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Mental Logic Theory, 2007.
Discusses an experiment examining human beings and the way that they reason depending on the types of questions asked.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the mental logic theory and the mental model theory, in terms of the way that human beings reason. The paper presents an experiment that asks three similar questions of the participants with a slight word change in each of the three questions. The paper attempts to discern from the participant's answers to these three questions if the results favor the mental logic theory or the mental model theory in regards to human beings and the way they reason.
From the Paper
"Our studies show however, that the inferences the participants drew followed a logical sequence. If, as we purport, they do follow a logical sequence then that would lend more credence to the findings that the Mental Logic theory espouses as compared to the Mental Model theory.
"Schroyens purports that his study shows that both theories adhere to the same processing scheme, and that both theories are equivocal. If his study presents the truth, then we must search out the theory's differences, dissect these differences and discern whether the differences are so great that one of the two theories is more palatable than the other."
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Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice, 2000.
A defines and examination of conflict theory and view that crime is the inevitable result of social conflict. Includes human nature, social order, logic of theory, legal policy and practice.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 9 sources, $ 103.95
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Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. Conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety.
From the Paper
"Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice
Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. Conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. The theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. The theory and models of punishment based on the theory would require an understanding of criminal justice that took into consideration the social and..."
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Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice, 2002.
Conflict theory based on Marxist assumptions and how this can be applied in criminal justice studies.
3,479 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. This paper discusses how conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. It explains that the theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It also shows how the theory argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. This paper addresses how the theory and models of punishment based on the theory require an understanding of criminal justice that takes into consideration the social and political causes of crime, particularly models of treatment based on a concept of restorative justice.
Table of Contents
History and Definition of Conflict Theory
Human Nature
Social Order
Causal Logic of Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Policy
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Practice
Evaluation
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Before the 1960s, most criminology research and theory was conducted under the rubric of structural-functionalism, which assumed the primacy of the social system and the inter-relationship of social institutions without much focus or consideration for the individuals or groups who made up the institutions. However, critics of these theories argued that by minimizing the social conflict and tension inherent within society, these theories supported a politically conservative agenda within sociology and criminology."
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The Theory of Atomism, 2008.
This paper examines Bertrand Russell's theory of atomism.
2,782 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
The paper explains Bertrand Russel's theory of atomism, which emphasizes logical analysis and its consequences for metaphysics. The paper describes how Russel explains the structure of the external world and discusses how pluralism, rather than monism, is the logical force behind the philosophy. The paper also looks at the many arguments against Russell's theory of logical atomism.
Outline:
Introduction
The Structure of the World
Russell's Logical Atomism
Logical Atomism - Realistically Logical?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Bertrand Russell, author of the theory of atomism, was a philosopher whose emphasis was primarily on logical analysis and its consequences for metaphysics. The traditional philosophical problem of the external world, which is based on the fact that external qualities can only be drawn inferentially, was explained by Russell (1910) as a distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description" (Irvine, 2003). Russell's 1918 work on logical atomism was based on the argument that the world is comprised of logical atoms, which he described as "little patches of colour", and their properties (ibid). Together these properties, according to Russell, form the atomic facts which are thus combined to create logically complex objects. Therefore what is normally explained as inferred entities, such as enduring physical objects, are actually logical constructions created from immediate entities of sensation, which Russell identified as "sensibilia" (ibid)."
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The Adlerian Theory, 2005.
An analysis of the Adlerian theory when dealing with discouraged adolescents.
3,498 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Adlerian based ideology and its effectiveness in encouraging lifestyle changes in discouraged adolescents by understanding their private logic. Specifically, this paper aims to identify the concepts related to the Adlerian theory and discuss the various approaches in which the Adlerian theory can be affective when handling discouraged adolescents.
