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Masculinity, 2002.
This paper addresses the topic of "masculinity", where masculinity is defined and explored through a biological argument and a social construction argument.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses issue of masculinity in crisis. The author believes that the feminist movement destroyed a primary way in which men were able to identify themselves.
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Hegemonic Masculinity in Sociology Text, 2002.
A discussion on how the topic of hegemonic masculinity is presented in three sociology texts.
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses hegemonic masculinity which is defined as masculinity constructed in relation to the various subordinate masculinities as well as in relation to women. The paper shows how this topic is demonstrated in three sociology texts: ?Riding The Bull at Gilley?s? by Scully and Marolla, ?Selling Crack? by Anderson, and ?Fraternities and Rape on Campus? by Martin and Hummer. The paper shows that these articles name hegemonic masculinity as one of the main culprits to the social problem they address.
From the Paper
"Many offenders believe that they have the right, because they are men, to discipline and punish women. Rape is used to ?put women in their place?. Thus the men prove their ?manhood?. The most disturbing scenario involves the idea of an ?added bonus?. The men in these situations were burglarizing a residence and figured ?why not? rape the homeowner, after realizing they were in control of the situation. The last type of rape was that of sexual access. When a woman was unwilling or unavailable, the rapist is able to seize what is not offered, rape of conquest. Many of these rapes involve white victims and black perpetrators.
Overall, most of the rapists suggest that they believe their victims deserved being raped or were ?asking for it?. Many also felt that they had not committed a crime at all. In the final analysis, it was found that dominance was the objective of most rapes. To dominate a subordinate group in order to prove his masculinity, a man is engaging in a show of hegemonic masculinity."
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Masculinity in Feminist Thought, 2002.
Discusses the study of masculinity and its potential benefits for feminist scholarship.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 13 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
"Language and Masculinity" and "Dislocating Masculinity" are examined for their potential usefulness to feminist studies of language and culture, especially in the light of studies of masculinity which may seem to be non-feminist but which promise new questions for the study of language and gender. It is necessary to separate this research, for a time, from more theoretical or ideological concerns for gender that have become rather automatic.
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Feminine Masculinity, 2004.
An examination of the phenomenon of feminine masculinity as it is portrayed in Italian society.
7,598 words (approx. 30.4 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 166.95
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Abstract
Italy is a cultural hub of gender identity where issues of feminism and masculinism have been deeply entrenched for many years. For centuries, Italy has been considered a more masculine country, though the majority of work documented related to masculinism actually is sparse. This paper discusses how issues of feminism and masculinity have surfaced in the workplace, where, naturally, access to issues, such as equal employment and technology, have surfaced. Gender inequality issues in Italy have, in fact, created a basis for the continuance of a feminism-masculinism dichotomy. These ideas and more are explored in detail in this paper.
Introduction
Masculinism
Italian Feminism
The Abortion Campaign
Feminism in the 1970s and 1980s
Mainstreaming Feminism in Italy
New Directions
Gender Mainstreaming
Future Trends on Gender Equality
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In Italy today, a stereotype exists regarding feminism; women are considered as maternal in nature and the traditional role of ?wife and mother have predominated for years? (Rubin, 1998). This trend is not uncommon in many societies throughout Europe. Europe should not be sequestered however, the role of women has gradually attained significance throughout time. Almost no culture can attest to a period of time necessarily where the role of women and femininity predominated over those of men, in fact the majority of history has commentated on various women?s movements and efforts toward acquiring greater equality in the face of strong masculinism and male domination. With the exception of course, of the few small maternal societies where women seem to be at the forefront of all political and social venues."
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Representations of Masculinity, 2002.
A comparison and analysis of differing representations of masculinity depicted by Hollywood.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This essay outlines the way in which popular representations of sexuality (i.e., masculinity) must reproduce a specific kind of 'normal' in order to appeal to the masses. It establishes the definitions and 'appearance' of the differing types of masculinity, highlighting the nature of these as social constructs, but also the continual need and perpetuation of such constructs as natural or 'fact'. The essay highlights, through the use of two modern representations, the movie, "The Siege", and the series, "Ally McBeal", the way in which differing masculinities are unconsciously propagated in modern culture. NOTE: Hilarious use of Ally McBeal material, dialogue included in appendix.
