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Measuring Social Attitudes, 2002.
This paper discusses the use of summated ratings or Likert scales to measure social and psychological attitudes.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that summated ratings or Likert scales are one methodology used by academics, students, politicians and marketing researchers to determine the attitude of individuals towards a particular issue. The author relates that the use of summated ratings is a survey method that presents a set of attitude statements which the subject must express agreement or disagreement on a continuous scale of five to nine points. The author believes that summated ratings can be used to measure emotional attitudes regarding issues particular to criminal justice, such as punishment and enforcement of crime.
From the Paper
"The relevance of the quantification of attitude may be found in the idea that the psychological ?stimulus? designed to provoke an attitude does not necessarily have to be physical. This is reflected in the work of the psychologist Thurstone, who is considered the father of attitude measurement. He addressed the issue of how favorable an individual is with regard to a given issue in his own work. He developed an attitude continuum to determine the position of measuring favorable and unfavorable attitudes on issues. This was refined in 1932, by his prot?g? Likert, the most famous father of the attitudinal scale."
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Social Attitudes, Judgments and Conformity, 2007.
A discussion of the priming effects on social attitudes, judgments and conformity.
1,783 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of priming on several social psychology behaviors including attitudes, judgements and conformity. The paper provides a description of priming and of each of the social behaviors discussed in the paper. The paper then focuses on describing past research that shows the ways in which priming affects these behaviors.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Priming Attitudes/Judgments
Priming Social Conformity
From the Paper
"Schemas are cognitive representations of nonsocial and social objects that are stored in memory in associative networks. Activation of a schema increases its accessibility in the present and in the future. One way to activate a schema is through priming. Priming is any experience or mental activity that occurs prior to an event or situation and which increases the likelihood that relevant schema will be made more accessible. Such experiences or activities are referred to as primes and primes vary in the level of activation or accessibility they create. The minimum prime required to activate a schema is called the response threshold (Moskowitz, 2005). This can then affect a perception, judgment, and/or behavior by associative processes in memory. In this paper I will examine priming effects on judgments and social conformity by describing several relevant studies and their results."
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The Likert Scale for Measuring Attitudes, 2005.
A critical discussion of the Likert Scale's approach to defining and measuring attitudes.
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the steps involved in constructing a Likert (1932) scale to evaluate university students' attitude towards vivisection and addresses issues both within the scale itself and in the broader context of all measurements of attitude. Ultimately, it questions the usefulness of attitude scales in light of their unavoidable limitations given the complexity of the hypothetical construct they seek to evaluate.
From the Paper
"Reliability interacts with validity and where reliability is high ("equal to or more than .80" - Oppenheim, B, 1988), as with the Likert scale, validity will tend to be also, but its fundamental shortcoming, which it shares with other attitude scales, is that construct validity of the attitude concept itself is questionable. No external factual criterion exists against which declared attitudes may be defined and calibrated: for example, group membership or voting habits - seemingly objective measures - may be mediated by situational or pragmatic factors (Oppenheim, 1966). Declared attitude, as measured by self-report rating scales, may not wholly - or at all - correspond to the attitude held and thus it follows that predictive validity also tends to be poor."
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Attitude and Behavior in Social Influence, 2002.
A look at how attitude creates a social influence on behavior through psychological association.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the influence of attitude on behavior in the scope of psychological studies. By showing how the attitude of a person can directly create a social influence on the behavior of the person, we can see how this may be achieved. This study will reveal four general factors that influence when people are or are not likely to behave in ways that are consistent with their attitudes. By understanding this relationship, the idea of social influence can be revealed in this form of psychological association.
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Social Workers and the Social Construction of Sexuality, 2007.
A look at the attitude of social workers in the UK towards sexuality.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the attitude in the UK today, of social workers towards sexuality, noting that they are hesitant about even broaching the subject. The author discovers that, both in the United Kingdom and the United States, most of the attention for this subject has been directed at sexual abuse cases of children and vulnerable adolescents.
Outline:
Introduction
Sexuality as social construction
Marginalization
Same-sex couples and child adoption
Sexuality and the aged
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Within the areas of social work sexuality needs to be debated more openly. But it needs to be done so based on a more sophisticated understanding of sexuality's meaning and power. Before the arrival of Michel Foucault, who as a French philosopher revolutionised our understanding of sexuality, the implications of maintaining attitudes as cited above - both open and hidden - had been scarcely realized. Most of the time people took it on trust, from both popular writers and medical experts, who convincingly based their explanations on a supposedly rigorous scientific footing, that sexuality was in the main a biological construct, with clear demarcations as to what constituted man and woman as well as the purpose of both in the evolutionary scheme of things. (Wilton, 2000, p.163) But more recently, people have come to appreciate how untenable and arbitrary this division could be. This misconception has been expressed by Ann Oakley particularly well."
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?Shadows and Fog? and ?Measure for Measure?, 2004.