Outline:
Introduction
The Adlerian Theory
Alfred Adler as he Introduced the Theory
The Concepts of Adlerian Theory
Exploring Discouraged Adolescents with Adlerian Theory
The Six Basic Problem Solving Skills
A Training Cycle
From the Paper
"After knowing the main problem, the causes and effects of such problem is the best possible thing to know about. This will provide information how the adolescent responds to such problem, what causes him to be affected by that problem, and how has the problem affected his psychological, physical and physiological status. At most times assumptions or hypothesis on how the problem can be solved or how the solutions will turn out to be the way it is expected is important in this phase. This is because an educated guess will set the right path on the way the problem should be dealt with. Educated guess are of course the result of past experiences and own undertakings. Hence, this is a strong reference point for the problem and a strong background regarding the possible solutions. "
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Motivation and Expectancy Theory, 2006.
A discussion regarding challenging the underlying assumptions of the expectancy theory.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 15 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and challenges the underlying assumptions of expectancy theory as proposed by Vroom and expanded upon by others, contextualizing expectancy theory into the classic science fiction novel 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' as a means of illustrating a serious logical fallacy embedded within expectancy theory. Through doing so, this paper demonstrates that while the expectancy theory is rationally sound and therefore can be used to critically define and describe many aspects of human motivation, the irrationality of human behavior makes it difficult to critically apply expectancy theory in a manner which guarantees successful prediction of behavior or decisions.
From the Paper
" I. Introduction Expectancy theory was first developed by Victor Vroom as an expanded, divergent investigation into motivational theory and research. Vroom's concept of motivation identified that all individuals have innate goals and expectations which they explore within the confines of a given environmental setting, and that the individual is motivated to achieve their goals when they rationalize that the work expended to do so is validated by the rewards inherent within the goal. "
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Plato's Theory of the Forms, 2007.
A description and analysis of the coherency of Plato's theory of the forms.
1,546 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Plato's theory of the forms and the reasons why Plato uses this metaphysical argument to justify how a state should be ruled and by whom. The theory is taken to its most logical endpoint a number of times to test its strength. Plato's technocratic viewpoint is mentioned along with the reasons why he held such views. Numerous criticisms are used and examined, which originate from Aristotle, Plato's pupil, and from Plato himself, with his later works also being touched upon.
From the Paper
"The basis of Plato's theory of the forms is that he "distiguishes between the experienced world that most of us think of as reality" and the "real world of the forms accesible only to philosophers" . The world that we ordinarily experience with our sences is just a "superficial reflection", or shadow of the real world of the forms, that remain invisible to all but the greatest philosophers. Plato explores not only objects such as a chair or a triangle, but also looks at such things as goodness and beauty. For example, Plato argues that beauty must be something quite different from the image of beautiful things."
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The Multiple Intelligence Theory, 2005.
This paper is a literature review of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory in preparation for the development of a classroom project.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory defines a person's intellectual capacity as eight different intelligences: Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intra-personal and naturalist intelligences. The author points out that one of the most powerful aspects of the multiple intelligence theory is how it provides eight different potential pathways to engage and stimulate children of all intelligence instead of a one-size-fits-all program. The paper relates that, because the act of learning involves a student using his or her own talents to engage with the material, non-standard, experiential and, hands-on activities such as storytelling, drama, dance, music, art, observation, experiment, constructing, problem-solving, discussion, reading and writing are all important.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Walter McKenzie's "Multiple Intelligences and Instructional Technology" also provides a wealth of ideas on the incorporation of Gardner's theory in the classroom setting, including at the Grammar School level. McKenzie brings together theory and tool for a practical implementation that might benefit all students in the class. He provides a detailed rationale for modifying standard lesson plans that exalt the reading, writing, and arithmetic so prevalent in established curriculum, and even helps teachers decide what intelligences are best incorporated into their unique learning environments. He hails the POMAT method in design, the theory of "backward planning" supported by Jay McTighe and Grant Wiggins."
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Aristotle?s Rhetorical Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses Aristotle's rhetorical theory and its influence on modern democracy.
