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Marxists Aspects of "1984", 2006.
A look at the Marxists undertones of George Orwell's book "1984".
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how George Orwell's book, "1984" illustrates and refracts the Marxist criticisms of the potential social, economic and political conditions of the future. It explains that, although Orwell was judging humanity as a whole in "1984", the undertones of Karl Marx's "ruthless criticisms" are extremely prevalent. The paper concludes that although 1984 has come and gone, George Orwell's masterpiece has endured. This is due to the fact that the book is a comprehensive illustration of the belief and value systems of current issues in American society.
From the Paper
"Another example of alignment between the book and our own society is newspeak. This was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc. The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view, but also to make all other modes of thought impossible. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words."
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George Orwell?s "1984", 2005.
This paper discusses the ways George Orwell's "1984" reflects modern American society.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although George Orwell's novel "1984" is essentially a fictional projection of possibilities and "what if" scenarios, the foundations of "1984" stem from the author's personal experiences and insights into the way governments and political groups manipulate and even construct the truth to suit their own ends in an effort to gain and maintain power. The author points out that the central theme of Orwell's book is power and control and the loss of human individualism and freedom; 'Big Brother' is the all pervasive observer who inserts the state and party into every aspect of life. The paper relates that aspects of the book resonate of modern society: The use of the word "terrorist" as 'newspeak', surveillance and control mechanisms implemented under the guise of 'security', the concept of the 'relativity of truth' and the idea that 'war is peace'.
From the Paper
"While the story is fictional, there are numerous areas and themes that seem to have an all too familiar correspondence with modern life and with the contemporary history of American politics. American history is saturated with evidence that points to the need for power and control. This can be seen in the way in which the Native American Indians were abused and their culture virtually annihilated under the rubric of advancement and progress. A more contemporary example, which is aligned to the subtle manipulation of the media for purposes of public manipulation through the use of the words like 'terror' and 'terrorism' which is, we could say, part of the real world Newspeak vocabulary."
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The Failure of Marxist Revolutions, 2002.
Argues the potential benefits for society of a Marxist revolution and cites the reasons for the failed Marxist revolutions in Nicaragua, Cuba and Grenada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the meaning of revolution and why the Marxist revolutions in Nicaragua, Cuba and Grenada failed. The paper argues that a revolution promotes the advances of productivity and of the society in general. There are also fundamental changes in political and economic structure. In the case of Nicaragua, Cuba and Grenada, there were major changes, but the lack of economic and political freedom, in combination with U.S. pressure, made it impossible for those revolutions to succeed.
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Classical Marxist Theory and Literature, 2005.
This paper discusses the classical Marxist approach to literature, which views literature as essentially a social and cultural production.
8,870 words (approx. 35.5 pages), 85 sources, MLA, $ 185.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in its classical sense, Marxist theory does not deal explicitly with literature and art and does not develop an aesthetic of culture or literature. However, the theoretical trajectory of Marxist thought has impacted radically on art and literature as aspects of societal and cultural discourse. The author points out that the concept of dialectic refers specifically to the methodology or method of analysis, which is peculiar to Marxist theory;. In this sense, literature and art, as cultural products, are analyzed in relation to their social and historical context. The paper analyzes specifically " Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad, "A Passage to India" by E. M. Forster's and the writings of Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview
Foundation of Marxist Theory and Literary Criticism
Marxism - Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Literature
The Premises of Marxist Criticism
Base and Superstructure
The Dialectic
Ideology and Alienation
Semiology and Psychoanalytic Theory.
Reader - Response Theories
A Marxist Critique of Literature
Analysis of the Echo in "A Passage to India": A dialectical reading
" Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad
Dickens
Shakespeare
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From this perspective, literary works are essential structures of ideological formations. In other words, literature expresses and represents the ideals and aims of class formation that persist and maintain the society. "Literature is for Marxism a particular kind of signifying practice which tends to make up what can be termed an ideological formation". Therefore, Marxist critical perspectives will attempt to explain literature from within its social context and in relation to that particular historical time period. This in turn relates to basic strategies, such as the identification of class structures and class struggle within the literature of a certain historical period."
