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The Malthusian Trap and Early-Modern Europe, 2008.
This paper argues that the economic crisis experienced during the early-modern period of European history was not caused by a Malthusian trap.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that historians argue that the economic crises experienced during the early-modern period across most of Europe and the subsequent population growth, which led to an inability for many of these individual markets to support their respective populations, was a type of Malthusian trap. The author points out that the Malthusian trap is the principle, based on Malthus' theory of population and economics, which observes that man is inclined to propagate beyond his means to support the population. The paper relates that the application of this principle to early modern Europe is often a misguided attempt to redirect the historical research to a socio-historic perspective rather than a purely economic perspective. The author concludes that, while certain markets in Europe might indeed have become over-populated with respect to their ability to provide basic levels of sustenance for their populations, other countries, such as England, did not suffer such a population growth and, furthermore, managed to maintain relatively stable economic growth in spite of Europe's overall economic decline during this period. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Malthus on Population Growth
Technological Impact
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In an artificial economy established in an economic lab such set ratios can be accurately predictive. However, in the natural environment, there are many external factors that would affect change on his model, and did affect change. Prices are a key oversight in his theory. While the basic premise that population growth may outstrip the growth in food productivity was true based on the circumstances within which he operated, he didn't account for the economics of food productivity to drive an increase in production worldwide that offset any local market conditions and shortages in supply."
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Plague in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, 2007.
A discussion on how the responses to the plague in medieval and early modern Europe can be best characterized as early examples of the operation of disciplinary power.
2,291 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Michel Foucault's contention of the plague as a historical phenomenon, out of which a controlling, intrusive and discursively powerful form of modern rule emerged in Europe. The paper relates that, from a retrospective look at the responses to the plague in mediaeval and early modern Europe, it is tempting to conclude that the responses represented clear early examples of disciplinary power in action. Moreover, plague regimes appear to have been interventionist, controlling and totalizing. The paper then explains that this view leads to a distorted understanding of power as all-encompassing when, in reality, it was anything but. The paper concludes that it would be historically inaccurate to leave the impression that these plague regimes were omnipotent, for the simple reason that the enforcement of power was a messy, contested and negotiated process. There is also a limit to seeking examples of disciplinary power in a past period that Foucault himself did not necessarily see as completely emblematic of his theory.
Outline:
Introduction
Power as Interventionist and Controlling
Power as Limited and Hyped
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Certainly England did eventually move towards a continental style of control. But this move, instigated under the rule of Charles I, was quickly abandoned following the outbreak of the Civil War. (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.100) Even if this plan had been carried out by the Crown, which had by and large succeeded in setting up pest houses throughout the rest of the kingdom, London would surely have resisted, for it rejected a system of pest houses in favour of continuous home quarantine, which obviated the need for "an extensive and expensive system of workers". (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.126) More significantly, London insisted on relying upon local and national charities as well as normal taxation to fund measures to cope with the plague rather than resort to a special plague tax that would have made the victims of disease wholly dependent on the benevolence of the state - to this extent inhabitants were not subject to the totalizing power of the state. (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.126) "
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"Galileo's Daughter" and Social Roles for Women in Early Modern Europe., 2002.
This paper examines the concepts and the laws that governed women during the period of early Modern Europe.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The two texts that are used in order to investigate this concept is the work, "Galileo's Daughter" by Dava Sobel and "Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe" by Merry Wiesner. These two texts clarify the differences that occurred in the treatment of men and women, where the role of women was established through unbendable social norms that were intricately woven into the fabric of society.
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Witchcraft of Early Modern Europe, 2002.
An examination of the way witchcraft was percieved in early modern Europe.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
A complex combination of Christian orthodoxy and patriarchal domination influenced the world-view of England between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that led people to associate witches with evil or Satan and wizards with divinity or supernatural power. This paper explains why witchcraft favored men whereas accused women.
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Factors Governing State Formation in Early Modern Europe, 2007.
