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Major League Baseball, 2009.
Looks at the history of the antitrust exemption granted by Congress to major league baseball (MLB).
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even though it has obvious characteristics that would characterize another industry as a monopoly, the U.S. Congress has granted major league baseball (MLB) an antitrust exemption. However, there have been challenges to this MLB exemption that would open the baseball industry to greater competition. The author examines the standing reasoning behind this antitrust exemption, analyzes some of the major challenges to the exemption and discusses the overall implications and ramifications for this industry and any industry. In conclusion, the paper points out that other sports have persisted despite not having antitrust exemptions, so there is little reason to expect that baseball could not adapt as well.
Table of Contents:
Major League Baseball's Status
Challenges to the Antitrust Exemption
Industry Ramifications and Conclusions
From the Paper
"In 1953, the Supreme Court was granted a chance to correct the anomalous decision that was made in 1922 that granted baseball exemption from antitrust suits. The case was Toolson vs. The New York Yankees. In the case, George Toolson was reassigned from a minor league team to another team. The reserve clause, still in effect at that time, was used by the league as the means to forcibly transfer Toolson. Toolson, apparently, did not want to make the move. He believed that the reserve clause interfered with his ability to manage his own career, a point that was not incorrect."
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Negro League Baseball in Virginia, 2004.
An analysis of Negro League Baseball in Tidewater, Virginia.
5,395 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the racial situation in Tidewater, Virginia, through a discussion of the Negro League Baseball. The paper describes this team as, like all the black teams, a reflection of black life in the United States. The separate but unequal status they enjoyed appeared as a ghost of the white teams. The paper explores the financial challenges that faced the league, claiming them to be no different than those of other black enterprises, from stage entertainment to boxing. The financial challenges, arguably more than skin color, are what kept them in the background, shadowing the growth of the American ball club. Like a shadow on a wall, Negro League Baseball in Virginia, as everywhere else, would disappear when the bright light of national fame finally shone on one of its members, Jackie Robinson.
From the Paper
"A report in the Norfolk Journal and Guide in 1917 paints a picture of racial harmony in Tidewater, Virginia, that would almost make one wonder why there needed to be Negro League Baseball. The banner headlines almost said it all: "Big Labor Day Celebration," "Thousands of White and Colored Laborers Paraded Streets of City." "Harmony Between Races" As that report told it, the celebration was a landmark of many sorts. In a relatively lengthy preface to the description of the baseball game that was the culmination of the day, it noted that "If carrying the stars and stripes is a demonstrative evidence of patriotism and loyalty to the United States, the Norfolk colored labor organizations can be styled as true friends to their country. The organizations were out very strong on Labor day [sic]. Several thousands together with the white Labor unions marched the streets of Norfolk in celebration of the day designated as their day throughout the country.""
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Major League Baseball (MLB), 2002.
A discussion of the economic conditions underlying major league baseball.
966 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how Major League Baseball (MLB) generates $3.5 billion in annual revenues and how the economic turmoil the sport has undergone recently has attracted a great deal of attention both because of its huge fan following as well as the fact that it?s an integral part of American culture. It evaluates how the range of different rates on return on investment for different teams is too large and blames it on competitive imbalances caused by a few very rich owners and a widening of what the industry classifies as ?local revenues? . It shows how if MLB continues to see uncontrolled rises in its fixed and variable costs, several teams may just have to raise ticket prices, which will not bode well for an industry that is already witnessing demand elasticity and will likely, in future, experience price elasticity as well if raised ticket prices lead to a resulting negative trend in total revenues. It concludes with how MLB needs to be thoroughly overhauled using basic fundamental economic principles of controlling variable costs and providing a level playing field so that the performance of the smaller teams picks up and the demand to watch them win also grows.
From the Paper
"MLB is also subject to the concept of ?time cost? and consumer choice, at least perceptually given its discrete and isolated actions and long pauses as compared to the more action packed sports of football and basketball. This is especially true given the far faster paced lifestyles of today and is likely to have an even bigger impact in future as the natural effects of time and demand elasticity kick in as well over the longer run.