A look at the roles of women in Woody Allen's film, ?Shadows and Fog?, and William Shakespeare's ?Measure for Measure?.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews "Measure for Measure", written by William Shakespeare in the early 17th century, and "Shadows and Fog", a movie written and directed by Woody Allen in the late 20th century. It looks at the contrasting portrayal of the female characters and the roles of women by their actions and their qualities. It shows how "Measure for Measure" presents a view where women are pure and not expected to be promiscuous, where women are dependant on men, and where women have few options or choices. In contrast, it shows how "Shadows and Fog" presents a view where women are promiscuous rather than pure, where woman are independent from men, and where women have almost unlimited freedom.
From the Paper
"The first difference observed with the role of women is related to whether women are expected to be pure or promiscuous. In Measure for Measure, the major female character is Isabella. She represents a very pure female character. This is first seen at the start of the play by the fact that she is training to become a nun and by the strong Christian values she appears to have. This is then emphasized later when she is told her brother?s life will be saved if she agrees to sleep with Angelo. She refuses this offer, placing her chastity and her Christian values above her own life. This illustrates that a woman?s purity is highly valued, while a woman being promiscuous is not accepted. Mariana is another female character in the play and she is quite different to Isabella."
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"Measure for Measure", 2005.
This paper discusses the role of Pompey in William Shakespeare's dark comedy "Measure for Measure".
1,595 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in William Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure", one character, Pompey Bum, servant of Mistress Overdone, a bawd, serves better than the other characters to highlight the impossible hypocrisy of the play's social situation in which the Viennese legal system conflicts with human nature when public law forbids illicit lovemaking and makes the crime punishable by death. The author points out that Pompey appears at first to be a minor character; however, if Pompey were different, or even absent, the play's weighty morality might well outstrip Shakespeare's need for humor in this hybrid creation. The paper relates the story of the play demonstrating that Pompey's attitude extends beyond the current themes of virtue and morals and moves into the realm of accepting the inevitable that people will always strive to satisfy themselves especially their sexual desires.
From the Paper
"Throughout the play, Pompey's attitude carries this universal perspective. In his next scene, he is meeting with Lord Escalus in less than fortunate circumstance. A constable named Elbow drags Pompey and a gentleman named Froth in front of old Escalus and Angelo. The latter have just been arguing the virtues of moderation, with Escalus bemoaning the severity of the new law: "Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall...and some condemned for a fault alone." When Elbow accuses Pompey of being a "tapster," Escalus quickly notices Elbow's ineloquence and gives Pompey the opportunity to defend himself."
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"Measure for Measure", 2002.
This paper discusses Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure".
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the role of Isabella in the play, "Measure for Measure," by Shakespeare. The author evaluates her behavior. The paper examines her role of a woman during this era.
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"Measure for Measure" & "Henry IV Part I", 2006.
A comparison of two of Shakespeare's plays, "Measure for Measure" and "Henry IV Part I".
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes, compares and contrasts the plots and protagonists of two of Shakespeare's plays, "Measure for Measure" and "Henry IV Part I". The author asserts that in these two plays, strong character is defined not by who is more right, but rather by the ability to become more than the sum of one's faults. The author concentrates his analysis on secondary characters, who, despite being fault-ridden, are endearing to the audience for their humor and steadfastness. The paper concludes that Shakespeare's ultimate point is that while all people are flawed, the test of their character is whether they are molded by these flaws -- or overcome them.
From the Paper
"In both of these plays, these people may be questionable or shady characters that often are crude or have abominable habits, they may be people of power and prominence, or they may be just average, everyday citizens. Simply put, they all have faults of their own. Yet, the audience can't help but find them endearing, and the protagonists find that their ability to overcome their faults has a lot to do with the help they receive from these characters. Furthermore, the inability of the antagonists to overcome their vulnerabilities also has something to do with these characters."
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Shakespeare and Society: "Measure for Measure" as a Reflection of English Society and Advice to King James, 2002.
This paper contends that Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure" is a reflection of English society and advice to King James.
2,340 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that Shakespeare wrote "Measure for Measure" as a complimentary tutorial for King James. In doing so, he portrays the current state of affairs in England and attempts to provide James with advice concerning the problems facing his kingdom.
From the Paper
"Shakespeare?s England at the time that Measure for Measure was written was in a state of internal conflict and discord. King James I came to power in 1603 and inherited a kingdom rife with a myriad of social and cultural problems, including corruption in the justice system, religious disputes and crises, and rampant sexual immorality. Shakespeare, the ?King?s Playwright,? as Alvin Kernan dubs him, wrote Measure for Measure as a complimentary tutorial for King James. In doing so, he portrays the current state of affairs in England and attempts to provide James, as a ruler with Divine Right and responsibility to his country, with advice concerning the problems facing his kingdom."
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William Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure", 2006.
This paper discusses religious skepticism in William Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure".