4,080 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Aristotle was not the first philosopher to argue from a rational, humanistic perspective nor to suggest that debates and arguments should be performed as an art form known as rhetoric; however, he is the most influential. The author points out that in his "Rhetoric", which is substantially shorter and relatively more straight-forward than most of his work, Aristotle presents a theory of rhetoric as an art that focuses on the capacity to persuade, the usefulness of rhetoric, the necessary elements of persuasion including appeals to emotion, status and logic and presents a wide range of specific stratagem for convincing an audience of one's point. The paper relates that the foundation of the modern approach to society, including the entirety of the modern political system, is fallout from the medieval rediscovery of Aristotle's work; during the Crusades, Europeans re-discovered Latin translations of Aristotle in various libraries throughout the Islamic world.
Table of Contents
Aristotle's Personal Work on "Rhetoric"
Aristotle's Historical Effect on "Rhetoric" and its Continued Fallout
Aristotle's Effects on Modern Democracy and the Sensitivity of Pathos
Does Aristotle Inadvertently Justify the Chicaneries of Modern Lawyers?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At the foundation of American democracy, the nation had a relatively homogenous culture. (Assuming, of course, that one follows in the founder's footsteps and ignores the presence of slaves and natives) Athens, also, was a homogenous culture, where the members had most interests in common. So Aristotle's ideas on comprehending the common beliefs on one's audience and building on them based on syllogism and appeals to the common good were quite efficient. However, as the nation aged it has become increasingly multi-cultural, with a wider variety of base worldviews interacting to create the polis. A similar progression has taken place through-out the European democracies, and of course many post-colonial colonies have had to deal with such disparities from the beginning. Hence, it may seem that Aristotle's vision of rhetoric may have difficulties in a modern setting."
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St. Thomas Aquinas?s Theory of Potency and Act, 2002.
This paper discusses Aquinas?s Theory of the Relationship between Potency and Act that states: Since some things can be, even though they are not, and some things now are; those which can be and are not believed to be potency.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The author uses the rules of logic to agree positively in support of St. Thomas Aquinas?s theory regarding the relationship between potency and act. The paper also refers to other philosophers such as Aristotle, Rene Descarte, and Samuel Johnson.
Table of Contents
Definition of the Terms
Brief Summary of the Argument
Counter Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus to conclude in simple words, we say that it is the idea ? potency -which is supreme and ?real? and therefore substantial; while the act is only an accident by being its direct product. For the sake of elaboration, let us take the instance of Rene Descarte?s theory of ?I think; therefore, I am?: he also believed that Idea ? potency ? came before the general act, and therefore is Perfect, while the latter being merely the replica is imperfect and merely an accident."
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Gardner?s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 2006.
This paper discusses Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences and applies each intelligence to teaching in the classroom.
875 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are eight distinct and independent intelligences: Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intra-personal and naturalist.
The author defines each distinct intelligence and gives an example of it application such as (1) linguistic intelligence involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals; therefore, (2) to develop this type of intelligence, a teacher must discusses metaphors and onomatopoeia. The paper states that classroom activities should be more varied, allowing students to learn use and to develop all the various intelligences.
From the Paper
"Naturalist intelligence is used in discerning patterns in natural, such as how differences species are related or what type of weather we might expect on different days. If I had a naturalist student, I would allow them to share their knowledge with other students. For example, during a science discussion about plants, I would allow the student to explain the evolution of plants in their own words because most teachers have the tendency to use words that most students do not understand. By allowing the student to explain it, the other students would understand it better."
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Karl Popper's Falsification Theory, 1999.
Evaluates this scientific philosopher's ideas on credibility of evidence, competing theories, the influence on psychology and critical views.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Karl Popper is considered a great living philosopher of science who influenced many experimental scientists, mathematicians, and theoretical astronomers. Logical positivists at the beginning of his career saw him as concerned with the same problems as themselves
From the Paper
"KARL POPPER
Introduction
Karl Popper is considered a great living philosopher of science who influenced many experimental scientists, mathematicians, and theoretical astronomers. Logical positivists at the beginning of his career saw him as concerned with the same problems as themselves. However, Popper disagreed with many of their views, in particular their view of the nature of scientific statement and its verifiability. In the text of The Logic of Scientific Discovery, he stated that the problem of philosophy was the critical analysis of the appeal to the authority of experience. He believed that knowledge never starts from firm foundations (the critical analysis of the appeal to experience) but is found only as one progresses from uncertain starting ..."