MLB?s turmoil has also been caused by cash strapped owners who are probably feeling the pinch of the ?opportunity cost of equity capital? as a lot of owners are ??not as liquid as they were five years ago?annual losses rise to $10million, $20 million or more?? (MSNBC Web site)."
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A Proposal for the Future of Major League Baseball, 2002.
A paper which discusses why major league baseball should institute revenue sharing and a salary cap.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that now that professional sports have entered the 21st century, it is crucial that Major League Baseball institutes revenue sharing and a salary cap to maintain the competition between large and small market franchises. It maintains that with a dozen struggling, small-market ball clubs, constant discussion about contracting teams, and individual salaries skyrocketing over the payrolls of entire teams, the time has come where the owners and players must agree on something for the betterment of the game?s future. The paper shows however that with continuous disagreements between the owners and player?s union, and the threat of another strike, the negative effects may outweigh the positive.
From the Paper
"The Major League Baseball Player?s Association is the strongest union in professional sports. The players would most likely strike if a salary cap was presented to them because most of the league?s athletes would be faced with a reduction in salary (Smizik). It is believed that another strike would cause Major League Baseball to lose millions of dollars and possibly fan support. ?It would take a long and bitter work stoppage for the players to accept a salary cap and it would simply not be worth it,? says Smizik. Smizik believes a salary cap would help baseball?s economic future, but is opposed because of the costs it will take to institute it. Baseball had a difficult time regaining fan support after the 1994 strike, and a second may be even more difficult to overcome (Smizik). However, true baseball fans will realize that the strike was necessary for the league?s economic future, and will still support the game."
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Major League Baseball, 2005.
A discussion of various aspects of Major League Baseball (MLB).
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses several elements of MLB, including the governance of the game and the baseball Commissioner. Other topics addressed by the paper are: relations between players and club owners, suspensions and appeals, baseball scandals, and the composition of club organizations and leagues.
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Major League Baseball Brawls, 2004.
A look at the possible causes and effects of a brawl at a baseball game.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper considers immediate causes and remote causes of a brawl at a baseball game between the two teams. It also looks at the Impact of the emotionally charged competitive atmosphere of the game.
From the Paper
"In the picture of the baseball brawl more than a team's worth of players are shown in various stages of beating each other up. It is possible that some of the players are trying to break up the .."
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"Boom, Bust and Echo", 2002.
Reviews the book "Boom, Bust and Echo" by D. Foot and D. Stoffman regarding demographics and focusing on Canada.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In "Boom, Bust and Echo", authors David Foot and Daniel Stoffman discuss the overriding importance of demographics. They demonstrate that the most complicated matters in society are usually moulded by the population's age distribution. Thus, we see that businesses capitalize on everyday worries, such as where interest rates are going or whether quitting a job is really a bad idea. As a result, the book provides significant practical advice on aspects such as the stock market, employment patterns and even the future of the family. In reading this book, it becomes clear that all Canadians have to re-examine how they do business if they hope to succeed in the next decade and beyond.
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All American Girls Professional Baseball League (1943-1954), 2002.
A thorough history of the All American Girls Professional Baseball League which played during and after WW2.
3,105 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper gives the history of the AAGPBL (league represented in the movie "A League of Their Own")and its importance to American history. Paper comes complete with footnotes, graphics and an introduction fitting to today. It deals with the issues of patriotism and equality which drove the women of the team.
From the Paper
"As a result of the tragic occurrences on September 11, 2001 the United States of America has seen a major influx of patriotism and civilian assistance/support. The country has not seen a mobilization of this nature since World War I and II. One group who did their part both then and now are the women of the United States. The following is the story of the All-American Girls Professional (Softball) Baseball League from 1943-1954 - a group of women who fought through the early notions that (feminine) women could not play the masculine sport of baseball - while at the same time benefiting the country in both the social and entertainment spheres.
