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Military Deterrence, 1999.
Examines three successes (Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis and the China-Taiwan Crisis) and three failures (WWII, the Korean War and Serbia) of efforts to deter war through military strength.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Deterrence is the effort to avoid war by creating such strength on one side of the conflict that the other side does not challenge, and so peace is maintained. The various ways of attempting deterrence, and at different times, we have characterized in different terms.
From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Deterrence is the effort to avoid war by creating such strength on one side of the conflict that the other side does not challenge, and so peace is maintained. The various ways of attempting deterrence, and at different times, we have characterized in different terms. Sometimes we have been successful in deterring aggression and in preventing war, while perhaps just as often we have failed to deter as desired and have become embroiled in a war we tried to prevent. Three of the failures of this century are seen in the onset of World War II, the Korean War, and Serbia. Three successes can be seen in the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the threat that China would attack Taiwan."
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Military Strategy, 1996.
Critical comparison of books on military theory, policy strategy, political aspects. "Extended Deterrence & Prevention of War" by Paul Huth & "Sources of Military Doctrine" by Barry Posen.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Evaluating Military Strategies: Posen vs. Huth
Good military theory is marked by four characteristics: 1) Clarity of Focus; 2) Operational Use of Definitions; 3) Thorough-ness; 4) Possibility for Generalized Application. In The Sources of Military Doctrine Barry Posen documents how military doctrine is shaped and how it effects grand strategy. In Extended Deterrence and the Prevention of War Paul Huth defines the political and military conditions under which a policy of extended deterrence is likely to succeed or fail. Posen's work is important for establishing a groundwork for the understanding of national security operations which he scrutinizes through the evaluation of French, British, and German national policy between the world wars. In contrast, Huth's study is more narrowly defined in its consideration of how the employment of deterrence..."
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US Deterrence Strategies After The Cold War, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of the post Cold War US deterrence strategies.
22,206 words (approx. 88.8 pages), 74 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the opinions of many after September 11th, that the present form of terrorism has made classical deterrence theory outdated. According to the paper transnational terrorism has totally dented conventional wisdom, which had dictated proceedings during the cold war. Similarly, rogue states all over the world, in general, and the Middle East and South Asia, in particular, have created a great deal of tension in Washington. The paper further discusses how the role of the American rival states, such as, North Korea and China and the functions and limitations of the UN Security Council have completely transformed the security structure of the sole hyper power of the world. This paper tries to elucidate the best possible deterrence strategy the United States should pursue after the cold war.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Justification of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Part 2
Transnational Terrorism
The Rogue and the Rival States
The U.N. Security Council
Conclusion of This Section
Part 3
Literature Review
Classical Deterrence Theory
The End of Cold War deterrence
A New Justification
Conclusion of This Section
Part 4
The First Case Study: The Strategic Triangle (US/China/Russia)
The Sino-Russo Partnership
The US-Russian Labyrinth: A Subtle Relationship
The Source for Cooperation and Divergence
Effect of the End of Cold War
Conclusion of This Section
The Second Case Study: Deterring North Korea
US Policy on the Korean Peninsula Since 1945
The Future of the U.S. Foreign Policy on the Korean Peninsula
The Status Quo Option
The Hard-Line Option
Compromise
Early Bush Administration Policy
Conclusion
The third Case Study: Transnational Terrorism
Counter-terrorism in a Global Society
Conclusion
Part 5
Observation and Conclusion
Correcting the Strategic Gaps in the U.S. Approach to Homeland Defense Concentrating Less on Who is Responsible and More on What They Ought to be Responsible of
Planning for Higher-Probability, Lower-Consequence, and Lower-Probability, Higher-Consequence Events
From the Paper
"At the threat of generalization, one could make a case that US relations with China were greatly powered by two issues: the vicissitudes in the Sino-Russo association and--the more significant of the two--the Taiwan problem. For 30 years following the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) emergence in 1949, the United States carried on to acknowledge the adversary Chinese government (the Republic of China, or ROC) that had moved to Taiwan after trailing behind the civil conflict on the mainland. The path to ultimate US standardization with the PRC in 1979 was cemented by US President Richard Nixon, whose striking plan was to build a coalition with China--which was, at that time, in conflict with the Soviet Union--in an effort to oppose the increasing Soviet threat. However the United States, in spite of everything, maintains informal relations with the Republic of China. Certainly, under the "Taiwan Relations Act," a piece of internal US legislation, Washington is under a duty to defend Taiwan's safety and therefore carry on arms sales to the isle .
