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The Meiji Government's Domestic Priorities, 2002.
The relationship between domestic and foreign policies of the Meiji government.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the domestic priorities that took precedence over foreign policy interests for the Meiji government (1868-1912) in Japan. This was because, with the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the entire feudal system of Japanese government collapsed and Meiji leaders were intent on bringing Japan into the modern world.
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Meiji Japan, 2002.
A discussion of the "balance" of continuity and change in the social order of Meiji Japan.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
It is a commonplace of history to observe that all ages are periods of transition, for history is characterized by continual change in human affairs. The Meiji Restoration of late 19th century Japan was such a transitional moment, for in a brief span of time the society, culture, economic and political order of Japan experienced a fundamental restructuring from a pre-Restoration society that was akin to the feudalism of medieval Europe, into a modern industrial nation state. A superficial reading of the history of this era would emphasize the extensiv and pervasive, changes Japan underwent in its social order during the late 19th century and give little attention to the elements of continuity which carried over from the pre-Restoration era. This paper will argue that, while it is impossible to characterize the elements of discontinuity and continuity in the society of Meiji Japan as being in "balance", given the rapid and radical nature of change in the country at this time, nonetheless an understanding of the history of Meiji Japan requires an appreciation of the elements of continuity in Japanese culture.
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The Meiji Restoration, 1990.
Looks at social, political and economic features of the Meiji Restoration period in Japan.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The structure of Japanese society has been forcibly changed on different occasions during its history. Two such instances can be found in the Meiji Restoration at the end of the nineteenth century and in the Post-War Occupation period after World War II. This paper examines the ideals and institutions of the Meiji state, established in the latter part of the nineteenth century. It discusses the social, political and economic systems which characterized the Meiji Restoration and how this structure led Japan into World War II.
From the Paper
"The Meiji period was the beginning of the development of economic life in Japan at a much more rapid pace. This was also a period of military build-up, and this build-up has been seen as the major contribution to the structure of the technological foundation for the successful industrialization that followed. The new economic order included the acquisition and dissemination of Western technologies and skills, and this same policy created a demand that was needed to assure the survival and growth of struggling private firms in important industrial fields. The rate of growth for Japan after the Meiji period was considerable even before the boom after World War II. "
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Modern Japan and The Meiji Restoration, 2002.
Depicts the effects that the Meiji restoration had on Japanese propaganda in WWII.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The Meiji Revolution, which came about at the end of the nineteenth century, toppled the Tokugawa shogunate, "restored" imperial rule and transformed Japan from a feudal into a modern state. This paper examines how the ambiguous constitutional structure, military orientation and nationalist ideology bequeathed by the Meiji Restoration led Japan to military disaster in WWII. It shows how racist Meiji ideology affected the propaganda put out by the Japanese during the war. The paper contains illustrations.
From the Paper
"The Japanese created a copycat theory that meant they adapted to the western industrialization. However, they had a hidden agenda to create a more superior power than the west. All they would do is innovate and mutate the capitalist ideology. While this was happening the Japanese would become more anti west and have more of a feeling of moral superiority. A new world order would show where they belonged in the world and how they would become greater."
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Meiji Restoration and the Charter Oath, 2007.
An analysis of the success of the Meiji Restoration in Japan in relation to the Charter Oath of 1868.
1,437 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Meiji Restoration in Japan, from 1868 to 1912. It describes the events leading to the Meiji Restoration, the events themselves and the changes that happened during the period. It discusses them with relation to the Charter Oath of 1868 and analyzes whether the restoration was a success or not. It looks at the success in terms of the establishment of a democratically-elected government, the elimination of discriminatory class status, disparaging customs and traditions and the establishment of a universal education system.
