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Marx and Engels vs. Adam Smith, 2005.
This paper compares the writings of the Marx and Engels vs. Adam Smith by which Marxism and capitalism are understood.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the more politically incendiary words of Marx and Engels regarding communal ownership and Adam Smith's notion of an invisible capitalist hand, which sets all excesses of the market right, are what are remembered best by history. The author points out that Marx and Engels saw all of human society in a continual cycle of polarized class warfare between the haves and the have-nots. The paper relates that Adam Smith's defense of Capitalism, written in praise of industrialization, saw the division of labor as a boon from the consumer's and the capitalist's point of view, if not the workers.
From the Paper
"In contrast, Chapter 7, Volume 1 of "Capital", Marx suggests that it is really the production of the labor in crafting goods that conferred the value upon the material means, turning it the metal by the worker's sweat and toil into a pin. Throughout this capitalist enactment of conferring value upon raw materials, the factory owners did nothing but provide the raw materials, pay the labor and while away the day. The capitalist owners experienced no wear or tear upon his or her body, by simply owning the factory and hiring the workers to work at the factory. The worker worked harder than the property-owning capitalist, but made less money in profit."
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Adam Smith and Karl Marx, 2005.
This paper examines the writings of Adam Smith and Karl Marx by reviewing their positions on joint-stock companies and Adam Smith's famous deer-beaver argument.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Adam Smith thought that the separation of ownership and control raised serious questions about the management of joint-stock companies and led him to analyze the agency problem. The author points out that Adam Smith and Karl Marx agree that an advantage of the joint-stock company is that it allows entrepreneurs to put together large sums of money and capital; furthermore, Marx concludes that the joint-stock form leads to a "tremendous expansion in the scale of production and enterprises, which would be impossible for individual capitals." The paper states that Karl Marx would have called Adam Smith's hunters simple commodity producers with each hunting with his own relatively simple weapon in a forest, which is open to all, and satisfying his needs by exchanging his excess catch against the products of other hunters.
From the Paper
"Competition is another quantitative aspect of economics. One first needs to examine the conditions under which exchange ratios would correspond exactly to labor -time ratios. We begin with Adam Smith's famous deer-beaver example, "If among a nation of hunters, for example, it usually costs twice the labor to kill a beaver which it does to kill a deer, one beaver should naturally exchange for or be worth two deer. It is natural that what is usually the produce of two days' or two hours' labor, should be worth double of what is usually the produce of one days' or one hours' labor.""
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A Comparative Study Between the Economic Philosophies of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, 2003.
The following essay compares the economic philosophies of Adam Smith and Karl Marx with reference to their historical works.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This essay compares the philosophies in Adam Smith?s ?The Background to the Wealth of Nations? and Karl Marx?s ?Communist Manifesto? & ?Das Kapital?. The way in which both Smith and Marx agreed upon the importance of capitalism for unleashing productive powers, amongst other similarities, is discussed. In addition the contradictions in their philosophies, such as their reasons for expanding markets, are also highlighted.
From the paper:
?Smith and Marx both agreed that capitalism required expanding markets. Smith believed this was so because jobs could not be divided too much without a large market. The money that went to paying wages came from profits. There always had to be an expanding market, so that there could be more profits or else there would not be more jobs.?
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The Contributions of Adam Smith and Karl Marx to Economics, 1999.
An overview of the contributions of both Smith and Marx, as well as an examination of both systems, which concludes that the market system is indeed preferable to laissez-faire.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 12 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a good overview of the contributions of both Smith and Marx, as well as a good examination of both systems, while coming to the conclusion that the market system is indeed, preferable to laissez-faire.
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Karl Marx and Adam Smith, 2002.
Examines and compares the views of these two political thinkers on various issues.
2,543 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
Karl Marx and Adam Smith are two of the most influential people of the 20th century, although ? ironically ? we tend not to see the extent of their influence simply because it is so vast. This paper explores the contributions of these two thinkers about the human condition, looking briefly at the personal backgrounds of these two political philosophers before examining their ideas about social justice, the economy and the ways in which governments should and should not intervene in the economies of their states.
From the Paper
"Marx then went to Paris where, as a result of his further studies in philosophy, history, and political science, he adopted communist beliefs. It must also be noted that his own views were influenced by socialist ideas very much in the air in the Paris at the middle of the last century. We now tend to think of Marx as having developed the tenets of modern socialism and communism entirely by himself (a result of the common tendency to assign a single known genius to the genesis of each idea and the concomitant reluctance to accept the idea that even genius is the product of a particular set of historical, cultural, economic and political circumstances ? something that would have deeply aggravated Marx himself.)"
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Karl Marx and Adam Smith, 2000.
A description and comparison of their backgrounds, views on social justice, economics and role of the government.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Karl Marx and Adam Smith are in important ways two of the most influential people in the lives of each of living at the end of the 20th century, although ? ironically ? we tend not to see the extent of their influence simply because it is so vast. It is like the air around us, something essential to our environment but impossible to see. But while oxygen supports us as biological entities, the ideas of Marx and Smith in their different ways support us as social animals.