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Economic Busts and Booms, 2001.
An examination of the way economic fluctuations occur and the factors that influence them.
3,105 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at business cycles and how these effect economic busts and booms. The author looks at the way that various aspects in the economy are related to economic fluctuations in a complex way and argues that a simple cause and effect explanation is not sufficient to explain the relationship. An examination of various issues that may effect economics such as population changes, monetary shifts and supplies.
From the Paper
"We are all so accustomed to fluctuations in the economy ? that roller coaster effect of bust and boom that we are currently on the downside of ? that we may forget to ask ourselves what causes these rises and falls in the economic life of our community and our country. For of course the economy is not a natural phenomenon like the shifting of the seasons and the cycle of the tides ? events caused by biological and chemical constants. The economy shifts and undulates in accord with human variables. This paper examines the concept of economic booms and busts and how these are related to business cycles, arguing that the connection between boom and bust and business cycle is a complex one not well explained by a simple, linear model of cause and effect."
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Latino Baseball Players, 2002.
This paper is a discussion of Latino players in major league baseball.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the struggles that Latino players in major league baseball have faced over the years. The writer discusses the beginnings of Latino players in professional baseball, beginning in 1954 and continuing through the surge that began in the 1980s. The paper also discusses how the influx of Latino players has increased baseball's popularity in Spanish-speaking countries worldwide which in turn has impacted upon the numbers of Latino youth seeking to play professional baseball in the United States. Another area that the paper touches upon is how the increasing numbers of Latino players has opened up the doors to a small, but growing number of Latino managers in the major leagues. The writer also examines the struggles that these players faced in the early days, when Latino players were fewer in number.
From the Paper
"As more Latino players move into the majors, Latino managers are making their mark, too. Felipe Alou was recently hired by the San Francisco Giants to take over the manager job vacated by Dusty Baker after the World Series. "Alou was also the fourth Latin American manager born in the Caribbean Islands, the other are Mike Gonz?lez, Preston G?mez and Cookie Rojas all from Cuba. Later Tany P?rez (Cuba)and Tony Pe?a (Dominican Republic) became the fifth and sixth respectively" (Pi-Gonz?lez). Alou was also the first Latino to manage an All-Star game in 1995."
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Negotiations and Baseball, 2006.
A look at labor disputes in Major League Baseball and the effects that a strike has on one of America's favorite sports.
2,180 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how a labor dispute resulting in a strike within Major League Baseball causes damage that is not only financial, but also psychological, often resulting in a loss of fans and followers. The psychic damage of losing fans is a major determinant in the baseball labor negotiations but very difficult to measure.
From the Paper
"How could the players and owners have avoided this strike? In the same manner that steel unions, farmers collectives, and other labor organizations handle disputes that arise between owners and employees: by negotiating more successfully. This paper will address the ways that negotiations between players and owners could have been made more successful in the dispute that led up to the 1994-1995 strike and subsequent damage to the game's reputation as well as the detriment to its finances. The methods which could have been utilized are primarily from Fisher and Ury's manual for negotiations, Getting to Yes. This guide outlines four steps in a successful negotiation: separate the parties involved, don't take stringent positions, invent options, and insist on objectivity. This paper will first explain a brief background of the dispute between players and owners in Major League Baseball and then examine each of these four options with regard to what the players and owners did, in light of what they could or ought to have done."
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The 1994 Baseball Strike, 2004.
An evaluation of the events leading up to the 1994, U.S. major league baseball strike.
1,017 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This papers looks at judgemental errors that occur during negotiations, using the Major League Baseball strike of 1994. The paper examines the factors involved in the cause of the strike and how the conflict was finally resolved.
