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Mind and Body Belief of Descartes, 2002.
An overview of Descartes' beliefs on the interaction of the mind and body.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the mind-body problem and Descartes. Descartes claimed that the pineal glad was the interface between the mind and the rest of the brain. Perhaps the most popular view about the relationship between mind and body is the belief that mind and the body are two separate entities.
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Reason, Mind, Body, 2005.
This paper discusses various philosophical approaches to the relationship of reason, mind and body.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although reason is the primary tool of philosophers, many philosophers have differed in their opinions concerning how reason should be employed, the most centrally held premises from which all of their arguments spring forth. The author describes the Socratic Method, Cartesian Dualism founded by Descartes and post-war period philosophers who argue that there is no true distinction between the mind and the body and the physical aspects of the body is the mind. The paper concludes that the relationship between the body and the soul necessarily is dependent upon (1) the mind versus body and (2) the free-will versus determinism debates.
From the Paper
"Philosophers have also debated the elemental nature of reality. The concept of reality is particularly difficult to define by virtue of the fact that it encompasses everything that the individual experiences and knows, and everything that has been arrived at by mankind through the process of deductive reasoning. "Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object." This in one view that favors the unique individual perception over some abstract encompassing view of reality, and it can be seen as a revolt from Hegel's ideas concerning reality."
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The Cartesian Mind-Body Dilemma, 2008.
An analysis of Rene Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" in relation to the Cartesian mind-body dilemma.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Cartesian mind-body dilemma by analyzing Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy". The paper explains that Cartesian dualism intended to moderate between the established religious paradigm of the time and the emerging natural sciences and by positing mind and body as complete substances which refer to nothing but themselves. The paper also looks at how Descartes' theory of mind preserves the religious conception of man as an immortal soul in possession of free will by placing such outside the realm of the physical sciences. The paper points out that Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" seeks to establish two distinct classes of substances in mind and extension, but fails to adequately address the manner in which these two incommensurable substances interact to generate our experience of the world. The writer suggests that Descartes conceives of the body as a 'kingdom within a kingdom' of mind, and is left with the problem of how these kingdoms are able to carry out diplomatic relations with one another.
From the Paper
"The cogito, 'I think therefore I am', delimits mind as the substance of thought, the primary existential of being. This is arrived at by proposing that there could be a malicious demon of some sort that may be propagating a vast illusion of experience, generating even our thoughts. Even in this radical scepticism, however, Descartes concludes that there must be something that this hoax is played upon, and no matter what this demon may be able to do, he can never convince something that it is nothing; "...I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind" . The cogito, therefore, shows mind to be a substance that is necessarily true without reference to any other substance. It is the essence to which all the modes of thought refer."
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Tthe Substantial Union of Mind and Body., 2002.
An analysis of Descartes's perception of the interaction between mind and body.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This essay will argue that Descartes's perception of the interaction between mind and body was such that he conceived that this interaction produced a separate, unified substance from either of its two components. Although it must be acknowledged that Descartes was often not clear on this point - hence many of the popular preconceptions on the issue of Cartesian dualism - nonetheless he can be seen to have advocated the view that a human being is a unified individual substance that is composed of two incomplete substances: the mind and the body.
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Mind/Body, 2002.
A study of mind/body controversy and the concept of philosopher Leibniz.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between mind and body, and investigate the revolutionary approach to this debate by philosopher G.W. Leibniz. The paper describes the philosophical works of Locke and Descartes, which began the long standing debate and explores the main approaches of dualism and monism to the mind/body controversy..
From the Paper
"The discussion over the relationship between mind and body that has been intriguing philosophers for a long time is divided into two broad categories: dualism and monism. According to dualism mind and body are two separate substances. There are several types of dualist views including parallelism, epiphenomenalism, occassionalism and interactionism. John Locke and Descartes are among those who laid the foundation of this idea. Whereas Locke and Descartes believed in Dualism, there were other famous philosophers and thinkers who supported monism. Monism refers to the theory that mind and body are inseparable and thus one is influenced by the other."
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The Mind-Body Debate, 1995.
A discussion and analysis of the mind-body debate.
2,390 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 73.95
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Abstract
An examination of the mind-body debate. The author attempts to answer whether the mind and body are independent of each other or whether they co-exist.