From the Paper
"The waning days of the Tokugawa reign was witnessed by the clan's inability to implement reforms needed to face the requirements of the industrial and the overwhelming pressure of Western nations to open up the country to international trade and industry. Aside from the aforementioned problems, the Tokugawa clan was also being challenged by various other clans and a coup was the final straw that broke the Tokugawa's back. "The Satcho-Dohi coalition of the 1860s carried out this supposed feudal coup from below. The coalition was between the four tozama fiefs of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen, the four strongest principalities of the southwest. (The Meiji Restoration, 1999)" Eventually, the last shogun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, capitulated in the late 1800s and handed over the rule of the country to a young emperor of the Meiji clan, Mutsuhito. Mutsuhito took over as emperor upon his father's death in 1867 - Emperor Komei left a troubled nation needing reforms to his then 15 year-old son."
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Japan's Meiji Transformation, 2007.
An analysis and comparison of Japan's Meiji transformation and the British industrial revolution.
4,849 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the industrial revolution of Britain. It then concentrates on the development of Japan, particularly its industrial development, that took place during the Meiji period. It discusses, in less detail, some of the many other changes that also took place during this time. The paper concludes that it is difficult to compare the revolutions in Britain and Japan due to the vast differences between the situations of each country at the time.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
The Changes During the Industrial Revolution and the Meiji
Mechanization in Britain and Modernization in Japan
Organization and Nature and People
The Era of Industrial Revolution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Comparatively, the Meiji revolution was only the beginning of industrialization in Japan. The main objective was not industrialization but a change of society and a national effort to catch up with the European powers. It was also an attempt to reform society so that wishes of the people could be accepted more and the state was not ruled by the desires of only a group of people. The great success of the Meiji was in the establishment of education, legal system, property rights, commerce and infrastructure. (Meiji Japan, 1868-1911: Government's Role in Economic Growth and Rise of Mitsui Zaibatsu) Thus the Meiji movement was probably an action in a much wider sphere than the Industrial Revolution. It is however difficult to say whether it was as great a success in terms of achievement as the Industrial Revolution. Whether the nature of Japan changed can only be discussed with the discussion of the Second World War."
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Meiji Nationalism, 2002.
A history of Japanese Meiji nationalism.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the complex play of nationalism within the cultural, religious and political history of Japan was brought into a heightened state of expression during the crucial time of the Meiji era. The global economy truly began for Japan with the Meiji era; nationalism that was built on playing a part politically, culturally and financially began in earnest.
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Problems of Upper Middle-Class Women in the Meiji Period, 2003.
Takes a look at how Fukuzawa Yukichi writes about the oppression of women during the Meiji period in two of his novels.
4,426 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
In this paper, two books by Japanese author Fukuzawa Yukichi, "The Waiting Years" and "The River Ki", are reviewed and discussed in terms of how they address the oppression of women during the Meiji period in Japan. The main characters of both stories are analyzed and the plots reviewed in an effort to illustrate Yukichi's beliefs about the position of women in society and his opposition to the subordination of women.
From the Paper
"Fukuzawa Yukichi?s ideas about women and their rights were unusual for his time. He wrote his essays on women during the Meiji Period, when women were still considered to be subordinate to men and were sometimes treated as mere instruments for producing children. Fukuzawa claimed that these beliefs about women were especially prevalent in the upper middle class. Although The Waiting Years, by Fumiko Enchi, and The River Ki, by Sawako Ariyoshi, were written after World War II, both focused on upper middle class women living in the Meiji period. In fact, the principal characters in both stories, Tomo and Hana, were based on the authors? maternal grandmothers, with some of the material for the books coming from information given to the authors from their mothers. Therefore, both books could be considered to be fairly accurate portraits of upper middle class women?s lives during that time period. The main characters in both works suffered because of their patriarchal society, and much of this suffering was caused by customs that Fukuzawa criticized in his writings for that very reason."
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Women in the Meiji and Taisho Periods in Japan, 2004.
