to develop his own theories of evolution, while at the same time examining these past conclusions. His work left a profound affect on society because it posed new evidence for the world to contemplate in the realm of evolution. Furthermore, just as Darwin's writings had been so controversial, Gould's became the new controversy in the theory of evolution."
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"Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle "( Stephen Jay Gould ), 1997.
Reviews work on evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time in 17th Cent.-19th Cent.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"In Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, Stephen Jay Gould discusses the evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time. Gould studied texts by Thomas Burnet, James Hutton, and Charles Lyell--three scientific writers who approached this question in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Traditionally, readings of these three writers tended to focus on the degree to which each man employed the scientific method in investigating the question of the Earth's age. The greater the scientist's dependence on scientific method, the historians reasoned, the closer he came to the truth. Thus, these scientists have often been ranked, and understood, on the basis of their adherence to standards that are familiar to the twentieth century, but were still evolving when they wrote. In the course of his repeated close readings of the texts, in which.."
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Stephen Gould's "Rocks of Ages": A View of Evolution, 2001.
A review and analysis of the book and an examination of the major themes.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper is a review of the Stephen Gould's book "Rocks of Ages". The author examines the themes of religion, science, evolution and creationism in the book and how they overlap and provides a personal account and criticism of the book.
From the Paper
"Rocks of Ages has one simple theme throughout its entirety, Gould?s idea of NOMA. NOMA is an acronym for non-overlapping magisteria. Non-overlapping magisteria can be explained as science and religion being two separate and complementary ideas and ways of explaining different areas of life (Gould 6). As the author states late in his work,? And the chief theme of this book provides the common currency of agreement?NOMA, and the call for respectful and supportive dialogue between two distinct magisteria (148).? Simply stated the theme encompasses the fact that the science magisterium deals with the facts of nature, and the religious magisterium is based on a need to find meaning within our lives and to find reasons and moral bases for our actions, and that each magisterium should remain separate from the other."
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Gould and Creationism, 2004.
This paper compares the theories of Stephen Jay Gould and creationists.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the theories of Darwin revisionist Stephen Jay Gould and creationists. The paper explains the major beliefs of creationist thought and includes Gould's belief that creationism is a pseudo-science.
From the Paper
"Stephen Jay Gould's Non moral Nature. Stephen Jay Gould prior to his death was the Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology at Harvard University and has been described by Phillip E Johnson as a Darwinian revisionist, who rejects the tendency in Darwinian thought to insist on the absolute primacy of natural selection as a regulatory mechanism operating in the evolutionary process."
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"Darwin's Untimely Burial", 2005.
This paper presents Stephen Jay Gould's argument from his article "Darwin's Untimely Burial" against philosopher Tom Bethell who questions Darwin's Theory.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, ever since Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, individuals involved with science and religion, such as British philosopher Tom Bethell, have tried to negate his thesis; others, such as scientist Jay Gould, recognize Darwin as one of the most brilliant people in history. The author points out that Gould responds that "survival of the fittest" is not a tautology, as claimed by Bethell. The paper relates that Gould concludes that unabated popularity must have something to do with its success in explaining the admittedly imperfect information we now possess about evolution.
From the Paper
"Bethell says he does not support Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection because: "Darwin made a mistake sufficiently serious to undermine his theory. And that mistake has only recently been recognized as such....At one point in his argument, Darwin was mislead." In the first place, Bethell has a problem with the idea of "survival of the fittest." This term normally means no more than "differential reproductive success"-the production of more surviving offspring than other competing members of the population-which is a needless repetition of the same meaning."
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"Mismeasure of Desire" by Edward Stein, 2001.
An examination of the author's book discussing whether society and culture play a large role in shaping individual sexuality.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Edward Stein?s, ?Mismeasure of Desire?, a book that attempts to dispel the belief that gayness is a genetic predisposition inherited from parental DNA. The author moves on to consider whether gayness is a fundamental result of ?nature? or ?nurture? and looks at research that has been carried out in this area.
From the paper:
?In the book, he purports that most people are attracted to members of both sexes, but that societal and cultural factors help determine whether one eventually becomes homosexual or heterosexual.?
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Stephen Crane, 2006.
Analysis of Stephen Crane's short story "The Blue Hotel" and how it paralleled much of Stephen Crane's life.