Washington's Taiwan association has bedeviled its dealings with the Republic of China from this time onwards, even more so following 1988 when Taiwan's political leadership demonstrated growing inclinations in the direction of a separatist route outside the One China state-of-affairs. All through a brief disagreement amid mainland China and Taiwan in 1996, the United States sent off two naval battle factions to the Taiwan channel to demonstrate moral cooperation for Taiwan (and maybe to gratify President Clinton's congressional associates). An unintentional war with China was hardly prevented only with the sensible removal of the US carrier Independence, at the same time as, the second carrier, the Nimitz, was still on its route as of the Mediterranean Sea. The narrow escape drove home the Republic of China's sincerity in relation to Taiwan to the Clinton management, forcing it to assume a soul-searching evaluation of Sino-US strategy. The concluding decision for Clinton's "thoroughgoing" engagement policy concerning the Chinese, which he practiced all through his second presidential tenure, was to prevent himself from being heaved into an unintentional war with China on behalf of Taiwan ."
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Criminal Deterrence, 2005.
A description and analysis of the theory of criminal deterrence.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper is a complete description of the theory of deterrence and crime. Both aspects of the deterrence issue are examined in depth visa via current theories in criminology. This paper presents an extensive review by way of a research study. This paper then draws its conclusions with respect to the efficacy of the theory of deterrence as well.
From the Paper
"In the May 1993 issue of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Stafford and Warr introduced the re-conceptualized deterrence theory by explaining that general and specific deterrence are both functions of crime. Both of these sociologists presented the argument that there is no reason to have multiple theories for general and specific deterrence. Instead they proposed the idea that a single theory is possible that centers on two levels; namely, indirect experiences involving legal punishment and punishment avoidance; and direct experiences with legal punishment and avoidance (Stafford & Warr, 1993). They furthered their argument by stating that general deterrence includes the knowledge of criminal activity performed by others as well as the consequences or absence of consequences from the specified criminal activity."
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The Deterrence Theory and Sherman's "March to the Sea", 1995.
This research examines the applicability and effectiveness of the traditional deterrence theory and assesses the concept and application to General Sherman's "March to the Sea" in Civil War: Background, psychology, information flow and conflict reduction
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"Contemporary terrorist threats have raised new alarms among deterrence theorists. The old strategy of deterrence, which had long been firmly entrenched in the thinking of international conflict resolution, may not work with many of these terrorists. They sometimes act like lunatics, it is said. They sometimes appear to like violence, it is feared. They are so irrational, so bent on confrontation, that they may fail to make any prudent calculation of the retaliatory destruction they will face if they launch an attack. They may be, in the language of deterrence theorists, "undeterrable threats."
This research examines the applicability and effectiveness of traditional deterrence theory,... . Traditional deterrence theory will be analyzed for its explanatory power for ... "
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Econometrics and Deterrence: Does Crime Pay?, 2003.
An analysis of how Gary Becker?s economics of crime remains a pivotal model in criminology today.
3,136 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in the last quarter century, the U.S. has experienced a drop in both crime rates and arrest rates and how many criminologists have speculated on the reasons for this drop in crime. It shows how Nobel Prize winner, Gary Becker, in his work, ?Crime and Punishment, An Economic Approach,? was the first economist to explain the theory of deterrence as a function of econometrics and how, according to Becker, if the punishment costs the criminal more than the crime benefits the criminal, then the criminal will rationally be deterred from committing the crime. It looks at how, although the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victims Survey support Becker?s economic model of crime, scientists have struggled to prove Becker?s model with sound, empirical research.
From the Paper
"The deterrence/incapacitation argument is important for legislation such as ?three strikes you?re out? in which after three convictions a prisoner receives automatic jail time. If deterrence is not a key factor, the threat of incapacitation does not work. By definition, incapacitation is a by-product of deterrence. Without incapacitation, deterrence would not be a workable theory. Levitt concludes in his paper, that incapacitation may imprison the majority of people who would commit crimes no matter what, however, incapacitation without deterrence may make others more likely to commit crimes, who otherwise may have been deterred (Levitt, 370) increasing rather than decreasing arrest rates."
