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Cross-Media and Foreign Ownership Laws, 2007.
This paper discusses Australia's relaxation of cross-media and foreign ownership laws.
4,270 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 2007 Australian business reforms welcome foreign media players and allow local media groups, already in place, to merge into cross-media ownership: the simultaneous ownership of television, radio and newspaper licenses and other media platforms. The author points out that the main purpose of these reforms are to maximize the business benefits of the operations of media. The paper stresses that media ownership around the world is seen as a reflection of a nation's political conditions, such as democratic countries by rights allow pluralism of ownership as exemplified by the more liberal foreign ownership laws and cross-media mergers in U.K., Canada, Germany, New Zealand and Japan.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Foreign Ownership of Media
Cross-Media Transactions
Rationale for Reform
Framework of Reform
Global Trends in Media Deregulation
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are no existing restrictions on media ownership for both foreign and local entities in New Zealand, Sweden and Finland. Japan previously prohibited a single firm from owning more than one TV stations but this law had been lifted. Italy and Germany are an interesting study since both countries have sternly avoided the concentration of media ownership in a few hands but this rule is followed more in the breach than in the observance. In the US, cross-media ownership of a TV license, radio franchise and newspaper is not allowed for a single person, especially in markets with three TV stations or less."
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Cross-Media and Foreign Ownership Laws, 2006.
The relaxation of cross-media and foreign ownership laws in Australia.
4,271 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relaxation by the Australian authorities of cross-media and foreign ownership laws. The debate seems to balance out as to the number of the pros and cons and the weight of the arguments of each side. However, sifting through the arguments the paper shows that they meet halfway on the need to protect media against excess concentration of power and foreign influence. On these concerns, the Australian government seems to draw lessons from the media liberalization programs of other developed countries, which are allowing cross-media ownership and foreign participation up to more manageable limits and only in specific media areas where activities are calculated to pose lesser risks. The paper concludes that the problem is that, despite these safeguards, people will always look at media deregulation with suspicion and misgiving because of the sensitive nature of this industry.
From the Paper
"After Lord Morley left journalism to join government service in the early stages of the development of media in UK, there is an oft-quoted remark made to him by Kennedy Jones, co-founder of the venerable Daily Mail. "You left journalism a profession. We made it a branch of commerce," Jones told Morley. The equally famous rejoinder was: "The more, the pity." One view in effect exults that media has evolved into a business proposition, where profit takes precedence over its traditionally loftier priorities. The other opinion looks with sadness at such commercialization of journalism, implying that this is inimical to public interest.
That pithy exchange from the past captures the essence of the present-day debate in Australia triggered by the government announcement of plans to deregulate media after 20 years of controls on foreign ownership and cross-media transactions. The Morley-Jones clash of views between the public service and business orientation of media deferred to old UK conditions, but the same hairsplitting still rings true today and continues to reverberate throughout the world as economic opportunities diminish and competition for scarce resources tighten up. Since almost all sectors of national economies have been served up for foreign interests in the universal drive to generate much-needed foreign investment, governments in many parts of the world, both developed and underdeveloped, are fixing their attention on the media industry as the last remaining enticement for foreign investors. As Australian Sen. Ron Walker puts it: "Media has become the last major industry begging for reform to bring it to the 21st century." By inference, the senator is batting for a new scheme that would keep Australian media in step with the times by allowing foreign investment into the arena."
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Media Ownership, 2005.
This paper discusses the ownership of the media and looks at the control of information.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the one concern of all the mass media has been that people should buy products and services. The writer maintains that mass advertising has changed the shape of the media themselves, helping to concentrate ownership. Further the writer claims that the media want people as consumers, and nothing else really matters. It is also discussed that the owners of the media are able to make all the decisions, they also control the information that is received, and they need the public to consume.
From the Paper
"Ownership of the media is basically of two kinds. Private ownership means profit, but public ownership means that the government can interfere in the mass media. Also, mead ownership is a matter of conglomeration and concentration. The owners of the media are very rich and they have a great deal of political power. Trends today such as convergence are making it easier for the media to have even more money and power. The one concern of all the mass media has been that people should buy products and services. "Mass advertising has changed the shape of the media themselves, helping to concentrate ownership"."
