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Lu Xun, 2002.
An analysis of the life and works of Lu Xun, who is considered by many of his contemporaries to be the founder of modern Chinese literature.
2,154 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a biography of Lu Xun, a Chinese poet born in 1881. It explains how he was heavily influenced by the Chinese culture and the politics of the day and how these effected his writings and poems. The paper concentrates on his classic work "Diary of a Madman" which was heavily influenced by Confucianism.
From the Paper
"Lu Xun did not set out to be a writer, however. His first interest was in the direction of medicine, which was influenced by the illness and eventual death of his father. By experiencing the frail Chinese medical system first hand, Lu Xun decided he wanted to practice medicine in hopes to improve China?s medical field. As he pursued his education in medicine, he still maintained an interest in Chinese literature but it always seemed to be in second place in relation to medicine. However, this mindset was dramatically changed when Lu Xun saw a documentary that exposed a Chinese spy being executed by the Japanese for working for the Russian government. He was moved to become a writer after witnessing the ?cold indifference of Chinese onlookers during the execution of a Chinese prisoner during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Reform, he wrote, was impossible without changing the mentality of the people? (china.org)."
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Lu Xun, 2002.
A look at Lu Xun, the first modern chinese fiction writer.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay examines Lu Xun as a Chinese writer in the early 20th century. In many respects, he can be considered China's first modern writer. He used his fiction to criticize elements of Chinese society.
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Literary Works of Swift, Nobuo and Xun, 2006.
A discussion on the reflection of the self and the nature of society in works by Jonathan Swift, Kojima Nobuo and Lu Xun.
1,068 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of knowing others by knowing the self, as seen in the literary works by Jonathan Swift ("A Modest Proposal"), Kojima Nobuo ("The American School") and Lu Xun ("Diary of a Madman"). This paper discusses the way in which the main theme and thesis presented in the works is the reflection of the self in each of the narrator/voice of the story, which, in turn, reflects the nature of society s/he lives in.
From the Paper
""The Diary of a Madman" by Lu Xun effectively conveyed his criticism of the society's tendency to hold on to the status quo and of the government through symbolism. The Madman's madness, in fact, was the primary symbol Lu utilized to show how the society and government great influenced the individual--sometimes, detrimentally. In "Diary," the perceived madness of the Madman was actually, as explained by the Narrator, the effects of persecution complex. Looking deeper into this meaning, however, madness in the story was not only a manifestation of the persecution complex, but it also signified the Madman's paranoia as about the way his society treated and regarded him."
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The Chinese Revolution's Impact on Literature, 2005.
A look at how the Chinese revolution influenced literature during the early 1900s specifically focusing on Lu Xun and his novel "The True Story of Ah Q".
2,002 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper is an account of the Chinese revolution including Sun Yat-Sen, the Ch'ing Dynasty, the Wen Zi Yu laws , the Confucius way of thinking, and a biography of Lu Xun himself. It discusses how Lu Xun was able to capture the essence of the Chinese people during the revolutionary times. It also details the significance of Ah Q's name and its significance to the story. A major point that is made in this paper is how fictional Ah Q is a representation of Lu Xun's world, and how he represents the common man by giving many examples. It also demonstrates how Lu Xun's characters in "The True Story of Ah Q" represent the resistance and the promotion of the changes that were taking place in China during their revolution.
From the Paper
"The last dynasty to ever rule in China was the Qing/Ch'ing Dynasty. This particular dynasty was very corrupt and did not meet the needs of its countrymen and women. "The Ch'ing dynasty was established by the Manchus, who invaded China and captured Beijing in 1644, and lasted until 1911. The term Ch'ing means "pure," and it was used to add legitimacy to an alien rule" (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001). It is ironic to see that the term Ch'ing means 'pure', because it was anything but pure. The Ch'ing dynasty had kept its people oppressed by not responding to their everyday needs. Literature was even under attack when the Wen Zi Yu laws went into effect. The Wen Zi Yu laws outlawed anybody to write anythng against the government, and it also let the government control what was acceptanble and what was unacceptable (Wikipedia Encyclopedia : online sorce). "
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"Diary of a Madman", 2003.
An analysis of the role of cannibalism in Lu Xun's "Diary of a Madman".