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Criticism of ?1984?, 2005.
Explores seven varied interpretations of George Orwell's classic, "1984".
1,532 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
George Orwell's novel "1984" is certainly one of the seminal works of the twentieth century. As such, "1984" has been the subject of much literary criticism. This criticism has identified certain main themes in the novel. One main theme of "1984" is totalitarianism, although critics disagree about whether the book is modeled after past totalitarian societies, is a theory of totalitarianism, or both. Another major strain of critical thought is that "1984" is an anti-Enlightenment novel. Thie essay reviews seven literary critics' interpretations of the theme of "1984". All seven writers identify the main themes as one of the two main themes mentioned above.
From the Paper
"Irving Howe also interprets 1984 as a totalitarian novel based upon events in recent history. As Howe states, "No other book has succeeded so completely in rendering the essential quality of totalitarianism" (324). What that means, in practical terms, "is that in a totalitarian world man's life is shorn of dynamic possibilities" (Howe 324). Everything is controlled; nothing is left to chance. The powers that be determine the course of one's life. Like Rahv, Howe equates Goldstein with Trotsky (326). Howe, however, is less interested in the actual parallels between Stalinism and the government of Oceania. What he is particularly interested in is the relevance 1984 has to a modern audience. Howe argues that Orwell's novel is a warning to non-totalitarian societies that they must be ever vigilant."
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Marxist Interpretations of Hamlet, 2008.
A Marxist interpretation of William Shakespeare's "Hamlet".
1,808 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer examines Hamlet from a Marxist perspective. It is shown how the class structure associated with a feudal society drives the action in Hamlet. Particular attention is placed on the relationships between the royal family and their courtiers. The writer notes that these relationships show how the class system associated with a feudal society results in an aloof upper class that exploits a subservient lower class. The writer concludes that a Marxist criticism looks at how class, material production and the history of material production can influence a work. The writer maintains that Hamlet can be successfully analysed using a Marxist perspective.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis
Historical Context/Material Context
General relationship
Upper Class Exploitation of Lower class
Lower Class Encouraging their Exploitation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Denmark in the twelfth century was a feudal society. This meant that the economy was based primarily on agriculture and wealth was determined by how much land a person controlled. Feudal societies have a very strong class hierarchy with clearly defined upper classes and lower classes. In this type of society the upper classes essentially lived pampered lives of luxury by controlling the land and exploiting the lower classes. Essentially the upper classes control the means of production (land) and the lower classes sell their labour in order to survive. As a result of these material relationships the upper class is clearly dominant and the lower classes are subservient to them."
"This type of relationship is clearly apparent in Hamlet. The upper class lives in absolute luxury and is mostly preoccupied with their personal issues."
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Marxist Literary Theories, 2002.
A look at "Marxist Literary Theories" by David Forgacs.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes an article entitled "Marxist Literary Theories" by David Forgacs, from a book entitled "Modern Literary Theory, A Comparative Introduction", edited by Ann Jefferson and David Robley. The article, and this paper, provide an explanation of the basic modes and underlying assumptions of Marxist literary theories.
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Orwell?s ?1984?, 2002.
This paper discusses the concepts of memories and truth based on George Orwell?s ?1984?.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in George Orwell ?1984?, the government controls every aspect of human behavior by controlling both internal and external memories and by erasing truth. The author points out that most societies have built-in mechanisms to protect themselves; but in the world of ?1984?, this self-protection was carried to the extreme. The paper concludes that as modern technology gets more sophisticated, it may become harder to determine what actually happened at a given event, or what were the real details of a controversial incident --- thus erasing memory and truth.
From the Paper
" '"Who controls the past' ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future: who controls the present controls the past'". The Party has complete control over the population in the present. They use this control to influence people?s memories, editing the ones that are no longer expedient. Because they have no point of comparison, there can be no rebellion, no lack of trust in the Party?s motivation. This then gives them control of the future."
