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Methods in Behavioral Research: Egocentrism, 2006.
A discussion regarding egocentrism from a behavioral research perspective.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the outline for a proposed research project assessing the relative attitudes of young men (adolescent males) to young women (adolescent females). The paper notes that there is evidence that young men tend to be greater risk takers than young women but notes also that the literature is not unanimous in this respect. In any case, the paper offers a brief literature review, a brief outline of the proposed questionnaire employing the highly-regarded Lapley model, and concludes by noting the expected conclusions.
From the Paper
"Egocentrism is understood to be the inability to see the world in terms that are different from one's own. In the initial proposal to this research paper the writer expressed a desire to examine the comparative levels of egocentrism in children raised in single-child homes versus children raised in multi-child homes. In particular, although it was not explicitly laid out in the proposal as it should have been, the researcher was intent upon examining the relative extent to which a young person raised in a single-child home was more likely than a young person raised in a multi-child home to indulge in "personal fable construction" - that is to say, to indulge in the view that his or her experiences were uniquely different from the experiences of others. "
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Adolescent Television Behavior and Actual Behavior, 2002.
Examination of adolescent behavior as depicted on television; compared with actual adolescent behavioral patterns.
4,838 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This study uses content analysis to examine adolescent television drama program behavior as compared to actual adolescent behavioral statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics. Issues of sexual behavior, alcohol usage and drug usage were analyzed. This work contributes to cultivation theory; the culmination of similar messages on fictional adolescent television drama programs re-enforces impressions that are not based on reality.
From the Paper
"Media can be described in many ways and forms. It is the dissemination of news, events, and information as well as a portrayal of America. It contains movies, sitcoms, dramas, comedies, news, and world events that all shape our reality of what the world is. Television more specifically is so popular because its function is to be a mirrored image of what America is, its beliefs, and ideas. Because it performs this function, it is considered entertainment. This industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that centers around two words: money and people. It does not necessarily have to be accurate for people to believe it. People will believe what they find to be interesting whether it is true or not, based upon no actual proof. This is why the media can get away with straying from the truth, because people do not care whether what they absorb is true. Truth is a very powerful concept that most people take too lightly. Most people will not admit that what they watch on television, hear on the radio, or read in the newspaper affects them. However, it has been proven through the cultivation theory that this effect is present, it does occur, and it subsequently affects the way a country perceives itself. This is how the media ultimately controls the power of thought."
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Autism and Behavioral Assessment, 1999.
Describes the disorder and assumptions, process, scales and the effectiveness of behavioral analysis (not behavior modification).
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
After providing a brief definition of the developmental disorder of autism, this paper examines the ways in which behavioral analysis or behavioral assessment has been used as a treatment strategy for this syndrome in children.
From the Paper
"Abstract
After providing a brief definition of the developmental disorder of autism, this paper examines the ways in which behavioral analysis or behavioral assessment has been used as a treatment strategy for this syndrome in children. Behavioral analysis sets aside questions of the complex and opaque etiology of this syndrome to attempt to provide effective treatment by altering the environment of autistic individuals so that they can in turn control their systems. This is a substantial shift in emphasis from earlier methods of treatment that attempted to directly affect or to control the autistic individual without altering environment stimuli in necessary ways. The literature on this form of treatment is reviewed to demonstrate that researchers believe such behavioral analyses are by far the most effective ways known current ..."
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Behavioral Management for Early Childhood - Pre-K, 2008.
This essay discusses the issue of maladaptive behavior in the early educational setting. Specifically, it looks to identify maladaptive behaviors, apply current theories and correct these behaviors.
5,203 words (approx. 20.8 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper looks into the issue of increasing violent behavior among young school age children, while asserting that there is growing evidence that early intervention by schools to correct maladaptive behavior may result in decreased violent behavior as these children grow older. Furthermore, this paper looks at the issue from the view of early childhood professionals, stating the importance of recognizing these aggressive behaviors and managing them properly. The paper discusses the differences between normal maladaptive behavior from pathological behavioral disorders as well as the theories that govern a child's development of behavior and how these are applied to the current knowledge of managing behavior. Lastly, the paper discusses methods or models that are used to correct these behaviors.