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Capital Punishment As A Deterrent, 1997.
Reviews three postions on the effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent to the commission of capital crimes. Concludes that there is a deterrent effect.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
"Capital Punishment as a Deterrent
Introduction
There are two basic arguments favoring capital punishment. The first argument focuses on doing justice, on ensuring that the punishment fits the crime. The second argument emphasizes capital punishment as a deterrent to other members of the community who might commit crimes in the future.
Other Societies
Although the evidence in this country is confusing about the deterrent effect of capital punishment, some writers argue that the experience of other countries indicates that capital punishment can be quite effective in deterring certain kinds of ..."
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Death Penalty as a Deterrent, 2006.
A discussion about whether the death penalty is a real deterrent for violent crimes.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the death penalty continues to be a highly controversial issue with most Americans and its deterrent effect has still not been absolutely determined. This paper concludes that it is clear that the death penalty does serve society quite well under certain circumstances, but in reality, society must begin to understand the reasons why people commit violent crimes and determine how to change a person's violent tendencies which in the end will make the death penalty unnecessary.
From the Paper
"One of the most controversial issues in today's America has to do with the question as to whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. Many of those that support the death penalty argue that execution, whether by lethal injection, the electric chair or hanging, is the most suitable penalty for persons who have committed atrocious crimes like first-degree murder, rape or the murder of a child. The main contention for these supporters is that the convicted person deserves punishment that is comparable to the crime; in addition, supporters of the death penalty argue that such an action demonstrates society's adherence to moral principles. According to Robert Bidinotto, such crimes as premeditated murder "is a crime in a class by itself," for it "negates the highest moral end of a civil society," being human life (156)."
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Death Penalty as a Deterrent, 2006.
A discussion about whether the death penalty is a real deterrent for violent crimes.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the death penalty continues to be a highly controversial issue with most Americans and its deterrent effect has still not been absolutely determined. This paper concludes that it is clear that the death penalty does serve society quite well under certain circumstances, but in reality, society must begin to understand the reasons why people commit violent crimes and determine how to change a person's violent tendencies which in the end will make the death penalty unnecessary.
From the Paper
"One of the most controversial issues in today's America has to do with the question as to whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. Many of those that support the death penalty argue that execution, whether by lethal injection, the electric chair or hanging, is the most suitable penalty for persons who have committed atrocious crimes like first-degree murder, rape or the murder of a child. The main contention for these supporters is that the convicted person deserves punishment that is comparable to the crime; in addition, supporters of the death penalty argue that such an action demonstrates society's adherence to moral principles. According to Robert Bidinotto, such crimes as premeditated murder "is a crime in a class by itself," for it "negates the highest moral end of a civil society," being human life (156)."
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Is the Death Penalty a Deterrent?, 1994.
This paper discusses the question of whether or not the death penalty really is deterrent.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the death penalty. Both sides of the coin are discussed. The positive and negative effects lead the author to ask: Does the death penalty deter crime or does it have no effect other than on the executed criminal. With numerous examples.
From the Paper
"Some time ago, a Texas journalist who had seen nearly two hundred people die in the electric chair over nearly thirty years declared that the death penalty is not a deterrent- the main claim for it. "The only person it deters," he believed, "is the man being executed." We should start by defining deterrence. It refers to an instance where an individual refrains from an act because he or she perceives a risk of punishment for the act and fears that punishment. Thus the deterrent effect of capital punishment is best evaluated in terms of the number of person prevented from committing a crime that would lead them to be penalized. So is there such a thing as the death penalty deterring society in general or was the Texas journalist right about the death penalty not having a deterrent effect on the general public?"
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Motion-Detecting Animal Deterrent, 1997.
Marketing plan for imaginary pet product. Examined in terms of target market, demand, economics, competition, objectives, advertising, projections. Includes tables.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 14 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"I. Introduction
This marketing plan is for The Motion-Detecting Animal Deterrent, a new product designed to keep pets from leaving and undesired animals from entering an owner's property. It is a fully automatic device that uses infrared sensor technology to detect heat and motion up to 35 feet away and in a 105 degree arc. When the sensor is activated, a built-in pulsating water sprinkler head sends out a three-to-four second spray of water. The device can be adjusted so the target spray area can vary from 20 to 40 feet from the device, and the spray pattern can vary from as narrow as 10 degrees to as wide as 360 degrees. Housed in sturdy ABC plastic, the device attaches to any standard-sized garden house and is secured to the ground by a zinc-plated steel spike. Operated by an on/off switch, it is powered by a 9-volt.."