An analysis of the growth of European nation-states throughout the early modern period by means of political, financial and social restructuring.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper makes the argument that the principal factor in state formation across Europe was the power of monarchs to centralise and increase their effectiveness to rule in European states. Specifically, the author makes the assertion that the monarchies of Europe created early modern state formation through the centralisation of government institutions, military expansion, financial restructuring, dynastic marriage and the use of tools created through the scientific revolution.
From the Paper
"This centralisation and increased effectiveness of tax administration in the Early Modern era allowed a larger revenue to be collected into the royal coffers, in turn meaning that more money could be pumped into the greatest expense for any Early Modern leader, the military. As military tactics and technology dictated an increased cost in the waging of war, so it was realised that the more effective a bureaucracy was, the more effective royal armies could be. The centralisation of resources for armies created a unique situation whereby relatively small countries such as England and the Netherlands were able to wage-war with more demographically prosperous countries such as France and Spain. 'Good' government also came through the scrupulous effectiveness of taxation: the less money that stuck to the hands of local barons and entered the royal treasuries, the more the central power of the monarch could spend on consolidating the state through standing armies and more charismatic schemes. This meant the population of a country would see both centralisation and state formation in a beneficial light."
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Government, Economic Development and Early Modern Europe, 2002.
Examines the role of government in early-modern Spain and Holland, focusing on economic development.
2,525 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 93.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper will be to compare and contrast the nature and role of government in the economic development of early-modern Spain with that in early-modern Holland.
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Madness in Early Modern Europe, 2004.
A look at the institutions and concepts of mental health care from a historical perspective.
1,652 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine how the concept of and care for madness changed from century to century in Early Modern Europe. The paper discusses what influenced the concept of madness, what was done with mad people, how they were treated, the different meanings and definitions of madness, and the role gender played in the identification and treatment of madness. The resources used for this paper are appended.
From the Paper
"Research is crucial to the advancement of science, be it medical, psychological and, or, any number of the sciences. A look into the past often allows a deeper understanding of the theories, processes and ideologies of the present. Many scholars have provided insight into the institutions and concepts of mental health from a historical perspective, Michel Foucault, Roy Porter and Andrew Skull among them. The care of the mentally ill has evolved from the concept of social control. Where once it was the responsibility of the family and, or, community to control mad or abnormal behavior ; it is now seen as the responsibility of the medical community. Care for the mentally ill was also the responsibility of the family or community, then the religious organization, private asylums and, eventually, the medical profession and hospitalization. During the medieval era, the king was sometimes held responsible for the ?lunatic? and his or her family."
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Early German vs. Early Russian Filmmaking, 2004.
This paper discusses early German vs. early Russian filmmaking
in terms of a controlled versus an uncontrolled narrative perspective.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the primary difference between the early Russian films of the first half of the 20th century and the German Expressionist movement, whose films exemplify an artistic ethos, is the significance given to narrative and to expressing a singular and coherent ideology for the viewer. The author points out that, in the case of Russian filmmakers such as Eisenstein, the narrative and descriptive sequences of the film are manipulated over the course of the film to invest particular images and aspects of the film with great importance. The paper relates that the German cinema creates a more ambiguous sense of meaning within its choice frames; the visual, rather than the story-based aspects of the film?s shot and the film?s overall plot arc, have greater significance.
From the Paper
"The greater emphasis on narrative within early Russian cinema also is evidenced in the way that the Russian directors, most notably Eisenstein, create meaning between frames of narrative, rather than within frame in a miens-en-scene approach. In this approach, the meaning of a single scene has a meaning in and of itself and can be invested with different meanings outside of the filmed narrative sequence. For instance, ?Potemkin? makes use of what is known as a dialectic montage, or a composition of rapidly evolving scenes, too rapid for the viewer?s eye simply to apprehend just one. The composition and the apprehension of scenes all at once creates a singularity of emotion and intent regarding the action, as opposed to a sustained scene where the viewer is able to consider the image and come to his or her own conclusion regarding the events that are transpiring. Miens-en-scene or middle of the scene approach became very popular in postmodernist and post-structuralism critiques and film analysis. Even the most impressionist examples of Russian cinema, such as the ?Man with a Movie Camera,? have a highly ideological and uniform tone, that of the glory of Russia, in sequences where seemingly unrelated images are created."