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Ownership of the Mass Media, 2002.
This essay outlines the concept of mass media in general and the internet in particular.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the current status of the internet as a method of decentralizing ownership of the mass media, and of giving the power of reaching the masses to individual people; a power which has traditionally been monopolized and regulated by the mass media conglomerates.
From the Paper
"Traditionally, all of the Mass Media have been in the hands of the few and broadcast to the many, and the audience members were essentially voiceless in the face of the messages being presented. There have always been some movements of resistance against this, as is evidenced by Naomi Klein?s works on "Culture Jamming" but even she states that these movements have usually amounted to no more than a ?drop in a bucket.? However, there is one mass medium which has given the individual so much power that it has raised the ire of the major producers of entertainment content: The Internet. "
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Television Media in France, 2006.
This paper explores television media in France and how it has changed over time.
1,817 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the development of the television media in France and examines the ownership of the television channels, including the role of the government in controlling the television media. The paper looks at the program content, such as the different genres of shows featured on television including which are most popular and offers examples of specific television shows and their ratings. The writer illustrates this and notes how the phenomenal rise distinctly reflects the mushrooming of available channels. The paper also provides a brief comparison of the similarity between the television content in France and America.
Contents:
Development of the Television Media in France
Ownership
The role of the Government in Controlling the Television Media
The Program Content...
Examples of Specific Television Shows and Their Ratings
Recent Developments in the Television Media...
A Brief Comparison...
From the Paper
"Ever since the dawn of television since the initial part of 1970, broadcasting in France was controlled by a public service culture and an administrative philosophy. Under the strict administration of the Minister of Information, and subsequently of Culture and sometimes of Communication, broadcasting was managed by a single functionary, the Office of French Radio and Television -- ORTF. Till 1968, the body was fully funded by license fees and enjoyed the status of a unique triple monopoly on signal transmission, programming content and production. Commercial broadcasting was disallowed on the justification that it would result in mediocre programming or disparities among viewers. This initial phase of broadcasting was marked by extremely high authoritarian broadcasting and television was considered as a tool for promotion of culture and education and was not believed to fulfill the preferences of the majority. Accountability was absent and little audience research. Government used the medium to justify its political moves and controlled news content. President Georges Pompidou declared in 1970 that the television was the voice of people of France at home and overseas implying that television was supposed to symbolize the opinion of the legitimate Government and the cultural resources of the French nation."
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Bias in the Media, 2005.
An analysis of the extent of ideological bias in the media.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines bias in the media. The paper investigates media ownership, the content of news and entertainment broadcasts, and the relationship between media influence and public opinion, in order to assess the extent of the ideological bias in the media. The paper then analyzes which factors have contributed to media bias in the United States and its effects.
From the Paper
"Ideological Bias in the Media: An Analysis Accurately assessing the extent of ideological bias in the media requires investigating media ownership, the content of news and entertainment broadcasts, and the relationship between media influence and public opinion. In recent years, corporate media conglomeration, deregulation, and declining journalistic standards have significantly increased ideological media bias in the United States, which has had a devastating effect on participatory democracy. Media ownership is more concentrated than ever before and serious coverage and debate of public issues such as war, taxes, corporate crime, education, political corruption, and pollution is disappearing right before our eyes."
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Media Conglomeration: A Monopoly, 2006.
This paper focuses on the telecommunications industry, which has seen an accelerating wave of corporate mergers and acquisitions that have resulted in the creation of multi-billion-dollar media conglomerates.
996 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the government's continuous deregulation of the telecommunications industry, which was intended to result in increased competition, however the exact opposite was in fact achieved. The writer of this paper discusses the growing trend by large media conglomerates that are continuously consuming their competition. As a result, the mega-media companies cited in this paper, produce and/or distribute the majority of television shows, radio programs, movies and print publications. This paper examines the makeup of several large media conglomerates such as AOL-Time Warner, which was formed in 2000 for $160 billion and the Walt Disney Company, which includes several television production companies and cable networks and more than 100 million subscribers. The writer of this paper detail the impact and control these companies have on today's media. The writer contends and explains how these particular monopolies control the traditional ideas of the free press. This paper also delves into the FCC's recently relaxed media ownership rules that allows large media conglomerates to grow even larger, resulting in a great deal of protest.