From the Paper
"Ignoring the cognitions of the other parties when assessing the negotiation situation as stated by Bazerman can lead to what is called the ?winners curse? This usually happens when others fail to consider the perspective of the other parties. Winning becomes the main motive - this is especially true considering that both parties were concerned with saving face. As early as the late 1960?s the players adopted an adversarial stance to which the owners responded with distrust, disrespect, name-calling, and lack of accommodation for the players. (Staudahar) All parties were self absorbed in their own issues and did not take into consideration the cognition of the other parties involved. This also affected the behavioral atmosphere at the bargaining table."
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Collective Bargaining and Baseball, 2004.
This paper examines the role labor unions and collective bargaining agreements have played in major league baseball.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history of labor relations in the field of baseball from John Montgomery Ward?s first attempt to form a players' union in 1885 to the 32-day lockout during spring training in 1990. The author points out that the 2002 collective bargaining agreement was successfully negotiated with significant compromises on both sides and without a work stoppage. The paper concludes that this agreement ensures the continued fiscal health of America?s favorite pastime.
Table of Contents
Labor History
1994-1995
2002 Collective Bargaining Agreement
From the Paper
"In addition to higher ticket sales, an estimated 40 percent of this revenue came from the sale of broadcasting rights. Each team received around $18.6 million from national broadcasting revenue. Local broadcasting rights generated additional earnings, although this figure differed widely between cities. The New York Yankees, for instance, received $52 million in local broadcasting revenue while other franchises got less than one-tenth of that figure (Verducci 2002). In any case, a strike and the subsequent loss of broadcasting revenue would represent a significant income loss for both the owners."
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Steroids in Baseball, 2005.
Examines the illegal use of steroids in the U.S. sport of baseball.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Baseball is America's official past-time, and as such it is far more than a sport. It is an integral part of they country's culture, and in many ways represents the heart and soul of America itself. Baseball is about healthy competition, sportsmanship, teamwork and family entertainment. The paper shows that unfortunately, in recent years, the heroic legacy of Major League Baseball (MLB), and the sacred idol-status of MLB players has been compromised. Unlike the great eras of baseball history, the recent era is not named after joyous baseball events, but rather after an illegal drug. The 'Roid Era, named after steroid drug use, saw its height between 1998-2003 when home run numbers skyrocketed. The paper argues that steroid use in Major League Baseball is unacceptable, and all records which have been set by players using steroids should be stricken from the record books.
From the Paper
"There remains a minority of Americans that believe records of the 'Roid Era should remain intact in baseball history. One defense made in favor of allowing these records to remain is that there have always been "flaws" in baseball, and throughout history the public has turned a blind eye. An example of this includes that Ty Cobb (a legendary baseball player who is in the Hall of Fame) was a racist and murderer; if a murderer can remain in the Hall of Fame, why not steroid users? However, this is a ridiculous defense, because murdering a Black man did not give Cobb an unfair advantage in the game, nor was his racism the reason that he was able to achieve such incredible physical feats."
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Steroids in Baseball, 2005.
A look at the effects of steroids on the game of baseball and its players.
3,617 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This comprehensive paper examines the effects of steroids on baseball. It looks at the problems that major league baseball has had, states the effects of steroids, shows the changes in the numbers of the games, and finds major fault with major league baseball's testing policy in contrast with Olympic testing. Furthermore, the paper gives evidence of student athletes who have died because of the steroid 'nandrolone decanoate' and presents evidence to support the theory that rich players, such as Barry Bonds, will never be caught because the current policy does not take into account masking agents.
From the Paper
"Major League Baseball is testing. However, its testing like much of the legal system in the United States of America is both arbitrary and capricious. The current policy hones in on the poor steroid users if you will. It catches the young players who are trying to make it to the big leagues, the ones who do not have the money to afford expensive creams. The prime examples of this are the numerous players from the Seattle Mariners farm system who got caught using steroids. Are these minor leaguers, these men who are not chasing any records but whom are trying to make it to the big show, are these the only players in all of Baseball using steroids? Probably not, but at thirty thousand dollars a year its pretty hard to buy those expensive creams that can not be detected."
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