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Qumran, Early Christians, and Early Rabbinic Judaism, 1999.
Examines these three major religious groups, major beliefs and the use of canonical scripture.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 111.95
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Abstract
Although fundamentalists in religious life assert that the answers to all human problems are available in inerrant scriptural form, there is still the problem of interpretation. From the beginning, differing stories, differing translations, and differing interpretations of scripture have led to the development of separate communities and sects within communities.
From the Paper
"Research on Qumran, Early Christians, and Early Rabbinic Judaism
Introduction
Although fundamentalists in religious life assert that the answers to all human problems are available in inerrant scriptural form, there is still the problem of interpretation. From the beginning, differing stories, differing translations, and differing interpretations of scripture have led to the development of separate communities and sects within communities. The intent in this essay is to look at three separate groups the Qumran community, the Early Christians and Early Rabbinic Judaism exploring their major beliefs and their use of canonical scripture."
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The Early and High Middle Ages in Europe, 2002.
This report is intended to show the differences between two of the phases of the Middle Ages (medieval period) in Europe.
1,198 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The Middle Ages are sometimes assumed to be a monolithic period, but they can actually be divided into three distinct time frames: Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. This paper traces the progression through the Early and High stages of medieval development.
From the Paper
"The early Middle Ages, from approximately 600 to 1050, was basically a period of economic scarcity and intellectual darkness, except for a very few exceptions. During this time, Europe was plagued by a succession of invasions that it made it very difficult for any substantial growth or development to occur. While there were a few people at the very top who consistently had enough to eat, the more common state was one of near starvation, short lives, and unchecked disease.1"
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19th Century Socialism in Europe, 2003.
The paper discusses 19th century socialism in Europe.
2,985 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
A discussion of 19th century Socialism in Europe, firstby giving a brief background on the subject then highlighting the concept of socialism in France, Germany and England. It looks at the work of early socialists, the rise of socialism, and lastly socialism in France, Germany & Russia. It concludes with a look at the current state of socialism in the world.
Background
The Early Socialists in Europe
The Early Concept of Socialism in France, Germany and England
The Rise of Socialism
Socialism in France
Socialism and Austria
Socialism and Germany
Socialism in Russia
The Failure of the System
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"It was in the first half of the 19th Century when the working classes in the newly established industrializing countries, England and Germany undergo several forms of developments (Lemke, 1992). For instance, the old feudal limitations had been fixed peasants in place on the land as well as restricted their income further guaranteed a place for them in the world."
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Women in 16th Century Europe, 2002.
An analysis of two literary works, illustrating their strong portrayal of women in late 16th century and early 17th century Europe.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the literary works, "Magdalena and Balthasar" by Ozment and "Mother Courage and her Children" by Brecht. The writer describes the two leading female characters of these two books, Magdalena and Anna, and draws comparisons between their strong personalities.
From the Paper
"It is in Ozment?s and Brecht?s portrayal of the feminine side of Magdalena and Mother Courage that, prima facie, there is a marked difference. Mother Courage is portrayed as almost callous and uncaring in the manner in which she carries on her business even while she is on the verge of loosing her children or her immunity to the peasants? suffering, to the point where she will not give up her shirts to provided bandages for the wounded (Scene 5). "
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Revolution in Europe, 2008.
An analysis of social and political revolution in Europe in the nineteenth century, based on D. Mason's book "Revolutionary Europe 1789-1989-Liberty, Equality, Solidarity."
3,169 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of a number of social and political movements based around certain ideas about human behavior and society and the relationship between the two, during the nineteenth century in Europe. The paper focuses its analysis on the genesis, development and progress of these movements in the nineteenth century and how they are described by D. Mason in his book "Revolutionary Europe 1789-1989-Liberty, Equality, Solidarity."