From the Paper
"The mind-body problem deals with trying to figure out whether someone is made up of a body and a mind where the mind is independent of the body. It is known that people have minds.The question is whether they (the mind and body) are independent of each other or not for their existence."
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Renee Descartes and the Mind-Body Problem, 2002.
Explores Renee Descartes' views on the relationship between the mind and the body.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Renee Descartes' approach to the question, is mind the same thing as body and if yes, how and if no, why not? It summarizes the arguments Descartes presented in support of his views and offers opposing opinions to each of Descartes' arguments.
From the Paper
"The discussion over the relationship between mind and body that has been intriguing philosophers for a long time is divided into two broad categories: dualism and monism. According to dualism mind and body are two separate substances. There are several types of dualist views including parallelism, epiphenomenalism, occassionalism and interactionism. John Locke and Rene Descartes are among those who laid the foundation of this idea. Whereas Locke and Descartes believed in Dualism, there were other famous philosophers and thinkers who supported monism. Monism refers to the theory that mind and body are inseparable and thus one is influenced by the other."
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Mind/Body Dualism, 2003.
An analysis of Descartes? mind / body dualism concept.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by stating the argument Descartes gives for a version of mind/body dualism. It then considers two objections to Descartes? argument and finally assesses the validity of Descartes? argument in light of those objections.
From the Paper
"Much of the intellectual history of psychology as well as philosophy has involved the attempt to come to grips with a dilemma of mind and body. This dilemma was eventually broken into main two opposing views: one view (dualism) proposes that our universe contains two very different and equally fundamental types of entity: mental/spiritual and physical/material items. Most followers of this view hold that human mind (or soul) is to survive the annihilation of the body. The contrasting view, materialism, on the other hand, affirms that everything in our universe is composed of mass-energy, minds and bodies included."
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Mind-Body Dualism, 2002.
An examination of the debate over dualism in philosophy and psychology.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 17 sources, $ 127.95
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Abstract
Examines the debate over dualism in philosophy and psychology. Plato's doctrine of ideal form. Aristotle's concept of the actual & the potential. Ideas of Acquinas, Descartes, Kant. Freud's theory of human experience & behavior; his dream theory. Theories of Jung, Adler, Nagel & Churchland. Psychopharmocology & affect of drugs on mind-body split.
From the Paper
"This research examines the mind-body dualism split in the history of psychology. The research will review the philosophical background of dualism and then discuss how the legacy of philosophical dualism informed the emergence of psychological theory and its application in practice over the course of the 20th century.
What must be appreciated about the debate over dualism in psychology and philosophy is that in each of these disciplines, most answers are either partial or always subject to further debate, not only on account of conceptually creative theory but also on account of the accumulation of an increasing body of new, scientifically verifiable knowledge and information about how body and mind function. The dualism debate arose in the ancient period, not solely between Plato and Aristotle but in part..."
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Mind and Body, 2006.
A review of literature discussing the idea that if you change the body, you change the the nature of human existence.
1,744 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews two science fiction novels, the 'Necromancer' by William Gibson and 'Sparrow' by Mary Doria Russell. According to the paper, both novels underline the importance of the physical state of individual bodies in shaping society. The paper further discusses how in both books, the central thesis is that modern humanity denies the effects of the body, upon the mind and society, at its peril.
From the Paper
"In Mary Doria Russell's Sparrow, the novel depicts an alien, primitive world that is interfered with by outside forces. Once the delicate balance between two warring tribes on another planet is upset by outside influence, chaos breaks loose. Also, the novel's main character is initially subject to another kind of physical alteration, because he is priest. The novel is concerned not simply with how the individual natural body is impinged upon by technology and changed, but also by how the interference of celibacy affects the mind and body--by withholding the body's natural functions through attempted improvement, more harm may be done. It shows how a community of priests is created on earth characterized by physical noninvolvement, and also how the priest's involvement in the environment of another world changes that world."
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Mind-body Connections, 1987.
Impact of psychological processes & techniques on physiological health & illness. Discusses placebos, meditation, hypnosis, imagery, deep relaxation.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 22 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this research is to explore the health and psychological literature for evidence that non-medical techniques such as meditation, visualization, relaxation, hypnosis, etc., lead to physiological healing. To this end, this research explores evidence for the notion that physiological processes can be influenced by the mind and then proceeds to examine whether there exists evidence that non-medical strategies are viable techniques for bringing about beneficial changes in physiological processes.
