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Man and International Relations, 2002.
A critique of the book titled "Masculinity and the Fear of Emasculation in International Relations Theory" by Lucian M. Ashworth and Larry A. Swatuk.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines the book which makes a very compelling case for the power of culturally embedded gender roles in shaping international policy for both liberals and conservatives. The paper summarizes the main points of the book and explains how the authors use examples from recent history to back up their points.
From the Paper
"Ashworth and Swatuk believe that gender is a social construct, and not an absolute. ?It varies significantly in time and space and within and mong cultures. Gender is not dichotomous but is rather a continuum of undisclosed shape and size.? (p. 76). Thus if masculine and feminine are not simply biological characteristics, individuals have to prove their masculinity and femininity?according to a cultural standard. Back in the Middle Ages, conservatives felt a hierarchy was necessary, and that the warrior-aristocrat was a father figure protecting his ?family.? When European sovereigns went to war, they were still governed by codes of honor. This system of shard values made the aristocrat a ?man?."
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Marxism and Today's International Relations, 2005.
This paper critically examines the relevance of Marx for thinking about international relations today.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the relevance of Marxism has been said to have died with the end of the Cold War. For most international relations analysts Marxism, as a theory, stands on the periphery of the discipline. The writer points out that few, in particular the realists, accredit it for any theoretical or practical relevance for the study of international affairs. The writer proposes however, that theorists need not feel threatened by Marx's attempt to wither away with their theories. On the contrary, taking Marx more serious as an international relations analyst will render decent theories for still prevalent problems of our international society. The writer concludes that with his treatment of the domestic and external environments, the inequality of distribution and the process of globalization, Marx addresses issues at the heart of contemporary international relations debate.
From the Paper
"Marx's class struggle is universal and it is therefore that a differentiated form of international relations as we acknowledge it today does not exist for Marx; there are only the relations of class struggle. If we apply the definition, there are few theories any more revolutionary than this one. For contemporary international relations analysis this is an interesting view-point, in particular for the behaviouralist-school seeking to challenge realist presumptions of state-centric theory. This fundamental dichotomy of the domestic and the external, Fred Halliday echoes, is not so far-fetched when looking at our current state of affairs in the world. And yet, it remains to be acknowledged that Halliday wrote these words in 1988, when the demise of the monopoly of revolutionary internationalism - the Soviet Union - had not fully accelerated yet. The post-1989/1991 era has witnessed a lot of revisionism on such appraisals as Halliday issued them here; to some extent, one might even argue, realism has gained more momentum through the apparent evidence the collapse of the Soviet bloc provided in favour of the security dilemma and the necessity of conflict until one of the adversaries is dead. Nevertheless, with the question of just how influential the domestic is in international diplomacy, Marx's treatment of this dichotomy lies at the heart of current international relations debate."
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International Relations, 2004.
An analysis of the realist theory of international relations.
1,514 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the main ideal of realism is that the state is the main and most important role player in the political arena with regard to international relations. The paper explains that many states are involved in international relations and as such, each state is centrally governed by its own self-interest. The paper claims that this self-interest is furthermore not curbed by a central governing body in world politics and each state basically chooses its own methods and means of securing its own values of self-interest and security.
Outline
Introduction
International Relations and Conflict
The Values of the State
The Anarchic System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Basic ethics related to humanity and human relations are therefore ignored in international relations, since the value system is embedded in self-interest. The state is allowed to act in whichever way is deemed fit for its own survival and for national security. The balance of power is then seen as equal to peace. An imbalance of power on the other hand is what frequently leads to anarchy. A country may for example become disproportionately powerful. Being primarily self-interested and power seeking, weaker states would then perceive this as a threat and take preemptive hostile action without actual provocation. It is this tendency to react against perceived rather than actual threat that also leads to the realist concept of political anarchy in international relations."
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Gender and International Relations, 2002.
A look at the impact of the construction of gender on international relations.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the question of gender in international relations. How does gender, as a social construction, change our ideas of what is important in international relations? The paper draws on prominent feminist scholarship in this area to explain first why gender matters in general, and how it is a societal construct. It then explains a number of different feminisms, and their different critiques of international relations as it is presently conducted.
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International Relations, 2007.
This paper explores the ideologies of liberalism and realism in the framework of international relations.