Outline:
Introduction
Normal Misbehavior and Disruptive Behavior in Preschool Children
Theories in Child Behavior Development
Management for Normative misbehavior among Preschoolers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the two cases presented by Goodwin et al (2003), these preschoolers were seen to manifest with behavioral problems due to reasons that could and were remedied by the Childreach program. Three-year old Kelsey had been acted out aggressively because of feeling of isolation. She appeared to have problems with excessive nasal discharge secondary to allergies. Breathing through her mouth made her drool as well. She also had a problem with controlling her urinary impulses as she suffered from toilet training delays as well. Because of this, Kelsey was isolated by her peers and she was often ignored. Kelsey began to seek attention by physically hurting her peers. This kind of reaction did not make her popular but it did get people's attention. The Childreach program helped her improve her hygiene and social skills. Addressing these two issues had allowed Kelsey to have friends. In another case, Richard was referred to the Childreach program due to defiance, opposition, and aggression. It had been found that Richard's language skills was delayed by 18 months and his aggression was rooted from his frustration from not being able to follow, or appropriately respond to his environment. Therefore, his inability to communicate properly was addressed, and both parents and teachers were taught better ways to communicate with him."
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Cognitive-Behavioral Modification Program, 2002.
Presents a cognitive-behavioral modification program designed to modify "couch potato" behavior.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
"Couch potato (cp)" behavior is operationally defined as sitting and watching TV. The goal of the program presented in this paper is to modify this behavior towards participation in an exercise program. A self-observation log demonstrates "couch potato" behavioral antecedents, an operational definition of the target behavior and behavioral consequences. Cognitive-behavioral modification is discussed and the program is stated. Effectiveness of the intervention is then discussed.
From the Paper
"Week one would consist of new thoughts such as "TV is not the only way to relax, this is a lie, the truth is that TV is contributing to my fatigue." Positive affirmations were to be employed as immediate and continuous reinforcements, such as "I'm feeling better each day with my new activities. I'm doing a great job." TV watching was to be cut down to half hour periods per week day and two hour periods for weekend days. Stimulus control was employed and junk foods were to be removed from the premises to avoid visual cues leading to poor eating behaviors. New foods were to be purchased, such as fruit juice in place of alcoholic beverages, nuts and fruits in place of chips; actual changes in meals would be dealt with later. Lifestyle changes for the first week would include using the stairs at work and school instead of the elevator, since walking up stairs is found to burn twice the calories of jogging behavior and it would serve as an aerobic exercise activity."
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Behavioral Contracting, 2004.
This paper discusses the relationship between the use of behavior contracts and student?s ability to stay on task.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper defines behavioral contracting as a written contract containing behavioral obligations a student and his teachers, and often his parents, must fulfill, which usually involves incentives given to a child when he meets his behavioral obligations. The author points out that the aim of behavioral contracting is to modify ?inappropriate?, ?abnormal?, or ?undesirable? behavior by gradually accustoming a child to a particular pattern. The paper stresses that the goal of developing a student?s focus and attention is the essence of a behavioral contract, thus obligating a student to keep his focus on his task whenever necessary.
Table of Contents
An Introduction to Behavioral Contracting
Knowing a Child?s Individual Needs to Achieve a Successful Behavioral Contracting
General Instructional Principles for a Successful Behavioral Contract
Refocusing Strategies to Keep a Student Stay on Task
Summary: Relationship Between Behavioral Contracts and Student?s Ability to Stay on Task
From the Paper
"Provide Advance Warnings. Letting students know of the proceedings of a lesson or activity, such as telling them that the current lesson is about to end and a new one will be introduced, will keep their focus and attention on learning. Unlike when they are only aware that a lesson is to end, they might be eager waiting for that time and might expect or think of fun things to do like playing. Hence, their focus to learning will be lost."
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The History of Behavioral Psychology, 2003.
A comprehensive examination of the history of behavioral psychology and its impact on modern psychoanalysis.
4,048 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
During the early part of the 20th century, the distinction between learned and inherited behavior seemed much clearer than it does today. The view that any type of behavior was either learned or simply developed without learning seemed straightforward. This paper explains that studies based on these expectations led investigators to conclude that rat-killing behavior among cats is learned rather than instinctive, that human fears are all acquired, or that intelligence is completely the result of experience. Learning theorists were maintaining, at this point, that most behavior is learned and that biological factors are of little or no importance. The behaviorist position that human behavior could be explained entirely in terms of reflexes, stimulus-response associations, and the effects of reinforcers upon them, entirely excluding ?mental? terms such as desires, goals and so forth, was advanced by J. B. Watson in his 1914 book, "Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology." This paper provides a discussion of Watson?s life, followed by an examination of behavioral psychology and an assessment of its impact on modern psychoanalysis in the conclusion. Also includes a graphic.