Looks at the greater degree of freedom Japanese women had during the Meiji and Taisho periods in Japan.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper is about the increase in freedom Japanese women experienced during the Meiji and Taisho periods in Japan and the subsequently greater role they had in both the family and the political life of the country. The paper explains how, unwittingly, the Samurai revolution contributed to women's greater liberation and how the combination of increased urbanization along with a higher degree of mobility tended to loosen the traditional strictures on women?s physical and social mobility. The paper also points out how the increase in a Japanese middle-class after the Samurai revolution and their corresponding demands for more rights also contributed to greater freedoms for women. The paper makes it clear, however, that the status of Japanese women during this period was never close to being equal to that of Japanese men, but their social and political gains were significant.
From the Paper
"The Meiji period, as Gordon outlines in Chapter Five, ?The Samurai Revolution?, began with a political revolution that returned the country to direct imperial rule under the Emperor Meiji and brought to an end the era of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The emperor took advantage of the restoration of his power to try to push Japan towards the West and to introduce Western concepts of modernization. The effect ? over the period of Meiji rule from 1868?1912 included the rise of a much larger and more powerful middle class in Japan. This came about in no small way because the samurai who lead the restoration understood that their own rising power ? as well as that of the imperial house ? was dependent upon the diminishment of power by the feudal lords."
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Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration, 2004.
An analysis of the book, "The Weak Body of a Useless Woman: Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration", by Anne Walthall.
936 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The Tokugawa period of Japanese history was a time of rigid class stratification. This paper explains how Walthall's book deals with the transformation from the age of the samurai to the modern; from the Shogunate to Empirical rule; and the beginning transition from an agrarian to technological society. This book is about change, specifically, social and political change, but also about changes that occurred within the life of an individual, a woman, and a political activist.
From the Paper
"Matsuo Taseko was born into the peasant class. Her family were farmers living and working in the Ina Valley in what is now the Nagano Province. The samurai system was based on a feudal and agrarian society where the workers paid ?homage? or taxes to the local ruling samurai. Taseko was the daughter of the local headman, which brought responsibility as well as greater contact with others, including political leaders. It also made her part of the ?rural elite?, a part of the local political structure. Her family were involved in an extensive system of rural entrepenurism, or self-employment, that bridged the agricultural and merchant classes. They were involved in making and selling sake and were known to be the local moneylenders. She learned to read and write, an honor generally denied the peasant. She wrote poetry that reflected both her education and her political inclinations. She was trained in classical poetic form, allowing her a place among the intellectuals of the time."
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Nanshoku in Pre-Meiji Japanese Society, 2002.
A discussion on male-male sexual and romantic liaisons in traditional Japan.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how modern Japanese society considers men who prefer sexual relations with other men to be abnormal, although in earlier times, they were the norm rather than the exception, and many men had sexual relations with people of both genders. It looks at how a term for this phenomenon of male-male love was "nanshoku" and discusses how nanshoku was rife among Buddhist monks and how literature of the Heian period contains passages suggesting that some aristocrats practiced nanshoku, as well. It also analyzes the roles in a typical nanshoku relationship and how the emphasis on roles discouraged an equal relationship between the two parties.
From the Paper
"Because nanshoku was essentially an alternative to female sex for males, the roles in nanshoku were similar to that of heterosexual roles, and were integral in the relationship. The senior male, or nenja, was the dominant partner, while the junior male, or wakashu, was the passive partner. The roles in a certain relationship were set, with the wakashu always being passive, and the nenja being active. In a different relationship, a former wakashu might assume the role of a nenja, although the reverse rarely happened as it was against the normal progression in life. This structure reflects the Confucian model of a hierarchical society, as the partners were not equals."
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Military Buildup in the Meiji Period, 1993.