1,944 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the schools of liberalism and realism in terms of international relations have long been seen as warring ideologies, highly incompatible with one another. Liberalism and realism proceed from different fundamental interpretations about the international system. The paper explains, however, that both methods of international relations have as their ultimate goal the security and perpetuation of the state. The paper looks at Joseph Nye's theory of soft power versus the ideas of hard power. The paper demonstrates the threats facing the United States today and asserts that an ability to address or reduce such a threat depends upon liberalism merging with realism in order to ensure security.
From the Paper
"In opening, a cursory evaluation of what constitutes the realist and liberal schools of thought needs to preface critiques of these systems. Realists come in many stripes, but all typically share the following assumptions. First, they believe that states are the primary actors in the international system, rational unitary actors who are functionally identical. Second, they assume that state preferences, ranging from survival to situational improvements, are fixed and unchanging. Third, they assume that the anarchic structure of the international system creates such a degree of either actual conflict or perceived uncertainty that states must constantly assume and prepare for the possibility of war (Waltz 1986). In this context, outcomes of state interactions are typically zero-sum and thus are determined by relative power. For realists, power is the currency of the international system. States interact with one another within that system like billiard balls: hard, opaque, unitary actors colliding with one another (Amin 2000)."
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Uruguay and International Relations, 2007.
An analysis of Uruguay's international relations with a focus on its relationship with the U.S.
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Uruguay, a small South American nation has complex international relations, particularly with the United States. It looks at how, through economic and military treaties and alliances, Uruguay's position within the world order is assured, and thus Uruguay benefits. In particular, it examines how the international exchanges between the United States and Uruguay are beneficial to both nations and how both work with each other to maintain the current world order and use economic agreements to improve all aspects of international relations.
From the Paper
"Uruguay finds itself in a position in which, to maintain its international power strategically, has to rely on treaties, other powers, and the world order. Within the elements of the international strategic equilibrium, Uruguay must fight to maintain its position within international society without actual fighting or with its own capabilities to exert power. One objective is a favorable world order and this order is one which can be helped by the promotion of American values. The primary way to promote American values is through promotion of American trade values. For example, the administration of Jorge Batlle was allied with the United States in support of its Free-Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) (EIA 2/2 2005). This alliance in support of America's position was contrary to the Mercosur customs union which Uruguay is also a part of in favor of pro-American policies. "
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Analyzing the ?Right? Institutions in International Relations, 2003.
A discussion and evaluation of institutions such as democracy and human rights and their applicability to international relations.
1,032 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
If all countries had the right institutions, the world would be more peaceful, prosperous and just, but the institutions considered ?right? do not necessarily have to be democracy, human rights and free markets. Evaluating international relations is difficult because each situation requires different institutions; however, history provides a reasonable basis for analysis. History suggests that the correction or elimination of troublesome institutions would greatly contribute to world stability and cooperation, but recognition of the ?right? institutions to replace them proves difficult and arbitrary. This essay evaluates American ideals for international relations. It questions the universal appeal of democracy and other "right" institutions. It uses historical examples such as the two World Wars as case studies to support its claims.
From the Paper
"In contrast, the institutions causing World War II could have been avoided more easily. World War II was largely the result of an inadequate conclusion to the war preceding it and growing institutions such as nationalism. The victorious countries of WWI were blinded by their pursuit of the ?right? institutions such as democracy, so they inadvertently recharged international tension by thrusting a weak democratic republic on an unwilling German populace. In this case, the ?right? institution would have been one that the Germans chose rather than necessarily requiring democracy. Also, the quest for an adequate balance of power had created poorly constructed boundaries between countries, often ignoring the nationalities of the inhabitants. These causes of friction led to unrest and the escalation of conflict to yet another World War."
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International Relations, 2006.
A discussion about liberalism and realism and how they relate to international relations, especially with the current terrorist threat.
2,273 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the merits and flaws of liberalism, using negotiations, institutional measures, and other non-military means to achieve political goals; and realism, believing that a powerful military threat is the most effective method of influencing other states in the international arena. The paper examines how both schools of thought have had success in achieving their ideals. The paper analyzes the current military threats to the US, and how "soft power", a fusion of realism and liberalism, has been most effective in international relations. The paper further discusses how finding a middle ground between the two paradigms is vitally important in today's international climate, especially in light of the threats to the state. The paper concludes that an ability to address or reduce such a threat is imperative to U.S. national security, and neither liberalism nor realism alone has been able to provide this.