From the Paper
"The FCC recently relaxed media ownership rules that allowed large media conglomerates to grow even larger. Thus, they set off a great deal of protest. Americans did not appreciate the fact that a small group of powerful corporations are given more control of the most important element of our democracy: our access to information. They are right to feel this way. The media monopoly allows a small amount of companies power over media outlets (independent and corporate alike, including on the Web). This is far too much power for them to possess, but this is the future face of media consolidation."
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Native Americans in the Media, 2002.
The paper examines how the media has played a significant role in reinforcing the stereotypes of Natives Americans.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the opinions of several theorists analyzing how the media is controlled by a dominant race and how the media is used to portray that group's ideology. The paper details how the media's portrayal of Native Americans has changed over the decades. It shows how the shift in media representation of Native Americans is due to a shift in media ownership and pressure from minority groups to be included in a positive way.
From the Paper
"The portrayal of Native Americans has changed significantly since the turn of the century, with the most significant changes occurring in the 1980s. In the 1950s ?Indians? were portrayed as the aggressors who committed some unthinkable act, without reason or provocation, to some nice white folks who were just minding their own business. They were the bad guys and a hero was sent to avenge the act and bring about ?justice?. The 1960s and 1970s brought about the Native American as a victim."
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Media, Policy and Cultural Identity in Canada, 2006.
A look at the measures undertaken by the Canadian government in order to maintain and promote a unique Canadian cultural identity.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
One of the most fascinating aspects of the Canadian cultural identity is the degree to which government policy and free enterprise economic principles converge and frequently collide in the field of the mass media. In large measure this is a consequence of Canada's geographic position next door to the world's last remaining superpower and predominant popular culture engine, the United States. This paper explores how the Canadian government, in order to maintain cultural distinctiveness in terms of national identity, has adopted a range of policies that promote the Canadian identity in the mass media and restrict the reach of foreign media and foreign media ownership.
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The Mass Media, 2005.
This paper evaluates the mass media as a contributor to democracy.
2,125 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the mass media is one of the most dominant and pervasive elements in American culture because the citizens' very attitudes, opinions, beliefs and values are greatly affected by the various media formats such as television, the internet, radio, newspapers and magazines. The author points out the reason that the media is so centrally and inseparably affiliated with democracy in the United States is because, in order for a government to be truly governed by the people, it is a prerequisite that the minds of the people are not controlled by some overriding force. The paper relates that existing factors, such as profitability goals, ownership of the media concentrated in the hands of a few and homogenousity in the range of issues, opinions and events presented, are dangerous to democracy.
From the Paper
"Another avenue by which the media facilitates the democratic process is by exposing individuals to the opinions, beliefs, and perspectives of others. In such a manner, individuals are made to look at a situation from a different vantage point which in turn may cause them to re-evaluate their own thinking. Be it the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, capital punishment, or abortion, the media gives us access to the thinking and reasoning of others. The media also operates and aids the democratic process by presenting issues in a concise and understandable manner. With the vast amount of information available, and the myriad number of happenings around the world, the media's ability to summarize, organize, and convey information is of utmost importance. If we were to receive raw information and data, without any media interference, most of us would be hard pressed to make sense out of the vast majority of issues at hand. Additionally, the media (or at least some avenue of the media) will tend to give virtually anyone the opportunity to speak their mind."
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Mass Media and the State, 2006.
A comparison of the relationship between mass media and the state in Canada and China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the relationship between the mass media and the state in Canada, and in a less developed country, China. The essay addresses the diversity of views available to citizens from media sources, the degree to which ownership of media outlets is concentrated in a few hands, the degree of state regulation or control, and the availability of international media sources.