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Capital Punishment as a Deterrent, 2007.
A review of literature in favor of and in opposition to capital punishment.
1,067 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and assesses four scholarly articles which provide arguments either in favor of or in opposition to capital punishment. It briefly explains why one of the sources appears to be the best of the quartet while another seems to flag behind the others. In the end, the paper reveals just how contentious the issue of capital punishment is and how divided the academic community remains even after decades of research.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Opposing Capital Punishment: A Look at Four Scholarly Sources
Facts In Support Of Writer's Position
Facts Opposing This Writer's Position
The Strongest And Weakest Source
From the Paper
"After carefully reviewing the available evidence, it seems clear that Donohue and Wolfers provide the strongest article of the four insofar as they exhaustively detail the methodological failures which undermine many studies determined to support the validity of capital punishment (although the aforementioned Dezhbakhsh and Shepherd study seems to scrupulously follow the sort of detailed regression analysis that Donohue and Wolfers accuse many pro-death penalty studies of lacking). On the other hand, the Marquis argument appears to be the weakest for the very simple reason that it eschews quantitative research in favor of a more strident, accusatory tone that fails to appreciate that even a few mistaken executions is too many. On the whole, however, the four articles do appear to be a solid beginning to further research and certainly reveal that the evidence does not offer unanimous support to one side or the other."
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Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) in a Unipolar World, 2000.
This paper analyzes the reasons for the slow changes in military policies.
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In the post cold war era, the role of nuclear weapons and the policy of deterrence has changed, yet the military policy lags behind it. This paper analyzes the reasons for the slow changes in military policies.
From the Paper
"The strategic defense initiative, SDI, a US government program responsible for the research and development of a multi-pronged missile defense system was announced by President Reagan in 1983, and has since been the source of intense controversy. The initial intent of the SDI program was to shield the US against missile attacks from the Soviet Union, but with the collapse of the latter in the early 90s, it had lost its reason for existence. Since then however, President Bush Sr. and the incumbent President George W. Bush have pushed hard for rapid development of its descendant, the National Missile Defense program, citing the ?rogue state threat?, even at the expense of jeopardizing existing agreements including the ABM treaty of 1972 and START II."
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Capital Punishment, 1994.
Argues for the death penalty as an effective deterrent & symbol of public authority. Provides an historical overview and discusses deterrence vs. punishment, methods and retribution.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" The U.S. Supreme Court's restoration of the death penalty in
1976 sparked a continuing national debate on whether capital punishment constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. This research will take the position of being in favor of capital punishment. It is not cruel and unusual punishment but an indispensable symbol of public authority.
In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court seemingly outlawed the death penalty in Furman v. Georgia. In 1976, the Court reversed itself in Gregg v. Georgia, on the grounds that legislative responses to Furman had indicated a strong public support for death sentences in murder cases. This was evidenced by the fact that after Furman, 28 states had written new capital statutes, and by 1976, that number had grown to 35, with more than 460 persons sentenced to death. Actual executions did not begin until 1977 (Wicker.."
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Criminal Corrections, 2006.
A discussion regarding retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation as methods of criminal correction.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines four of the most common methods used today for criminal corrections, also known as the goals of criminal law. These are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation. The paper concludes by selecting one of these methods as a representative of the best way to fight criminal behavior, one that will yield the highest benefits for society as a whole.
From the Paper
"However, this report also declares that "to discuss imprisonment while excluding incapacitation as one of its purposes would be absurd" ("Incapacitation and Deterrence," Internet). Incapacitation is similar in some ways to retribution, for when a criminal is placed in jail or prison, they are incapacitated in the respect that they cannot leave to commit other crimes. Yet when a prison sentence is over, the criminal/felon is allowed to leave his/her confinement which opens the door to more criminal activity, unless of course the prisoner is radically incapacitated by having legs removed or being blinded."
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