From the Paper
"Liberalism and realism proceed from different fundamental interpretations about the international system: assumptions about the identity of the other state actors , the relationship of those actors to both state institutions and international ones like the United Nations, and the determining factors of state relations with one another. Realists must take the liberal critique seriously, and vice versa; neither theory has been proven as superior thus far. This essay will examine the underlying failures of both schools of thought and examine the possibility that they are in actuality much closer to one another than originally perceived."
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China's International Relations, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of international relations and trade in China.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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This paper review the past history of China international relations and trade when it kept to itself, feeling no need for communication or trade with the rest of the world. The author points out that this Chinese attitude remained unchanged for almost two centuries. The paper stresses that, since the late 1970s, China has relaxed controls and joined the worldwide globalization movement resulting in an explosion of international trade.
From the Paper
"For centuries China kept to itself, feeling no need for communication or trade with the rest of the world. As Emperor Ch'ien Lung wrote to England's King George III in 1793: "... Our ways have no resemblance to yours ... we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures." Chinese attitudes remained very much unchanged from this point of view for almost two more centuries. However, the last twenty-five years, since the late 1970s, have seen an explosion of international trade with China, as it has relaxed controls and joined the worldwide globalization movement."
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9/11 and International Relations, 2005.
Examines the September 11th terrorist attacks and later events through analyzing international relations on four different levels.
1,058 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The terrorist attacks of 9/11 and subsequent attacks can be understood through a careful consideration of the four levels of analysis of international relations. The paper shows that the individual level of analysis allows us to better understand George W. Bush's reactions, while the domestic level of analysis provides an explanation for the country's lack of preparedness for 9/11. At the interstate level, the interaction of the United States with Islamic states and Israel can be linked to the terrorist actions. At a global level, gaps in wealth and technology can be seen to contribute to the terrorist attacks. The paper shows that, overall, the global level provides the most useful understanding of the attacks, although a simultaneous analysis of all four levels reveals a more complete understanding.
From the Paper
"Overall, it is this global level of analysis that seems to best facilitate understanding of the crisis. The global view provides some answers to the reactions of shock and disbelief that segments of the world could hate America so much that they would commit the acts of 9-11. At the same, time, the global level of analysis fails to give a really adequate understanding of America's response to the terrorist actions that is provided in the domestic view, or an understanding of the actions of individual actors revealed in an individual analysis."
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International Relations Theory, 2003.
A discussion of various theories of international relations.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, compares and contrasts a wide variety of theories on international relations, including: Marxism, liberalism, realism and constructivism. The paper presents each theory's core assumptions and compares their similarities and differences. The paper argues in favor of realism as the guiding paradigm for the field.
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International Relations, 2002.
A study of the importance of good international relations, using "Clash of Civilizations" by Huntington as a reference.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
An outline of the importance of International Relations as an area of study, the causes of war and the value placed on Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" as a text book.
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Thucydides and International Relations, 2005.
An analysis of the relevance of Thucydides to modern international relations theory.
1,634 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Thucydides is seen by some scholars as the first writer in the realist tradition as well as the founding father of international relations. This paper adopts a realist interpretation of Thucydides and argues that he is still relevant today due to the prevalence of fear, self interest and power politics in today's world. The paper uses competing interpretations of his work to show that, even though there are important differences between his world and today's world, his insights into human nature are relevant and are one of the best sources to learn from history.
From the Paper
"Thucydides' work is valuable as it investigates the causes and dynamics of war. He states: "What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta." According to Lebow, power transition theories are based on the premise that hegemons are unwilling to relinquish their status to upcoming powers. Power transition theories investigate how a shift in an actor's power in the system affects other actors. Theorists stress the critical importance of changes in the relative power of states as these changes produce fear and result in the security dilemma. Thus the system becomes increasingly unstable and small events can precipitate a major conflict. Sparta was afraid that a shift in the balance of power would be to the detriment of its national security and thus according to power transition theory it felt aggression was necessary to address the imbalance. A theme that dominates Thucydides narrative is how fear in conjunction with honour and interest result in a state taking action in the hope of safeguarding its national security and independence. The Peloponnesian war was the product of two developments. "
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States and International Relations, 2005.
A look at the role of states in international relations.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper gives examples of states: independent states, states of the European Union, the United Arab Emirates and how they are operatie in international relations. It also looks at the development of rogue states, how they arise and how they are maintained.
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International Relations, 2002.
The importance of international relations as a field of study.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This is a paper that outlines the importance of international relations as an area of study and the value placed on Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" as a text book.
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