From the Paper
"John B. Watson was an American psychologist who was responsible for codifying and publicizing behaviorism. From Watson?s perspective, behaviorism was an approach to psychology that was restricted to the objective, experimental study of the relations between environmental events and human behavior. Watsonian behaviorism became the dominant psychology in the United States during the 1920s and '30s. Watson received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Chicago (1903), where he then taught. In 1908 he became professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., and immediately established a laboratory for research in comparative, or animal, psychology. About this time he articulated his first statements on behaviorist psychology, and in the epoch-making article ?Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It? (1913) he asserted that psychology is the science of human behavior, which, like animal behavior, should be studied under exacting laboratory conditions."
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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, 2007.
A discussion of how rational emotive behavioral therapy works.
901 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that rational emotive behavioral therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts or inner dialog is what affects our behavior. It focuses on our perceptions of our environment and experiences instead of our environment and experiences themselves. The paper discusses how the rational emotive behavioral therapy process can consist of two basic steps. Irrational thoughts are identified and then the client is instructed to begin replacing these thoughts with more rational, healthier thoughts. The paper concludes that rational emotive behavioral therapy is a step towards individuals taking responsibility for their own dysfunctions, providing them with a solid ground from which to work towards positive change.
From the Paper
"This therapy was innovative at its conception because of its focus on internal as opposed to external locus. One of the most effective elements of this therapy is that it provided a much stronger feeling of control for the patient undergoing Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy because it allows them to believe that they have power over their dysfunction behavior by taking responsibility for the problems. Though the process is often extremely difficult, the concept is simple: If you have a problem, change your thinking about the problem and it will go away."
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Traditional Psychoanalysis vs. Behavioral Family Therapy, 2002.
This paper compares two therapies that almost are as different as therapies can get: Traditional psychoanalysis and behavioral family therapy.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper contrasts both traditional psychoanalysis and a newer tradition, behavioral family therapy and looks at their applicability in different situations. The author explains that psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, helps the client gain more awareness and understanding of their inner world including motivations. The author points out that behavioral family therapy, a melding of behavior therapy and family therapy, assumes that all behavior is learned, or conditioned, and can be unlearned and changed and that the family, viewed as a system, is the focus of this learning.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Description
Comparison
Depth/Insight
Focus on Family
Goals
Length of Therapy
Meaning Orientation
Conformity
Application to Different Situations
From the Paper
"While they both emphasize family, they do so in very different ways. In psychoanalysis, the therapeutic arrangement is between the therapist and the individual. Family members are not brought into the therapeutic alliance. In family therapy, the family is the unit that works with the therapist. The family is not separated out, but placed at the center of the working process."
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Behavioral Genetics, 2004.
An examination of the benefits of behavioral genetics when it comes to the gene linked to alcoholism.
952 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how behavioral genetics is an important contributor to the discovery and treatment of alcoholism. It explores the limitations of such theories and discusses the future benefits and limitations of exploring behavioral genetics when it comes to alcoholic patterns. It also examines how society must be careful to not place all of its decision making in the hands of a probable gene and how it must remember to use the knowledge gained by behavioral genetics to make informed decisions when it comes to alcoholism by coupling it with other aspects of its development.
From the Paper
"Behavior genetic research has far reaching implications for current and future needs. One of the problems that is currently a concern when it come to behaviorial genetic research is that it can cause problems for people in the future. If insurance companies ever decide to start testing potential policy seekers for genes that predispose them to diseases they may refuse to underwrite those seekers on the basis that they may come up with at a later date. Behavioral genetics at this time is not an exacting science when it comes to alcohol. It can point to the probability that several genes are involved in the development of alcoholism and this may also explain why those with the alcohol gene do not all become alcoholics even if they drink socially."
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Behavioral Therapy vs. Psychoanalysis, 2004.
An analysis of the differences between behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis.
1,709 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that, in comparison to psychoanalysis, behavior therapy focuses more on specific problems, such as anxiety symptoms, so treatment is often more compressed. The paper examines the goal of behavior therapy, to eliminate bad behaviors, or to develop adaptive coping behaviors. The paper explains that unlike psychoanalysis, behavior therapy has little regard for the unconscious processes underlying personality disorders. The paper describes the techniques used in behavior therapy, such as aversive conditioning, in which negative habits are paired with unpleasant stimuli and systematic desensitization, where a stimulus that causes anxiety and negative feelings is paired with a pleasant one.
Outline
Introduction
The Two Types of Therapy
Freud
Skinner
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Amazing advances have been made in the treatment of mental illness throughout the years (Merck, 2004). An understanding of what causes some mental health disorders has resulted in a greater sophistication in customizing treatment to the underlying basis of specific disorders. Thus, many mental health disorders can now be treated almost as successfully as physical disorders. Most treatment methods for mental health disorders are either categorized as somatic or psychotherapeutic (Merck, 2004). Somatic treatments include drug therapy and electroconvulsive therapy. Psychotherapeutic treatments include individual, group, or family and marital psychotherapy; behavior therapy techniques; and hypnotherapy. There are many others, as well."