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in William Shakespeare's problem comedy "Measure for Measure", there is a certain sense of Shakespeare's discomfort or downright cynicism toward the concepts of religion such as Providence, divine mercy and the afterlife. The author analyzes the way the actions of the characters of Duke Vincentio, Isabella and Claudio reflect the religious skepticism that Shakespeare so frequently insinuated into his work. The paper concludes that Claudio is the only one for whom the play ends with a truly happy ending; insinuating that perhaps for all of those, who deny their true nature and insist on living their lives to achieve the impossible standards of religion, perhaps there is no happy ending.
From the Paper
"The questionable actions of Isabella, too, can be construed as Shakespeare commenting on divine mercy. For instance, when dealing with her brother Claudio, Isabella shows little or no pity toward his eminent death when it is directly weighed against her chastity. Yet when Angelo is condemned for basically an identical crime for which he doomed Claudio, Isabella pleads to the Duke that Angelo might be spared because Angelo did not, for all intents and purposes, actually succeed in his objective. Since Isabella did not stand to lose anything in her defense of Angelo, she made it willingly. When Isabella was forced to give up something precious to herself, however, she chose her own salvation over her brother's salvation."
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Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure", 2006.
An analysis of William Shakespeare's play, "Measure for Measure".
2,605 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes Shakespeare's play, "Measure for Measure", focusing primarily on Act V, Scene I. The paper explains that this play uses the theme of a duke disguising himself as a commoner and going among the people to find out what they really felt about his rule, as a ploy to bring out the truth about the characters of those surrounding the Duke. The paper also explains that Shakespeare adds a twist to the theme when he has the Duke portray a Friar or Holy man who is able to hear confessions and speak to the dying and the condemned.
From the Paper
"We notice that Angelo is more harsh with an individual who was legally betrothed to a woman, got her pregnant and did not marry her than he was with the prostitutes. He did his best to put prostitutes out of business, but no where in the play did it mention Angelo had either them or their "johns" beheaded. Some of this discrepancy is the result of class prejudice. The upper classes had assets and titles. Out of wedlock children were not only and embarrassment but often could contest for both the assets and titles of their deceased father if he had no legitimate male offspring. The lower working classes often had children out of wedlock. Since little or no property was involved, the law turned its head."
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"Measure for Measure", 2002.
Analysis of Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure."
525 words (approx. 2.1 pages), 1 source, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how William Shakespeare's Measure for Measure has a good deal to say about the proper nature of rulers and other persons who hold power.
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"Measure for Measure", 2003.
Examines the dangers of extremism in William Shakespeare's "Measure of Measure".
1,321 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the characters of Isabella and Angelo in Shakespeare's play "Measure for Measure", examining their character traits and interactions, as well as their evolution over the course of the work. The paper provides a careful analysis of the meaning of their extreme characters, as well as an explanation of Shakespeare's intent that the Duke represents a balancing of naive purity and corrupt worldliness.
From the Paper
"With Isabella standing as the example of purity and Angelo representing the absolute darkness that corrupts the souls of men, Shakespeare plays the two extremes against each other in order to emphasize the importance of justice and balance. Although Angelo appears to be pure, this is only skin deep, and with his attraction to Isabella, he radically changes into a being consumed with evil intentions. His descent, however, is driven by a symbol of purity and innocence, because he longs to have the true purity that exists in him only as pretense. Isabella represents absolute purity, but Shakespeare deliberately moves her from entering a convent to considering the possibility of entering a marriage with the Duke, thus showing that even the extreme purity of Isabella should be tempered by wisdom of the real world in the form of the Duke."
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Honor in ?Measure for Measure? and ?King Henry?, 2004.
An examination of the theme of honor in two of Shakespeare's plays, "Measure for Measure" and "King Henry".
1,058 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Shakespeare focuses on the fact that honor can means different things to different people, and it can also be regarded as less than virtuous in some minds. It shows how Shakespeare clarifies the definition of honor in "King Henry", but he leaves the issue muddy in "Measure for Measure". He leaves us with personalities that may not seem be honorable ultimately being the most honorable of all. It is such characters that have made Shakespeare unmatched in his skill.
From the Paper
"Isabella becomes the focus of honor and ?doing the right thing? in Shakespeare?s ?Measure for Measure.? During the course of the play, she is propositioned by three different men to break her vows and go against her conscious. Her honor is important to her, and she does not accept Angelo?s proposal. In fact, she is forthright in her initial reaction to Angelo?s request. In other words, she knows what he is all about. Even as Angelo begs Isabella to ?Believe me, on mine honor,/My words express my purpose? (II.iv.46-7). She responds, ?Ha! Little honor to be much believed,/And most pernicious purpose! Seeming, seeming!? (II.iv.49-50). This scene helps us appreciate Isabella because she knows the right thing to do, despite what it means for her brother. She declares she will, ?live chaste, and, brother, die:/More than our brother is our chastity? (II.iv.185-6). She is disgusted by the attitudes that surround her and to remove herself from it, she decides to enter a convent."
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