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Logical Behaviorism and Common Sense, 2005.
This paper discusses the theory of logical behaviorism and looks at the concept of common sense.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the philosophical theory of logical behaviorism. The writer explains that this theory claims that a mental state does not actually exist and there there are just observed behaviors. Further, the writer points out that there are those that claim that for a theory to be believable, common sense should be applied.
From the Paper
It is argued that in order for a philosophical theory to be acceptable, it should be reasonably consistent with common sense. Logical behaviorism is a philosophical theory that posits that there is not really any such thing as a mental state. Using terms such as "angry" therefore make no sense. All such words describe not mental states but simply observed behaviors. Logical positivism reduces people from beings with complicated inner states to simple collections of observed behavior. It thereby negates the existence of inner consciousness.
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Psychological Theories Comparison, 2004.
A comparison of the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud and the social cognition theory of Carl Rogers.
921 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
Psychologists have researched personality disorders and have formulated different theories, presenting their own reasoning as established via comprehensive research over a lifetime. This paper examines similarities and contrasts between the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud and social cognition theory of Carl Rogers. It explains that they are both recognized figures in the field of psychoanalysis and that both the theories are logical and applicable in varied circumstances.
From the Paper
"Sigmund Freud was a one of the most eminent psychologists of all times. Freud is termed as the father of psychoanalysis. His theory of psychoanalysis entails the conscious and the unconscious. The conscious is what we are aware of like one?s present perceptions, memories, thoughts, feelings etc. The unconscious is the memory that can be easily recalled. However, these entail the smaller part of the mind, the larger part consists of the unconscious, which includes all the things that are not easily available to the conscious mind. These include our drives and instincts."
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Justifying Beliefs by Logical Implication, 2002.
A description of the need for logical implication between a justification and a belief within a justified-true-belief theory of knowledge.
3,530 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
An argument that for a justified true belief theory of knowledge to work, the justification component must be such that an acceptable justification logically implies the truth of the content of the belief. The paper first shows how weaker views of justification will always be susceptible to counterexamples like Gettier's and Feldman's. The paper then shows how the notion of justification defined above makes it impossible to have counterexamples and then make a case for why the strong view is appropriate, even given that it probably leads to skepticism. The nature of justification within a viable theory of knowledge needs to have the strength of logical implication, and as such may have to lead to skeptical considerations.
From the Paper
"The characterization of knowledge as justified true belief is a very powerful concept, and despite the assorted difficulties that arise in definitions that equate knowledge with justified true belief, such definitions still seem the most intuitively plausible starting points for a theory of knowledge. It is fairly obvious that one cannot know that p if one does not believe that p, and it is equally indisputable that p has to be true for one to be able to know it. It is that whole "justified" bit that is the tricky part and that tends to mess things up for justified true belief (JTB) theories of knowledge. In this paper I hope to offer a characterization of justification within the framework of a JTB theory of knowledge that leads to a cohesive theory of what is required for one to have knowledge, one that is not subject to the loopholes and weaknesses that lead other JTB theories to incorrectly admit certain beliefs as knowledge. Specifically, I will claim that for one's belief that p to constitute knowledge that p, one's justification j for believing that p must be such that (i) j logically implies p, and (ii) every statement within the justification is true. I will argue that such a strong notion of justification is needed for a JTB theory to avoid being susceptible to counterexamples like those offered in Edmund Gettier's famous paper and elsewhere. Further, I will contend that for a JTB theory to work, the concept of justification must be such that in considerations of "justified beliefs," "justified" works, in the words of Peter Unger, as an absolute term. I will then use this later point to allay concerns, which are certainly valid, that the strong notion of justification I am presenting in this paper directly leads to skepticism."
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