This paper explores the contributions of these two thinkers about the human condition, looking briefly at the personal backgrounds of these two political philosophers before examining their ideas about social justice, the economy and the ways in which governments should and should not intervene in the economies of their states."
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Marx and Engels Today, 2007.
This paper questions whether Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels would have been influenced by Albert Hirschman and Robert Putnam.
1,936 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper questions whether Marx and Engel's theories of economic and social equality would be as readily accepted today as they were in the authors' day. The writer analyzes Marx and Engel's theories, with particular emphasis on "The Communist Manifesto." This is compared and contrasted to Robert Putnam's social capital perspective. The author feels that if Marx and Engels had read Putnam's ideas they might have been inspired by some of the benefits of capitalism, possibly altering their manifesto to include certain elements of democracy. The paper also examines the ideas expressed in Albert Hirschman's "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty." The author also believes Hirschman's philosophy would have impacted Marx and Engels as well. The author concludes that if Marx and Engels had lived to see recent history, their vision of a new, just society based on economic plenty shared by all would have certainly changed.
Outline:
About the Communist Manifesto
Putnam's Notion of Social Capital
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"It makes sense that if Marx and Engels were alive in today's society, they would have much different trains of thought. Given their philosophical natures, they would likely be influenced by many of today's contemporary thought leaders, such as Albert Hirschman, author of "Exit Voice and Loyalty", and Robert Putnam, author of "Democracies in Flux". This paper aims to provide a background on the ideas of "The Communist Manifesto" and offer some insight on what Marx and Engels may have changed based on reading these two contemporary works. "
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Marx and Engels, 2007.
This paper examines the philosophical outlooks of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the historical and economic influences that spurred Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to create their philosophical theories and writings. The author elaborates on their innovative perspectives, especially Marx's view of the bourgeoisie oppressing the working class. Several quotes are included to illustrate this point. The paper also cites how Marx and Engels influenced socialist and communist thought as well as why their belief systems were so difficult to fully achieve in society.
From the Paper
"Society, during that era, was composed primarily of individuals who retained the vast proportion of wealth, who Marx called the bourgeoisie, and the workers, whom Marx titled the proletariat. Marx was vehement in his total disdain for the bourgeoisie. The Communist Manifesto states; "The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated population, centralized means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands." (Marx 1988 pp 213-214)."
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Marx' and Engels' Internationalism, 2005.
An exploration of the key features of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' revolutionary internationalism.
1,482 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper defines internationalism in general and revolutionary internationalism in particular. The paper explores the key characteristics of revolutionary internationalism according to the views of Marx and Engels. This includes the international system, the role of the state, the idea of capitalism, dependency and uneven development and the notion of crisis.
From the Paper
"First of all, it is necessary to define internationalism in general and revolutionary internationalism in particular. Internationalism is the rejection of state-centric (Realist) view of international order. It is a belief that there is movement of ideas across the world - for example, French Revolution in 1789 resulted in the spread of ideas about republicanism and nationalism, as well as man's rights. These movements make states and societies more and more interrelated, which increases potentiality for cooperation across boarders in terms of economics, and communications, and this is a desirable trend. Moreover, internationalism recognises that there is a need for some reform, i.e. it is politically active not simply a discussion of theory. This is why academics often view internationalism as a mechanism of putting cosmopolitanism in practice."
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Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Alienation, 2006.
An examination of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' view of alienation.
1,153 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Karl Marx defined alienation as the process of the working man becoming only a cog in the machinery of production. This paper examines claims that this concept of alienation was actually put forth by Friedrich Engels first and only later expounded upon by Marx. It traces the progression from papers by Engels to the "Communist Manifesto" and shows that while Marx is believed to be the main author, actually Engels supplied much more of the economic theory.
From the Paper
"In the year 1848, Western society was 'enlightened' through the introduction of a new ideology put forward by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, proponents of the political treatise "Communist Manifesto." In it, the authors proposed and expounded on the issue of socialism as the new revolutionary movement that served as the antithesis of the principles of capitalism and eventually, modernism. The socialism-capitalism dichotomy was discussed based on the antagonistic relationships that emerged out of the unequal opportunities given to people at each point or stage of the socio-economic history of humanity. Thus, Marx and Engels posit that throughout history and until capitalism, human society has been in the "history of class struggles," wherein there existed inequalities among "[f]reeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman...oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted now hidden, now open fight...""
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Marx and Engels, 2005.
This paper examines and glorifies Karl Marx's beliefs in contrast to today's capitalism.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper is a unique analysis of modern capitalism, drawing upon select previous works from Marx and Engels and an explanation in a reader. The paper is written as a contemporary manifesto reflecting modern disenchantment with capitalism. The paper is written in dialogue to Marx's writing and assumes with optimism that the Communist revolution is nearly at hand.