A look at the role of militarization in the modernization and development of Japan in the 19th century.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The Meiji period was the beginning of the development of economic life in Japan at a rapid pace. The period was also a time of military buildup, and this buildup has been seen as the major contribution to building the technological foundation for the successful industrialization to follow. This has been suggested by Kozo Yamamura, who holds that the strong army policy was the principle motivation for creating and expanding the arsenals and other publicly financed elements of war that would act as effective centers for the absorption and dissemination of Western technologies and skills and that this same policy provided the demand needed to assure the survival and growth of struggling private firms in important industrial fields.. The rate of growth for Japan since the Meiji period has been analyzed and "provides a record of success which is widely envied by the..."
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The Way of the Warrior, 2002.
A history of Japan and an examination of the relationship between Japan and the West during World War II and today.
1,887 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of Japan and its relationship and influence by the West and in particular the U.S.. It looks at how while a technological and industrial revolution swept the West in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Japan remained in a medieval state, the country governed by a class of hereditary warlords. It examines how once the shogun was overturned, the new Japanese government, known as the Meiji, set about modernizing the country as quickly as possible and how following the Western example, Japan established modern industries and re-organized her military with the latest available technology. It evaluates how Japan rose to become one of the world's main powers and even after her defeat in World War II, got back on her feet very quickly. It analyzes how today as more Japanese become exposed to the West and how the more they travel and view Europeans and Americans in their environments, the more they come to realize the disparity in their standards of living and traditions.
From the Paper
"The Japanese had learned much from the Russo-Japanese War. They had learned that an Eastern nation could defeat a major Western power if it had the requisite military technology, and the industrial base. They had learned that militarism paid. And, taking these lessons to heart, the Japanese moved their government and society in an ever more strongly military direction. Though administered in theory by an elected parliament, and a responsible prime minister, in reality, Japan was largely and increasingly under the control of its military. The military regularly interfered in government affairs, and by the terms of its constitution had the right to approve or veto government decisions that concerned it. As well, in a curious quirk of Japanese law, the military could actually continue to function under its own budget if funds were not voted by parliament. The Japanese High Command regularly named its candidates to the ministries, and manipulated the national administration. Significantly, this constitution and system of government had been imposed from above. Ordinary Japanese, and their elected official, had no voice whatsoever at the highest echelons of the administration. They had no hand in policy-making."
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Japanese Modernization, 2007.
This paper discuses the modernization of Japan between the period of the Meiji restoration and the end of the Taisho period in 1927.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the restoration of the Emperor to the throne, which began the Meiji period, led to a series of official policies, such as a centralized government and moving the capitol to Tokyo, which were conducive to the process of technology and cultural modernity. The author points out that, in the Meiji period, acceptance of Western influences were shown in the cultural milieus. The paper stresses that, during the Taisho period, western influences brought about democratization as demonstrated in a two party political system and calls for universal suffrage. The author argues that Japan's failure in World War II began during the Taisho period with Japan's policy of the colonization of Taiwan in 1895 and Korea in 1910.
From the Paper
"The Meiji restoration refers to the fact that the traditional emperor of Japan was essentially returned to power in 1868 following an extended period of Shogunate rule led by the Tokugawa clan. The Tokugawa clan ruled Japan from the early 1600s until 1867 and was largely responsible for Japan's increasing isolation from surrounding countries as well as fierce resistance to intrusion by the Western powers seeking access to its markets. Perhaps the single most pivotal point, vis-a-vis opening up and accepting the reality of the forces of modernization, was a series of visits by Commodore Perry of the U.S. Navy beginning in 1852."
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Japanese History 1800 - 1900, 2006.
A discussion of Natsume Soseki's novels which focus on Japanese history during the era of Emperor Meiji.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the novels of prolific Japanese author Natsume Soseki, which offer an interesting expose into life during the era of Emperor Meiji ,as well as a first hand account of the education system of that time. The paper summarizes the information that Soseki provides about Emperor Meiji and the reforms he implemented, which emphasized both nationalism and the integration of foreign ideals. The paper also points out that Soseki's novels reveal that, though change was afoot in Tokyo and intellectual thought was advancing, many of the traditional Japanese ideals still held fast amongst city and country folk alike.
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