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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ( LSD ), 1989.
Discusses history, use, effects during a "trip", medical uses, period of popularity, role in therapy, govt. experimentation, side effects and typical user.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" In America, the 1960's were a period of tremendous cultural change. The images of that time period are as vivid as any in this country's history. In addition to peace marches and rock and roll, part of the time's character came from experimentation with drugs, most notably Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, otherwise known as LSD or "acid." In fact, many people credit (or blame) the drug for the peace movement. Although this may be exaggerating its influence, it did have a large influence on today's teenagers. Many of these juveniles long for the more idealistic period of the 1960's, and they look to the music of the period, and LSD, as a link. Many of the period's musical and artistic leaders used it and many even give it credit for some of their success. This drug is unique for many reasons. It is manmade, unlike marijuana or cocaine. It not only is used as a (...)"
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 2008.
This paper explores lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the damage it causes to the central nervous system.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the central nervous system and focuses on the body of research about the link between its interaction with serotonin receptors and the onset of hallucinations. The paper discusses how although one receptor in particular is believed to be the key, the lack of research on the subject in general precludes a definitive determination at this time.
From the Paper
"Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) causes hallucinations and detachment from reality. Since neuro psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia present very similar symptoms, these profound if episodic perceptual distortions can be viewed as symptoms of temporary damage to the Central Nervous System. Serotonin receptor activation has long been thought be directly affected by LSD, yet after 30 plus years of research, the precise mechanism by which LSD bonds with which of several serotonin receptors, remains a matter of conjecture."
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Lysergic Acid Dietthylamide, 1999.
Describes the desired and undesired physical and psychological effects, biochemistry and example.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"STEROIDS (ANABOLIC)
Introduction
The popular usage of anabolic steroids makes necessary the study of their effects physically and psychologically. Study results indicate more than minor psychological changes in personality are found with AAS use. These effects can border on dangerousness, with demonstrations of aggressive and violent behavior, and need to be further investigated.
Article Summary
Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, and Rochford (1996) studied the prevalence of abnormal personality traits found in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). One of the authors became a participant-observer in a group of body builders. The experimental group were twelve body builders using high doses AAS ..."
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LSD, 2002.
An overview of the drug LSD and a look at the resurgence of its use in the United States.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines LSD, known as lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinogen, that produces psychotic- symptoms. It looks at how, since the 1990s, the usage of LSD had resurged as a major problem in the national and local arena in the United States, and because of the massive increase in the usage of LSD, there has been an increasing interest and awareness to understand the long-term negative effects on the consumers of the drug.
From the Paper
"The long-term effects would also include blurred vision, halo effects, shimmering, or reduplications of percepts, distortion of spatial planes, and changes in normal coloration, which would extend even after one year of the consumption of the drug. (Horowitz, 1969) LSD users would experience trailing effect implying a slow motion of several exposure effects. Even though a person who is heavily under the influence of the drug experiences such a condition, some consumers of LSD report that such a situation would prevail with them even up to one year. (Harvey, 1971) Another risk associated with LSD is contaminated LSD. The makeshift labs in which these drugs are produced often do not have quality checks and the drug would often be mixed with other chemicals or drugs, to increase the effect of LSD."
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Acids and Bases in the pH Scale, 2005.
An overview of acids and bases from a chemistry and biology perspective.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions
From the Paper
"What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."
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| Term Paper # 6842 |
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Acid Rain, 2002.
A discussion on the effect of acid rain on forests and the way in which the deposition of acid rain and particles make plants and trees more susceptible to disease.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines why environmental scientists are concerned that the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels in the United States. The writer discusses the ways in which this has had a serious impact in several areas, including forests in the northeast and many of the country's most valued monuments.
From the Paper
"Munton (1998) expresses the same concerns. He notes that emissions have already been reduced by 50%. That is an impressive improvement, but perhaps still more than delicate ecosystems can stand. He suggests that we may need even more restrictive interventions in place, and points out that modern society?s effects on the atmosphere goes beyond acid rain, which may also affect human health, but to breathable particulates, effects on the ozone layer, and regional haze making particular areas periodically more vulnerable to the effects of airborne pollutants.
"In conclusion, it may be too soon to be satisfied with our efforts so far. Given the tremendous amount of pollution released into the air, a 50% reduction may be a result that looks good on paper but that is still significantly damaging to our environment."
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Antacids and Soil Acidity, 2005.
Science project that attempts to determine whether or not antacids help soil that is polluted by acid rain.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author describes a science project in which she attempted to see if antacids had an affect on acid, in particular, acid in soil. In the research, the author hypothesizes, before conducting her experiment, that the antacid will decrease the acidity of the soil. After conducting her experiment, the author concludes that the data collected supports her hypothesis.
From the Paper
"The immediate purpose for this experiment was to determine the relationship between antacids and acidity in soil. As discussed in the discussion, I believe that the antacids would have an affect on the acidity mainly because antacids are neutralizers. The data that I collected did support my hypothesis. Although the data may have inadequacies because of the sources of error, it shows that the acidity of the soil did decrease in response to adding the antacids into the soil. The reason why I believe that the data is inaccurate in some parts is because after adding 35 g of antacids, the results turned back towards the acidic end of the pH scale. It wasn't until adding the 50 g of antacid that the results skyrocketed toward the base end of the scale."
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Acid Rain and Freshwater Fish, 2006.