From the Paper
"Wollstonecraft was dedicated to the primacy of reason, and it was her belief in reason that permitted her to conceive a world in which women might be seen by the world in a new way, a way that undid the violence of social norms requiring a simple, seemingly serene appearance in women, whose lives were thus molded to fit the dictates of masculine power in society. She also had a freed sensibility that brought her closer to an understanding of the true self. Wollstonecraft's language has a deliberate biblical undertone that is all part of her attempt to restore to women the human right of self-respect. Women resort to artifice in order to place the world, though such assumed feelings are awkward when compared to real feelings. She pleads for women to be seen as they really are. Her view is directly opposite that of Rousseau, though she begins with the same question, noting first that "either nature has made a great difference between man and man, or that the civilization which has hitherto taken place in the world has been very partial" (Wollstonecraft, 1975, p. 7)."
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Early Medieval Culture, 2004.
An analysis of early medieval culture through a review of "The Rule of Benedict" by Saint Benedict, "The History of the Franks" by Gregory, and "On the True Doctrine" by Celsus.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, during the early medieval period in Europe ranging between more or less 300AD and 600AD, three traditions were prevalent, each exerting its influence in the culture of the time. It looks at how the Roman culture, although still very influential in Europe at the time, was fast losing its power as Rome deteriorated and how other influences, such as the invading Germanic forces, were joining the Roman culture in Europe. It shows how, most notably, Christianity and its Church was a fast-growing and increasingly powerful force during these times. It analyzes the extent of each influence by examining "The Rule of Benedict" by Saint Benedict, "The History of the Franks" by Gregory, and "On the True Doctrine", by Celsus, as representative of the early medieval culture and its frequently opposing influential forces.
Outline
The Christian Culture
The Roman Tradition
The Germanic Tradition
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The History of the Franks by Gregory on the other hand, demonstrates a more na?ve view of Christianity. Its focus, insofar as it is influenced by the Christian tradition, is on the supernatural aspect. Gregory for example relates several stories with St. Martin and his religious power as the central character. This saint, a former Roman soldier, worked among the rural population of Gaul and won many superstitious hearts for the Christian cause. Gregory, growing up in an environment filled with such influences, inherited this superstitious character from his parents and his social setting. This manifests itself in the trust Gregory placed in religious relics and their power to protect him."
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The Return of Fascism in 20th Century Europe, 2008.
An analysis of the re-emergence of fascism in 20th century Europe.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the rise of neo-fascism in many parts of Europe, especially following the collapse of the former Soviet Union during the early 1990s. The paper argues that this trend was largely in response to many of the same issues that fueled its origins prior to World War II, such as the scarcity of resources, ethnocentristic views, and the use of force to achieve national goals. The paper claims that, with the unification of Europe, the last few years have witnessed an increase in ultra-right-wing political parties across Europe in response to many of these same conditions. The paper provides an assessment of the degree to which Europe witnessed a return of fascist politics in the 1980s and 1990s. It also takes a look at why anti-immigrant political parties and leaders have attracted substantial support in these recent decades, and whether they represent a new manifestation of fascism or something fundamentally different. The paper concludes that anti-immigration politicians and those willing to sacrifice democratic principles in favor of force to achieve their political goals will continue to represent a force to be reckoned with by the national leaders of the European Union.
From the Paper
"Today, fascism has raised its ugly head once again for many of the same reasons that fueled its growth in the 20th century. In this regard, this brand of fascism is more reflective of its mid-20th century roots than merely being something "undesirable." According to Ignazi (2003), "The extreme right has so far consolidated its presence all over Western Europe. The reason for this breakthrough is multifaceted: from the emergence of new unaccounted issues to the creeping crisis of representation; from the emergence of proto-charismatic figures in the extreme right, well knit with the growing personalization of politics, to the increasing political and societal alienation and the dissatisfaction for traditional features of the political system and for politics as such" (2)."
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