823 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Lu Xun's, "Diary of a Madman", written in 1918 response to China's feudalistic society that was still hanging on since ancient times despite the Revolution of 1911. In particular, the paper discusses Lu Xun's use of cannibalism as a symbol for the ancient ways because the history of China was filled with it. The paper relates that Lu Xun's story exposes the cannibalistic feudal society of pre-revolutionary China and concludes that Lu Xun felt that if the people of China could get past tradition and fear, there could be hope for a new social norm.
From the Paper
"China was filled with it. He tells of a traditional ceremony where a son of an ill parent "should slice off a piece of his own flesh, boil it, and let (the parent) eat it" (41). There were also passages about eating human flesh in ancient medical texts and historical books (34). One ancient "medical" cure for tuberculosis was to eat a bread roll that had been soaked in human blood (38), a treatment that yielded few survivors. In one historical text the meat of a human infant was mentioned as being a delicacy (38). Also, stories have been documented in that famines in China have caused villages to resort to cannibalism in order to survive. Just prior to the revolution, a fellow member of Lu Xun's hometown of Shaoxing, Xu Xilin, was executed for a revolutionary-based murder of a Qing official. When he was captured the bodyguards of the official cut out Xu Xilin's heart and liver and ate them (38). "
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"The True Story of Ah Q", 2007.
This paper discusses the Chinese story "The True Story of Ah Q" by Lu Xun.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "The True Story of Ah Q", which appeared in 1921 as a story attacking archaic ways of thinking in Chinese society. The paper describes how this book portrays the everyday sufferings of a typical Chinese vagrant and his daily battles to remain alive and to keep his self-respect. The paper explains that, when publishing the story, Lu Xun hoped that it would inspire people of conscience to want to do something towards alleviating poverty and promoting social reform.
Outline:
Introduction
The Story
Political Significance
From the Paper
"Lu Xun or Lu Hsun was a pen name used by Zhou Shuren (1881-1936) when publishing different short stories that usually offered criticism of Chinese society. Lu Xun wanted a radical change in China that he saw had to remove old and often repressive social customs. His early life allowed him to see a good deal of what life was like for ordinary Chinese as he was born to poor parents yet had an educated mother to encourage his studies. Lu Xun studied at the Jiangnan Naval Academy, the School of Railways and Mines in Nanjing and then became a medical student at Sendai in Japan. He also became familiar with social reform movements in China which he supported and at the turn of the 20th century saw the need for a literary movement to convince more people of what had to leave Chinese culture if the country was to be more humane, let alone to modernize."
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Modern Chinese Literature, 2007.
This paper discusses the Liang Qichao style of writing as well as the works of Lu Xun and Yu Dafu.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Liang Qichao's writing style that stemmed from his conviction that literature should be accessible to any literate person. The paper discusses how Lu Xun and Yu Dafu's writings reflected Chinese political developments. The paper explores these ideas that inspired the educated, but points out that these beliefs were soon to be forcibly put to rest with the Communist takeover of China.
From the Paper
"Between 1930 and 1937, Chinese literature developed as a modern profession, mainly in the sophisticated atmosphere of coastal China, incorporating Western thought towards new styles. There was much use of the vernacular languages and appeals to a wider range of readers with what became known as the Liang Qichao style involved the grammar and vocabulary of the old, in a mix of literary and modern spoken forms. (McDougall & Louie, p.16) Liang Qichao was inspired by Japanese efforts to embrace Western technology and knowledge as seen during his time as a student in Japan and his literary work often called for 'good government' as something the Chinese could have if borrowing institutions and values. Looked at a century later, the reader spots the faith in a new system for China that would bring about what was needed. One also sees a man, undoubtedly like most of those he knew, both informed about but very cut off from the lived reality of more ordinary Chinese."
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The Theme of Alienation, 2002.
This paper discusses the theme of alienation as seen in three novels: "Notes from Underground" (Dostoevsky), "The Metamorphosis" (Franz Kafka) and "Diary of a Madman" (Lu Xun).
710 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper states that alienation, the feeling of being isolated from communities, friends and family, jobs, and even oneself, is a common theme in modern-day literature, especially in the literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The paper briefly reviews the theme of alienation in each book: "Notes from Underground" (Dostoevsky), "The Metamorphosis" (Franz Kafka) and "Diary of a Madman" (Lu Xun). The author of this paper feels that understanding alienation in literature is important because of the problems of alienation in our contemporary society.