From the Paper
"The mass media is produced and consumed in a commercial context. To reap the most financial gain it is therefore imperative that the material to be consumed is comprehensible for the intended audience. The more comprehensible and recognisable the material, the higher chances of consumption and subsequently, profit. This often means that representations of masculinity will continually reproduce the established conventions of masculine behaviour and norms (Bignell 1997:196). As a result, hegemonic masculinity, which can be defined as the dominant masculinity performed at any given time, is continually reinforced as dominant and therefore reasserted as normative in society (Cheng 1999:297-301). Subsequently, marginalised masculinities, which are perceived as lacking in relation to the supremacy of hegemonic masculinity, are continually presented as subordinate and therefore remain oppressed (Buchbinder 1994: 33). In the following examination of masculine representations, two dramatisations have been analysed for the extent to which their characters reproduce or challenge conventional masculine behaviour and norms."
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Presentations of Masculinity in Film, 2005.
Analyzes an essay which examines masculinity in film.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the essay "Indians: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History" by Jane Tompkins, which provides an important perspective from which to analyze masculinity in films such as "Star Wars", "Malcolm X", and "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance". The paper shows that each of these classic twentieth century films provides a somewhat different generational view of masculinity, for they were produced about a generation apart in time.
From the Paper
"Using the essay "'Indians': Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History" by Jane Tompkins as a cinematic and historical lens provides an important perspective from which to analyze masculinity in films such as Star Wars, Malcolm X, and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Each of these classic twentieth century films provides a somewhat different generational view of masculinity, for they were produced about a generation apart in time. In her essay, Tompkins notes that, "the mind of man is the basic factor in human history," (Tompkins 721) and the classic Hollywood Western, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance reflects this assessment, for it presented prevailing societal attitudes about the fundamental importance of masculinity as a historical force."
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Problematics and Solutions of a Gendered Masculinity, 2001.
This paper examines the problems of masculinity in society and how to reform.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the problems that arise from a male's sense of extreme masculinity. The author discusses how society influences male behavior, and how people need to become aware of gendered masculinity, and educate adolescents about the roles of the sexes.
From the Paper
"Without this understanding of the gendered male, it becomes nearly impossible for a person to value change as a worthwhile endeavor. Masculinity, as a historical and social construct, is only subject to substantial change through intentional means. These means can only come about through a certain level of consciousness. An awareness of a gendered ?masculinity? and the problematics associated with its obtainment, as well as the desire to change it are all necessary agents in the process of social change. ?As men become gender aware, they can use their considerable social power to work in the opposite direction, toward positive social change.?
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Masculinity in Films, 2004.
An analysis of the masculinity factor of the films, ?The Magnificent Seven? and ?The Seven Samurai? .
2,839 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the various roles of male characters in film, with an emphasis on the masculinity factor. It discusses the various methods by which the masculine characters emphasize their role, especially highlighting the use of weaponry and the amount of violence. In particular, it studies the films, ?The Seven Samurai,? by Akira Kurosawa, and ?The Magnificent Seven?, by John Sturges.
From the Paper
"In Seven Samurai and The Magnificent Seven, both samurais and the cowboys are portrayed as typical masculine characters that are always out-of-date, relic of earlier eras who are looking for a position in their respective societies. Both samurai and cowboys wander the streets of their respective cities, impoverished and unemployed, looking for a job or a cause to suit them. In Seven Samurai the warriors are destitute because their former employers, feudal warlords, are being defeated in battle and becoming obsolete. As a result, hundreds flock to the cities to look for temporary residence while they search for a new warlord to serve. In this confused mass of real samurai, cowardly samurai, false samurai, and samurai-in-training, Kurosawa depicts five real, experienced, and honorable samurai."
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Role and Gender: Masculinity, 2005.
Discusses society's double standards about the role of the male.