1,782 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes Stephen Crane's short story, "The Blue Hotel", and explains how Crane used his own personal life experiences to create the character of the Swede in the story. The paper describes the parallels that can be drawn between the Swede's life experiences and Crane's own life experiences.
From the Paper
"The Swede is the first mentioned of three male characters that are venturing to the West. They come from the East and the Swede is by far the "wisest" of them all because he has taken the time to read the dime novels that describe in depth the dangers that exist in the wild, Wild West. The novels were highly exaggerated by propagandist type writers to help "sell" the west to adventurous types who could be lured to establish settlements and populate the area."
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Scrub Jay, 2006.
A discussion of the scrub jay bird in Florida.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a short description of the scrub jay. It continues to explain that the scrub jay is an endangered species. The paper explains that as the scrub jay is a protected bird, land where these birds reside may not be developed. The author concludes with an explanation of the controversy in Florida surrounding development and the scrub jay.
From the Paper
"Scrub jays, aside from being on the Endangered Species list, are attractive.
Mating for life, one of their characteristics seems always to attract humans. These birds build a nest about 8 feet above ground, build a shallow nest basket of twigs and palmetto fibers, and raise one or two broods of hatchlings from clutches of three to four eggs. For a long while, it was thought that displaced bird families would simply move on to another scrub brush stand. However, that is not so. Scrub jays are "highly territorial. Disruption of habitat quickly leads to upset reproduction, rejection and isolation" (ecofloridamagazine Web site, 1999-2000) and disruption of habitat has already diminished the scrub jay population to about 2,000."
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"Stephen Hero", 2005.
This paper analyzes James Joyce's autobiography "Stephen Hero".
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that James Joyce's semi-autobiographical rendering of Joyce's fully autobiographical conception of himself "Stephen Hero" can be found in both "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" and "Ulysses". The author relates that the hero of these tales, Stephen Dedalus, serves as the focal point of both novels and should be viewed as the abridged version of "Stephen Hero", an almost allegorical tale of an artist besieged by his surroundings. The paper points out that, at the heart of the idea that Stephen Dedalus can represent the universal modern man is Joyce's struggle with himself to convey his own life into words, concluding that the best possible representation of himself that can be conveyed is one in which he is a character lost in a world he cannot hope to understand.
From the Paper
"Joyce uses the imagery with the fox again towards the end of Ulysses. A hallucination that brings his riddle back to the surface: "A stout fox drawn from a covert, brush pointed, having buried his grandmother, runs swift for the open, brighteyed, seeking badger earth, under the leaves." This is the physical and relatable explanation of the events that could have linearly led to the formulation of the riddle; however, it is presented in this reverse fashion. "The foxhunt represents the absolute disjoining of Stephen's two selves." The trouble is that Joyce, through the progression of Stephen from Portrait into, and eventually, out of Ulysses, has gradually brought about the loss of his hero's sovereignty."
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Novelist Stephen King, 2005.
This paper explores the question of similarities or links between the characters in the same novel, as well as in completely different novels, in the works of novelist Stephen King.
1,115 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Stephen King is a most prolific writer in one genre, horror books; therefore, there cannot help but be similarities in some of the characters in his dozens of published works. The author points out that every time Stephen King writes or develops a character that is to represent complete and undeniable evil, he gives that character the initials R. F., such as, in "The Stand", he named the epitome of evil, Randall Flagg. The paper relates that another commonality is that several of the characters in Stephen King's novels and short stories are social misfits, which naturally make them prime candidates to experience the horrors of King's innermost imaginative thoughts, as in "IT" or the writer in "Delores".
From the Paper
"In the "Gunslinger", Roland, the main character, is practical and intelligent, which is the path most of King's characters take on. However, that is not an obvious "link" because very few people would read a novel in which the main character was not intelligent. It would make a boring book; therefore, King may not have purposely made this character as intelligent and practical as other "Dark Tower" characters. He may instead have created characters that were intelligent and practical because that is what sells books, and by coincidence, they all appear intelligent and practical."
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Stephen Dedalus: The Growth of the Artist, 2006.
An analysis of the character development of Stephen Dedalus in James Joyce's "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man".