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"1984": Vision of the Future, 2002.
A short biography of George Orwell as an introduction followed by an analysis his literary work, "1984".
1,507 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper studies George Orwell's masterpiece "1984". The paper compares other criticisms about "1984" and provides a biography of the author, George Orwell. The last paragraph is an analysis of the conversation between the characters Winston and O'Brien and the importance of their meetings.
From the Paper
"In 1984, George Orwell creates a dystopia in which the individual must conform to society in order to participate in it, and in which nonconformity results in death. George Orwell?s character Winston Smith represents Orwell himself, because society distinguishes Winston as a minority of one, one that can never be right. The society in which Orwell lived differentiated Orwell as a lonely man with the courage to be alone, and Orwell was an individual with common sense rather than creativity, both characteristics of Winston Smith (Hopkinson). Orwell links man and society through collectiveness, if one is not part of society, society shuns him and tries to alter personality until conformity persists."
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"1984" and "Lord of the Flies", 2005.
A discussion on abused ruling power in "1984" by George Orwell and the "Lord of the Flies" by William Golding.
1,021 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In the novels "1984" by George Orwell and the "Lord of the Flies" by William Golding, the ruling parties experience virtually no consequences from the populous for their actions. In "1984" this is done by design, but in the "Lord of the Flies" it comes about through natural human impulses. The paper explains how in both cases, however, the competing human drives for order and for random gratification come to rest upon forms of social organization that satisfy certain basic desires of mankind while sacrificing power to a small group of individuals.
From the Paper
"In Golding's novel the struggle between order and chaos are most clearly exemplified through the characters of Jack and Ralph. The power that Ralph wields over the other boys is sustained by their young understandings of justice and the difference between right and wrong. Ralph is willing to delegate duties and confer some of his power upon others in the hopes of eventual rescue; this is his primary objective. Jack, on the other hand-obtaining only a taste of power-craves more, and takes every opportunity to undermine Ralph's authority. The notion of civilization and a return to the rest of the world are completely lost within Jack's base aims for supremacy. When Jack finally comes to power his rule has no objective other than self perpetuation."
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1984, 2006.
This paper discusses the social aspects portrayed in the book and film '1984'.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer analyzes the key structure of the society that is illustrated in both 1984 the book and the movie. It also briefly shows how it critiques common sociological conceptions, like those put forward by Emile Durkheim. It is argued that the society of 1984 manipulates human psychological phenomena to the point where the resulting social order seems like the natural order.
From the Paper
The film 1984 provides a glimpse into a society taken to the extreme of governmental control; the role of the state, in this fictional world, is mere self perpetuation. The public actions of "the party" are pure distractions with the aim of subjugating and misdirecting any social angst or dissension. The film's critiques of socialism, communism, and totalitarianism run strongly throughout the novel. It not only indicates the possibility of such a dystopia from a logistic standpoint but also suggests that the innate nature of the human mind can facilitate these social injustices. By creating this society, 1984 illustrates that a nation can appear utopian in many ways but still violate the forces of truth, individuality, and virtue. It addresses similar issues as those discussed by sociologists like Weber, Durkheim, and Marx, but with a definitively more ominous picture of the future.
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Paradox in "1984", 2002.
A discussion of the concept of paradox in George Orwell's "1984", looking at the plot as well as the characters.
938 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 0 sources, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Orwell's "1984", examining how paradox and irony contribute to the general sense of anxiety in the novel. The paper shows how from the names of the Party institutions to doublethink, "1984" is full of paradoxical statements about Oceania and the oppressive regime of Big Brother.