2,229 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
Masculinity is a topic that has been debated in our society extensively, through research as well as in informal settings. Many wonder what it means to be masculine, and if we can really assign a definition to such a subjective term. After all, shouldn't one's own perception be the determinant of what constitutes masculinity? This self-construction would be the ideal in our society, but unfortunately, it represents a false belief. Masculinity has certain characteristics assigned to it by our culture. This paper explores the many facets of masculinity and demonstrates how certain beliefs pertaining to it are perpetuated in our society. It also uncovers many of the contradictions between society's assigned definition of masculinity and the expectation that males will somehow learn how to act contrary to that assigned and learned meaning.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Definition of Masculinity
Genetics vs. Socialization
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Is this all that society (and women) want in men? Do they want simple-minded 'hunks' of musculature that are 'tough'. It is no longer sufficient for men to just be 'tough' physically. They must also demonstrate competence intellectually, spiritually and emotionally. This argument is not to say that being physically fit and healthy is a negative characteristic, but rather it is only trying to point out that what society is defining as the ideal is later revoked by that same society, or at the very least discarded and seen as secondary to the truly important mental prowess, sensitivity and intelligence."
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British Imperial Masculinity, 2001.
A study of some of the cultural expressions of imperial masculinity in Victorian Britain.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with some of the forms of imperial and masculine expressions that defined imperial masculinity in late 18th and early 19th century Britain. Areas discussed include education and sports, boys novels and periodicals, newspapers, adult novels and travel writing, hunting, reverence of medieval knights, explorers and politicians.
From the Paper
"Within education, it was the public schools that first embraced the ideology of imperial masculinity. Jeffrey Richards identified three manifestations of manliness in the public school system: the link between education and religion, 'muscular Christianity' and the 'cult of athleticism' The first manifestation was concerned with turning boys into 'gentlemen' - combining religious and moral principles with gentlemanly conduct and intelligence. The second linked physical strength and courage with Christianity. The third was concerned with team spirit and fair play. All three are linked with imperialism as they reflect the changing definition of imperialism through the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century."
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Masculinity?s Consequences, 2001.
A study of the theme of masculinity in "Invisible Life" by E. Lynn Harris.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper is a study of the views of masculinity created in E. Lynn Harris's "Invisible Life", a novel of a man discovering his sexuality in the context of black culture. The paper also studies Harris' book in relation to "Invisible Man" by African-American Ralph Ellison.
From the Paper
"Racism has become very subversive. Whites have begun to embrace a more politically correct social code, so African-Americans have become even harsher to one another. Some are even eager to see others fail, and gladly celebrate the fall of others. In Invisible Life one can see certain characters that glory in bringing others down- Basil immediately comes to mind. He behaves like a petulant child- throwing a tantrum when he does not get his way, and just as fickle as a two-year old. There are those characters that are always commenting on color; obviously having problems with those that are lighter-skinned (yellowish) or darker-complexioned people (?African?) than themselves."
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"Nightwork: Sexuality Pleasure and Corporate Masculinity", 2002.
A sociological analysis of the book " Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure, and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club" by Anne Allison.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the book " Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure, and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club" by anthropologist Anne Allison. It discusses the sociological approaches to how women are treated in the clubs and also how men are looked upon after they retire from work. Allison has used her own unique research method of using hands on experience rather than textual research and relying on others views.
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Hegemonic Masculinity and Lefkowitz's "Our Guys", 2006.
Using the construct of hegemonic masculinity, this paper discusses the rape of a woman as described in Bernard Lefkowitz's "Our Guys".
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper considers a rape in Glen Ridge, NJ, as described in Bernard Lefkowitz's, "Our Guys", and attempts to show how the rape occurred and why the society reacted as it did, using the construct of hegemonic masculinity. The events are outlined, as well as the theory of the rape. The construct is applied and an alternative critique suggested that if implemented could help to avoid such crimes in the future.
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Black Masculinity In "Malcolm X" and "Antwone Fisher", 2005.
Compares the representations of black masculinity in the films "Malcolm X" and "Antwone Fisher".
678 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the expression of black masculinity as seen in two films, Spike Lee's "Malcolm X" and Denzel Washington's "Antwone Fisher".
From the Paper
"In two films, "Antwone Fisher" and "Malcolm X", we see two different portrayals of black masculinity that evoke the progress in race relations in the United States. This is progress that has caused change in black masculinity in African-American males. In "Malcolm X", black masculinity is presented as one that is abusive toward women and views them as sex objects. Black masculinity is equated to anger, violence and radicalism. In "Antwone Fisher", modern black masculinity is tempered by racial progress and demands a more sensitive..."
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Black Masculinity, 2004.
A discussion of black masculinity and black male identity.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses black masculinity in terms of class and educational achievement.
From the Paper
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