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Police and Behavioral Science Units, 2008.
This paper discusses the creation of a behavioral science unit
for police department personnel.
852 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that behavioral science units have been implemented in police departments to lessen the stress of trauma and reduce the impact of potential trauma an officer may face in the line of duty. The paper then outlines a proposed behavioral science unit for a police department, including its mental health components, the services the mental health professionals would provide to the department and the structure of the unit.
Outline:
Specific Components of the Behavioral Science Unit and Their Justification
Services the Mental Health Professionals Would Provide to the Department
Structure of the Unit
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Behavioral Science Units have been implemented in police departments across the country to lessen the stress of trauma and reduce the impact of potential trauma an officer may face in the line of duty. It has been determined that a "...systemic view needs to be taken in order to develop effective policy and intervention strategies that will reduce psychological distress and enhance morale among police officers" (Hart, Headey, & Wearing, 1995, p. 156). Implementation of such units is beneficial for the emotional and psychological well-being of officers and should be required of all law enforcement agencies. The mission of the Behavioral Science Unit will be to coordinate employee assistance services for officers and their families, for problem assessment and identification, and if necessary, to arrange referral to other facilities and/or services."
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Behavioral Economics, 2004.
Examines an emerging, new subfield of economics known as behavioral economics.
2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and explains the field of behavioral economics and highlights the major differences between behavioral economics and neo-classical economic theory. The paper goes on to demonstrate the value that behavioral economics has to offer to all aspects of the field of economics and how it can benefit the economic decision making process.
From the Paper
"In their article on Behavioral Economics, Sendhil Mullainathan and Richard Thaler explain the importance and relevance of this emerging sub-field within the field of economics. The authors begin their discourse on behavioral economics by first placing in context the focus of the sub-field and the essential differences with the main branch of economics. Behavioral Economics combines the field of psychology and economics in order to investigate ??what happens to markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications.? (Mullainathan & Thaler) In other words, behavioral economics focuses on understanding socio-psychological behavioral aspects of economic agents."
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Intervention Programs for Behavioral Disorders, 2008.
An examination of prevention intervention programs for children with behavioral disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
2,479 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses social skills training programs within schools that are implemented in order to combat behavioral disorders among children. The paper specifically focuses on the most common behavioral disorder among children, which is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It looks at the role of prevention intervention programs for children who have these behavioral disorders.
From the Paper
"The role of prevention interventions with children who have behavioral disorders can not be stressed enough. It is of the utmost importance that attention be focused on ensuring that behavior disorders among children do not develop into anti-social behavior later on. Furthermore, children with behavior disorders that exhibit aggressive and oppositional behavior are at risk for the development of serious anti-social behavior that can persist into adulthood. Bauer and Webster-Stratton (2006) determined that training programs for parents are an effective means of promoting positive parenting and strategies for discipline, as well as enhance the child's social skills, emotional self-regulation, and ability to solve problems. These researchers also suggested that family doctors can play a role in prevention by practicing developmental surveillance of patients with behavior disorders in order to prevent disruptive behavior problems, address the concerns of parents, and nurture the healthy development of the children's social and emotional competency."
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Behavioral Implications of Developmental Changes, 2006.
A look at how human behavior has developed over thousands of years.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the developmental changes that have occurred among homo sapiens in the last two millennia and how these changes have influenced human behavior. In order to understand these behavioral changes, this paper reviews the nature of human behavior and the occurrences leading up to, and influencing the change in human behavior.
Introduction
Nature of Human Behavior
Effects of Development on Human Behavior
Evolutionary Ecology's Contribution to Human Behavior
Bipedalism
Brain Size
Language Development
Current Behavioral Implications Modern Humans
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Human behavior is more complex and varied than behavior exhibited by other organisms, however the basic processes share between humans and non-humans is not much different (Barnes-Holmes, et. al, 2003). Darwin suggests that no fundamental difference exists between man's behavior and other higher mammals with respect to certain mental abilities, suggesting that a continuity of sorts exist between the two and hence comparisons can be made between humans and non-humans with respect to behavior.
Others including Skinner shy away from non human studies believing but do suggest that such studies are useful for "assessing what behaviors and traits are distinctly human vs. those that are not" (Skinner, 1969: 101). For purposes of this evolution primarily human behaviors and traits will be explored in relation to developmental patterns over time. Human behavior will be examined as a direct correlate to developmental changes that have occurred in human beings since the dawn of time. "
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