Influence of Mind upon the Body
That the medical sciences recognize a relationship in which the mind produces physiological change in the body is shown by the fact that (...)"
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Shunryu Suzuki's "Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind", 2008.
A review of Shunryu Suzuki's 1997 book "Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind" plus a creative dialogue based on insights from this book.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper explains that, once he learned that the beginner's mind is so important for Zen, he began to be excited about Shunryu Suzuki's book, "Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind". The author describes what he learned about the book by studying its jacket cover and the illustrations on the tittle page and then relates how he was surprised to find out that the first thing the book discusses is how to sit. The paper concludes by presenting a creative dialogue, based on the book, situated at the middle class home of a Zen Buddhist named Zooey and a Jehovah's Witness evangelist named David.
Table of Contents:
Book Review
Creative Dialogue Based on the Book
From the Paper
"I decided not to worry, but to keep reading with an open beginner's mind. Perhaps if I try every day, I will become flexible enough to get into the full lotus position. I was interested to learn that Zen seems to be a religion that is focused on the body. For example, breathing is also very important. Also, Suzuki (1997) recommends that we must own our own bodies (p. 27). I think I understand what this means. I think this means to really pay attention to our own bodies. This is quite easy to do when one is in pain from trying to get into the lotus position."
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Shunryu Suzuki's "Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind", 2008.
Reviews "Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind" by Shunryu Suzuki and then applies these teaching to a creative dialogue.
2,255 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Shunryu Suzuki's book, "Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind" is divided into three parts: right practice; right attitude; and right understanding.. The author of the paper then relates that a lot of Zen Buddhism is non-intellectual and hard to grasp. Therefore, she set out clinging to these basic concepts like a drowning person clinging to a life jacket. The author also claims that the book is challenging and resulted in the biggest, most significant shift in her thinking. The paper concludes with a creative dialogue, based on the book, which is a debate about the different religions of an American, Republican, born-again Christian (Andy) and an American Zen Buddhist (Mike).
Table of Contents:
Book Review
Creative Dialogue
From the Paper
"This all sounds very attractive - and makes more sense to me than suchness, thusness, or emptiness! The condition of being a roshi sounds so attractive that I can understand why people would pursue it. It offers, it seems, the possibility of living happily in the reality of the present. I therefore set out to learn the mysteries of Zen, through the answers of the great teacher Suzuki.
"In the first part of the book, I learned that according to Suzuki (1997), posture and breathing are essential in order to practice Zen. Suzuki believes that these are vital for right practice."
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Aristotle on Soul-Body Relationship, 2000.
The philosopher's ideas on dualism vs. harmony of the mind and body, methodology, earlier theories, causes and perception.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The soul-body relationship has been addressed by a number of philosophers over the centuries an remains a key question. Plato held that the soul and body were separate and that the soul was released from the body at death.
From the Paper
"The soul-body relationship has been addressed by a number of philosophers over the centuries an remains a key question. Plato held that the soul and body were separate and that the soul was released from the body at death. In the Phaedo, Socrates first argues that death releases the soul from the body, an opportunity for the true philosopher. The body is described as a fragile thing which houses the soul only until the soul can be freed:
For the body is a source of endless trouble to us by reason of the mere requirement of food; and is liable also to diseases which overtake and impede us in the search after true being. . . (Buchanan 203).
Following both Plato and Aristotle in some degree, Boethius offered a Christian conception:
Human souls are of necessity more free when they..."
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Modern Philosophy, 2007.
Explores knowledge and error, mind and body in the writings of Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz and Locke.
2,943 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with two principal issues that modern philosophers faced: epistemology (theory of knowledge) and the mind/body problem. It looks at what Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz and Locke had to say about the topics, using mostly primary sources.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Descartes:
Knowledge and Error
Mind and Body
Spinoza:
Knowledge and Error
Mind and Body
Leibniz:
Mind and Body
Locke:
Knowledge and Error
Mind and Body
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Although I have stated that the aforementioned "reflective" knowledge is open to all human, the question remains: How does a human being receive this knowledge? According to Leibniz, "nothing can be taught to us whose idea we do not already have in our mind." In other words, every idea is innate. The only thing that is required to bring out the truth of ideas is a certain "attention" given to the recognition of truths. Like the slave boy in Plato's Meno, all we need is a "push" in the right direction to discover the ideas already in us, and subsequently to determine their validity."
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