This informative paper examines the disastrous effects of acidic precipitation and aluminum toxicity on freshwater fish populations around the world.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This well-researched and detailed paper explores the effects of acidic precipitation (acid rain) which has been a major factor in fish kills throughout countries in the northern hemisphere. The writer of this paper cites numerous studies which have linked aluminum toxicity along with acid rain as the main cause of fish extinction. This paper stresses the urgency in developing a successful management tool in determining the viability of fish populations in various natural settings. This paper also contains detailed information and results of various case studies as well as two graphs that support the author's claims in this report.
From the Paper
"The fish used in this experiment were obtained from a trout farm which ensures the relative similarity of the fishes used in the experiment. They were acclimated to artificial soft water for 2 weeks before they were used in the experiment. They were then transferred to flux chambers for the experiment and given 24 to 48 hours to recover from the handling stress before they were exposed for 24 hours to low-pH water (pH 4.4, 4.8, or 5.2) A control group (N=36) for each of these pHs was left in these conditions for 10 days. The experimental group after this 24 hour exposure to low pH levels were exposed to concentrations of Al of 111, 333, or 1000 ug/L at the same pH (N=72)."
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Acid Rain, 2007.
An analysis of the causes of acid rain and its effects on the environment.
1,779 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of acid rain and its impact on the environment. The writer explores what acid rain is and how it is created and then details the many different ways that it can hurt the eco-system. The writer concludes with a discussion about what can be done, on an individual and organizational level, to reduce the threat of acid rain to the environment.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Is It?
Effects of Acid rain
Solving the Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The harm that acid rain does can be measured tangibly with scientific testing but it also has an intangible impact on the atmosphere as it causes changes to the way things look and feel as well. The beauty of plants and forests and streams can be negatively affected through the damage that acid rain leaves behind (Understanding acid rain http://weather.about.com/library/weekly/aa032502a.htm)."
"One of the more specific issues with acid rains is its ability to cause the acidification of lakes and streams worldwide. It is also causing damage to trees, especially the trees that are found at higher elevations. One example of this is the red spruce trees that are normally located at 2,000 feet above sea level (Effects of Acid Rain http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/index.html)."
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Acid-Base Reactions, 2005.
An experiment on acid-base reactions.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment on acid-base reactions and calculates the ka, kb, pka and pkb from the pH determinations. The paper explains that the experiment involves measuring the pH of solutions of vinegar (acetic acid), seltzer water (carbonic acid) and ammonia.
From the Paper
"This laboratory is concerned with the determination of the pka and pkb of weak acids and bases. Most of the acid or base of weak acids or bases exists in the molecular form in solution with little ionization. There are standard formulas for calculation..."
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Acid Rain, 2002.
A discussion of the concept of acid rain and its environmental dangers.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a definition of "acid rain" and how it is formed. It looks at the dangers of acid rain and the damage it is doing to the environment. It briefly examines options and programs that can be performed to reduce acid rain.
From the Paper
"The term ?acid rain? is a little misleading. Rain is naturally acidic, from both carbon dioxide in the air and absorption of chlorine from the ocean (Gordon, 2002). All compounds can be measured for acidity or alkalinity on a Ph scale ranging from 0 ? 14, with anything below 7 showing at least slight acidity. Rain is judged ?acid? when its Ph falls below 5. (Gordon, 2002) Environmental scientists are concerned because in some parts of our country, the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels. This has had a serious impact in several areas, including our forests in the northeast and many of our most valued monuments."
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Air Pollution and Acid Rain, 2005.
A look at acid rain, its causes and consequences.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that acid rain, a relatively new environmental phenomenon, is caused primarily by human created air pollution and that it presents a serious problem because it destroys the environment, including plant and marine life. The paper talks about the effects of acid rain and how far reaching it is as well as the importance of controlling the problem.
From the Paper
"Acid rain is now commonly perceived as a major environmental threat but the term is still relatively new and many are confused about its causes. While there are some other commonly cited reasons including natural sources, the main cause of acidity in rain is air pollution, which increases the composition of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides and thus lowering the pH level to less than 7. Air pollution is defined as "the introduction by humankind, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the environment resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and eco-systems, impair amenities or interfere with other legitimate uses of the environment." [1]"
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Benefits and Uses of Alpha Lipoic Acid, 2003.
A complete dissertation and original analysis of alpha lipoic acid and its impact on the aging process.
12,078 words (approx. 48.3 pages), 48 sources, MLA, $ 233.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the efficacy of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in helping the elderly overcome the deleterious effects of the aging process in terms of its impact on cognitive and physical functions, as well as their ability to remain in their own homes as long as possible in an independent living arrangement. The findings of the research are followed by a summary and recommendations in the conclusion.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Physical and Cognitive Problems Associated with the Aging Process Gender and Racial Factors in Aging
Components of a Successful Aging Process
Impact of Aging Process on Caregiver and Family
Efficacy of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Resolving Age-Related Problems
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Table 1. Summary of Identified Benefits of Current Anti-Dementia Pharmacological Approaches.
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"World-wide figures on aging reveal the increasing size of the global older population (Kinsella & Velkoff, 2001). The elderly, who are generally defined as over the age of 65 years, number approximately 420 million today and will exceed one billion world-wide by the year 2030. In virtually every country in the world, the elderly population is growing faster than the overall population (United Nations, 2000). This phenomenon is occurring in both developed and non-developed countries (Gort, 1988; Kinsella & Velkoff, 2001; United Nations, 2000). In terms of absolute numbers the United States, together with China, the former Soviet Union, and India, will have over half of the world's elderly population in the 21st century (Kinsella & Velkoff, 2001; United Nations, 2000). In fact, by 2025, it has been estimated that there will be over one billion older people worldwide. Social gerontologists and geropsychologists have also identified significant changes in the social contract and how the effects of globalization are increasingly impacting the elderly in America."
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