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Libertarian Self-Ownership: Touchstone of Justice, 2002.
This paper argues that the libertarian conception of self-ownership is superior to the Marxist conception of self-ownership.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the importance of self-ownership in theory, and its importance to libertarian and Marxist philosophy. It also examines the implications of self-ownership with respect to property, and inequality and the welfare of the poor. The author looks at libertarian and Marxist conceptions, self ownership and the poor, as well as, initial appropriations in order to support the conclusion that self-ownership is fundamental in a just society.
From the Paper
"Marxists rely on the principle of self-ownership to draw a starkly opposite conclusion, which is that we ought to abolish private property. Private property gives rise to the wage-labor system, which is inherently unjust and exploitative, which refers to a technical Marxist sense of exploitation. Capitalists obviously only hire additional workers when doing so is profitable, and doing so is only profitable when the capitalist can extract more value from the worker's labor than he returns to the worker. Or stated in terms of widely accepted microeconomic principles, firms hire additional workers provided that the marginal revenue product of each additional worker is greater than the wage."
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Conglomeration in the Media Industry, 2002.
This paper discusses the effects of media conglomeration.
2,485 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of media conglomeration. The writer presents the case that this type of intensive ownership has a negative impact on the media industry. Legal issues are outlined. Suggestions are made for government involvement in order to regulate ownership.
From the Paper
"Media has become big business and recently that business has turned into heated debates about conglomerate ownership and its affect on the purity and credibility of the media itself. Within the last decade the media has become a business that is like every other business, in which the larger companies are rapidly vying over and bidding for the smaller ones. The winning bid takes the smaller company and absorbs it into their every growing business. The smaller companies ?feed? the larger ones and give them more funding and power to continue the quest for additional mergers and take overs. As the conglomerate begins to grow others start referring to it as a giant and its power becomes something to contend with. Smaller groups cannot compete with the ever-growing conglomerate and soon it the only small companies that others can purchase are the ones the giant passes over. It becomes a snowball that simply grows as it rolls and the larger it gets the more easily it topples everything in its path."
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Media Violence, 2003.
An argument against the theory that media violence leads to aggression in children.
4,600 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper argues against the theory that media violence leads to aggression in children. The paper considers a number of factors other than television ownership that cause violence in children. The paper also studies flaws in the causal relationship between aggression and media violence. The paper concludes by suggesting that media violence can be a positive factor, allowing children to cope with self-destructive feelings without resorting to actual violence.
From the Paper
"In response to the point of view that exposure to media violence causes children to act with aggression and violence, opponents of this argument have highlighted research studies that disprove the causal relationship between media violence and..."
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Foreign Ownership in Canada, 2008.
An analysis of issues relating to foreign ownership in Canada, according to the opinion of Dominic D'Alessandro of "Manulife Financial", and Canada's relationship to the World Trade Organization.
3,180 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the rules governing foreign ownership in Canada, foreign takeovers and corporate and government positions, according to the opinion of Dominic D'Alessandro of "Manulife Financial." The paper then discusses Canada and the World Trade Organisation, as well as Canadian interests in relation to trade agreements. Finally, the paper focuses on public interest group activity and the issue of foreign ownership in areas of the Canadian economy considered 'sensitive.'
Table of Contents:
The Rules Governing Foreign Ownership in Canada
Canada and the World Trade Organisation
Public Interest Group Activity
From the Paper
"This overall pattern seems to be very promising for those caring about the likelihood of lost Canadian economic sovereignty and the aim of better regulating foreign investment that was ventured by D'Alessandro. In the Council of Canadians, very often associated with the Canadian "left" but actually featuring diverse participants, one finds a way of inducing the public to imagine a future Canada that may appear unless effort is made to question and limit the rate of foreign investment and takeovers in particular sectors of the economy. Given that neo-liberal economic shifts were thrust upon the Canadian public, including the radical departure of the NAFTA, it seems all the more important that public interest groups compel Canadians to consider their future, demand restrictions they may decide should be in place and rather than waiting or hoping for an effective political party to list these concerns."
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