3,869 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
The paper contrasts different critics' approaches to analyzing the book and its protagonist. The paper works its way through Stephen's life, at each stage offering the opinions of contrasting critics and reviewers of the book, such as Walton A. Litz, John V. Kelleher and Robert Adams. The paper also analyzes the novel's structure, again comparing different critics' opinions, in this case Harry Levin's division of the book into three sections with William T. Noon's separation of the book into five parts, along the lines of Joyce's five chapters. Finally, the paper contrasts Joyce's style and structure with Stephen's aesthetic theory: Stephen's destiny seeks wholeness, his personality desires harmony, and Joyce strives for clarity. In conclusion, the writer speculates that if Thomas Aquinas was alive in 1914, he probably would have enjoyed meeting James Joyce.
From the Paper
"Another turning point for Stephen's development occurs during his studying of the Litany of the Blessed Virgin. Stephen reads the words that he has read many times, but this time he examines the words for their actual meaning (Zimbaro 31). When Stephen begins to evaluate words for their meaning, he opens up a whole new world of symbolism. The repeated use of words like "dark," "cold," "pale," and "strange" to describe Clongowes Wood College represents Stephen's true feelings. Stephen even recalls words from his past, like the childhood poem "O, the wild rose blossoms/ On the little green place" (Joyce 19), and brings them into his world of imagery: "Perhaps a wild rose might be like those colours and he remembered the song about the wild rose blossoms on the little green place. But you could not have a green rose. But perhaps somewhere in the world you could" (Joyce 24). Stephen's imagination allows him to deal with reality in a way that he can accept. Words and symbolism become the key to all of Stephen's experiences. For example, when Father Dolan hits Stephen with the pandybat, the words "hot," "burning," "stinging," "tingling," "crumpled," "flaming," "livid," "scalding," "maimed," "quivering," "fierce," and "maddening" all occur in less than half a page (Adams 235)."
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James Stephens, 2007.
This paper explores poet James Stephens' use of animals and mythological creatures as characters in his works.
929 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper compares several of James Stephens' poems in which animals or mythological creatures are used as the subjects or main characters. The paper discusses the reasons Stephens used animals and their imagery in his poems, suggesting that Stephens used animals in order to comment upon the state of contemporary human life in an indirect fashion.
From the Paper
"James Stephens was an Irish novelist and poet. His poems such as "The Ancient Elf," "The Cage," and "Little Things" make use of common everyday creatures, such as rabbits and mice, and also small, familiar mythical figures of Irish legends to comment upon the state of contemporary human life in an indirect fashion. Like elves and rabbits, when viewed with the perspective of a God's eye (or simply the poet's distanced eye) human beings appear similarly contradictory, trapped, or frustrated in their frantic searches for meaning as these physically smaller or fictional beings. Stephens writes with a tone of wit, even whimsy, but beneath the surface of lightness exists a darker view of the dog-eat-dog nature of the mortal world."
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Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman, 2008.
A comparative analysis of how the characters of Jay Gatsby from F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" and Willy Loman from Arthur Miller's "Death of A Salesman" face their pasts.
956 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in "The Great Gatsby", F. Scott Fitzgerald created Jay Gatsby, a man with a mysterious past that is bared over the course of the novel. It also looks at how in "Death of a Salesman", Arthur Miller created Willy Loman, a man haunted by a past that he does not understand. It discusses how Jay Gatsby knew what his past was, and concealed it. Nevertheless, he could treat his father with generosity, if only from a distance. In comparison, the paper looks at how Willy Loman longs to recapture his past, but it is a past he has idealized almost beyond recognition. He does not realize that in the venality of his failing life, he already has it.
From the Paper
"Fitzgerald gives only a glimpse of young Jimmy Gatz, through his father. Henry Gatz comes to New York for the funeral, "a solemn old man, very helpless and dismayed" (Fitzgerald, 111), after reading of Gatsby's death in the Chicago papers, and Fitzgerald does not explain how Mr. Gatz connected Jay Gatsby and his son. The old man confronts Gatsby's edifice with grief "mixed with awed pride" (Fitzgerald, 112), blind to the fact that "foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams" (Fitzgerald, 2). His worn-out photograph of Gatsby's house is "more real to him now than the house itself" (Fitzgerald, 115). "
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