From the Paper
"The Party?s attempts to control language and thus control the basic building blocks of thought are first evident in the ironic Party institution names. The Ministry of Truth, the Ministry of Peace, the Ministry of Love, and the Ministry of Plenty are anything but truthful, peaceful, loving, and abundant. In fact, their newspeak names more accurately sum up the institutions? objectives: minitrue, minipax, miniluv, and miniplenty represent the miniscule amount of these proposed virtues. Orwell, through Winston, explicitly refers to the paradoxical names: ?the Ministry of Peace...concerned itself with war,? (p. 3). The Ministry of Love?s building is windowless, loveless, and impenetrable, its walls hide a prison that contradicts the concept of love."
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"1984", 2004.
An analysis of George Orwell's "1984".
1,758 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the book, "1984", by George Orwell, with an afterword by Erich Fromm. It also discusses the similarities and differences between the imagined world of Oceania and the real world of America 2004. The writer argues that Orwell's book, "1984", seems far away from the society of America in 2004, but if you take a closer look, it might not be so different after all. It discusses how the Patriot Act allows our own "Big Brother" to spy on suspected terrorists, and the FBI keeps arresting the wrong people.
From the Paper
"Clearly, there are many differences between our society and the society Orwell describes in "1984." The residents of Oceania have given up every freedom and live in constant fear of Big Brother, who is always and forever "watching you." While many 21st century Americans love to complain about growing government power and loss of personal freedoms, after reading this book, it is clear that the people really have very little to complain about. However, the road to utopia is not very different from the road to dystopia, and it is clear, especially with the fear over terrorism, that more controls could come. The controls could make the country seem more like a dysfunctional government, rather than a utopian government where people still have a say in what goes on, no matter how small it is."
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George Orwell's '1984', 2007.
This paper looks at George Orwell's book '1984' and discusses it relevance in today's world.
2,337 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article states that post-9/11 America is an uncomfortably appropriate time to be taking a look at literature like George Orwell's '1984'. Given the current political climate of the United States, the writer notes that Orwell's dark, repressive world hits close to home. Not only does the power of language exist within the pages of Orwell's fictitious dystopia, but the writer points out that there is increasing evidence that the American government is attempting to control and manipulate the masses by hijacking the common language. The writer concludes that with the current war in the Middle East and the actions of the American government smacking uncomfortably like the policies and actions of those in Oceana, now is the time to revisit 1984 and take a good, hard look at what is going on.
From the Paper
"However, it is the people that offer the control by using the language that is given to them in the first place. Though this is a sound theory, and can, unfortunately, be seen in practice all over the world, the weakness in language that allows this to occur, is ironically the same as the strength that will keep it from taking over completely and pushing society over the edge into the kind of system that is presented in 1984."
"When the year 1984 came and went without the gloomy socialist world of the novel 1984 coming to fruition, the Western world probably sighed a bit of relief. However, as Orwell points out in his appendix entry on Newspeak, the full implementation of Newspeak isn't actually scheduled to occur until around the year 2050. This gives the Western world another 66 years to worry about the predictive nature of Orwell's work. Though in the fictitious 1984, Newspeak was in wide usage already, it has taken until the 21st century to really begin to see this concept implemented in the real world."
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Marxist Theory, 2002.
This paper discusses the sociological use of Marxist theory to explain social structure.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
Marxist theory explains social structure through class struggle. One class exploits the product of the labor of another class in order to prosper. This paper further discusses the theory, contrasts it with functionalist theory, explores its roots and possible future, and discusses scholarly opinions about Marxist theory.
From the Paper
"In Contemporary Sociological Theory, Wallace and Wolf define Marxist theory as a sociological theory that identifies economic factors as the fundamental determinant of social structure and change (Wallace and Wolf 78-79). For ages sociologists have been concerned with the study of human society and social behavior. From these studies they have derived theories to explain the formation and continuation of social structure as well as human behavior within that structure. According to Marxist theory, economics shapes our society and determines our interests. As a result of economic factors, classes are formed and conflicts arise. According to Marxist theory, this happens because one class cannot make economic gains without exploiting another class. When the exploitation becomes evident, the classes will struggle for power."
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