From the Paper
"Karl Marx wrote that "Human Beings make their own history ... but not in circumstances of their own making." This is a basis to all the theories behind the thought developed by himself and Friedrich Engels. Society and man are but the sum of the social relations between them and are captured by the social processes they created. Bearing this in mind, the following paper will examine the problems of the modern capitalist world through a Marxist analysis. Frantz Fanon had a profound influence on the civil rights movements in France and the United States in the mid-20th Century."
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Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes, 2006.
An overview of the contribution to economics of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes.
2,588 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
There have been numerous philosophers and even thinkers in economics who have put forward their theories. This paper discusses two major philosophers of economics, Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes. It looks at how Adam Smith, known commonly as the father of modern economics, influenced the growth of economic theory and the evolution of modern, market-based societies. It also discusses how the second great revolution in economic thought was by John Maynard Keynes and how his theory of Employment, Interest and Money bestows to academia a different way of looking at the aggregate economic universe.
Outline
Introduction
Adam Smith
John Maynard Keynes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Smith was in support of free trade. He derived his support for free trade among nations by centering it on the obvious desirability of trade among individuals: "It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy". Though Smith is usually thought to have relied on the Theory of Absolute Advantage to gain his support for free trade. According to Smith, free trade not only extended the extent of the market and, thereby, permitted greater division of labor; free trade also increased productivity by allowing countries to specialize in what they do well. In Smith's view of the workings of the market system, any short-run deviation of the market price from the long-run price would activate the forces of competition which would ultimately take the market price to its long-run level."
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Adam Smith?s Influence, 2002.
Provides an analysis of how economist Adam Smith's insight has influenced the modern free enterprise economy.
1,329 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
While the aristocracy was controlling the social and economic activity of most European nations in the years leading up to 1776, Adam Smith was imagining the possibilities of a yet to be established free enterprise economic system. The culmination of these thoughts was the 1776 publishing of his famous book, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations". This paper gives examples of how Adam Smith's ideas have influenced modern economics. Areas of his influence are examined from modern taxation policy, to modern price controls.
From the Paper
"Adam Smith?s principle that government intervention is detrimental to society can be clearly observed in the modern world by observing price controls. Dr. Michael Zimmer, professor of Economics at the University of Evansville, points out that you do not need to look far to see the clear and concise examples of countries plagued by this phenomena. Zimmer asserts that countries enforcing strict price controls fail to supply enough goods to satisfy the demand of the public. He points out a clear case of this being demonstrated in the Korean Peninsula. Here we can observe that North Korea is dreadfully poor, while across the border South Korea (a country without strict price controls) is one of the most prosperous countries on the planet. South Korea?s prosperity is clearly due to their promotion of free enterprise and their lack of price controls."
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Adam Smith, 1994.
This paper discusses Adam Smith's major economic theories in historical context, impact of his book "Wealth of Nations" on the development of the U.S., compared to Karl Marx and relevance to the late 20th Century.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"Two documents were published in 1776 which had profound effects on the social, political and economic future. The first, and the more brief of the two, outlined the reasons that the American colonies were willing to go to war to gain their independence from England. Forming the basis for a new type of government, The Declaration of Independence is the more famous of the two works. The other document, the 900-page tome, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, was written by a Scottish philosopher and was no less influential on determining the economic path of the American colonies than the Declaration was influential on determining its political path. This research examines Wealth of Nations and Smith's underlying principles and examines them in light of their historical ... "
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Adam Smith and "The Wealth of Nations", 2006.
An overview and analysis of Adam Smith's economic theories and how these theories influenced the development of capitalism, socialism and communism.
1,640 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the underlying theory of Adam Smith's book "The Wealth of Nations", explaining that Smith saw labor, not money, as a nation's greatest asset. The paper further explains that this view strongly reflected the economic situation of the time brought about by the Industrial Revolution and then goes on to explain that Smith saw competition as a natural outcome of the specialization bred by the division of labor. Next, the paper explains how Smith's views were later elaborated upon by other economic theorists and how these theorists, as well as Smith, ultimately influenced the political philosophies of capitalism, socialism and even communism.
From the Paper
"1776 was not only the year of the American revolution, more meaningful to us in this country, of course, but also the publication of "Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith, who had spent most of his years either in France, or working on moral issues as a professor in Scotland. The book has set the standard for what has become the modern science of political economy. Its basic contention is that "national progress is best secured by the freedom of private initiative within the bounds of justice." (Enc. Am., p. 111) Before Smith, the basic economy of the Western world was built around agriculture. This was the beginning of the industrial Revolution, and the old economic ideas were becoming outdated. For example, the economists who preceded Smith believed that the farmer was the only true producer, and the landlord (whether it was the farmer or another landowner) was the manager and superintendent of production. The step that was taken prior to Smith was the recognition that it would be more efficient for a single farmer to hire some help, especially craftsmen who were specialists in the things the farmer was inefficient in. This, then, was really the beginning of "labor" recognized as an important aspect of a nation's wealth."
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