From the Paper
"In making the connection between the theme of alienation and pathology, it is significant to point out that in Notes from Underground, the main character is suffering from a liver disease, but refuses to seek medical treatment for it. He knows that this act is only hurting himself, but he does not care. His sense of principle outweighs his sense of self-preservation. He chooses to alienate himself from society at large and in so doing, take some measure of control over his life. However, this control is illusory. The main character may attempt to console himself by believing that he is alienating society rather than the other way around, but the fact remains that the alienation, regardless of its source, is destroying him."
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Social Pollution in "New Year's Sacrifice" and "Hands.", 2006.
In this paper the two authors, Lu Xun and Xiao Hong, treat the subject of social stigma, isolation, and social hygiene similarly.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In both stories, the protagonist is a female and both women are ostracized from their peers and their community. The paper explains how pollution is portrayed by both authors as being socially defined. Hsiang Lin's Wife of "New Year's Sacrifice" is polluted for no reason other than her socially unacceptable past, whilst Wang Ya-Ming of "Hands" is polluted not only because her hands are dark and different but also because she is very poor. The paper shows how in both stories those who do not or cannot conform suffer dearly. The paper therefore details how Hsiang Lin's Wife and Wang Ya-Ming were ostracised and as a result became ill and weak. Both "New Year's Sacrifice" and "Hands" show how norms can severely affect people who are different, or people who step outside the boundaries of the social code.
From the Paper
"The fear of pollution is a recurrent theme in both Lu Xun's "New Year's Sacrifice" and Xiao Hong's "Hands." The two authors treat the subject of social stigma, isolation, and social hygiene similarly. In both stories, the protagonist is a female: in a sense, she is already born polluted. Although Hsiang Lin's Wife is older than Wang Ya-Ming, both women are ostracized from their peers and their community. Hsiang Lin's Wife of "New Year's Sacrifice" is shunned and scorned because of her socially unacceptable past. Twice a widow, her boy child died from a wolf attack. Hsiang Lin's Wife is therefore viewed by the people of Luchen as being dangerous as well as spiritually dirty. Lu Xun describes her symbolic pollution through the use of color contrasts, namely whiteness versus blackness. Similarly, Xiao Hong relies heavily on color symbolism to convey the central theme of social pollution in "Hands." The story's protagonist Wang Ya-Ming and her family members have black hands. Furthermore, both authors show how poverty and pollution are closely linked, as Wang Ya-Ming and Hsiang Lin's Wife are both destitute. Lu Xun and Xiao Hong show that social persecution causes loneliness and illness. At the same time, the polluted characters in the two stories retain a sense of inner strength in spite of their ordeals."
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Lu Hsun, 2002.
Examining the life and work of Chinese political writer Lu Hsun, advocate of Communism.
1,527 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, on his death, Lu Hsun was celebrated by Mao Tse-tung and others of the Communist Party as a spiritual father of the revolution, as its literary voice. The writer questions if this was simply the party taking advantage of the now silent writer?s reputation, or whether he was truly the revolutionary that Mao claimed him to be.
From the Paper
"Even though Lu Hsun was a devoted Marxist, and is credited with bringing many devotees into the fold of communism, he himself balked at joining the party, and never did, which was perceived as no small matter in determining enemies of the state during the cultural revolution that was to shortly follow. On studying Lu Hsun?s life and his thoughtful approach to it, one realizes that it is doubtful that this was merely an oversight, but rather represented a hesitancy on his part to fully embrace the revolution that was unfolding. It may have been that he was not convinced that the revolution that had yet to mature in China was the real revolution. Throughout his work, he shows a tendency to rate the quality of revolutions, as he believed not all were equal. ?But only great revolutions can change literature, not small ones, for these do not count as revolutions.? (Hsun/Yang p327)"
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Empress Lu of the Han Dynasty, 2002.
A look at the rule and reputation of Empress Lu of the Han Dynasty.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This essay will argue that her struggles to dominate the empire, first with her husband and later in her own right, not only became an example for later empresses who dominated dynasties but - perhaps more importantly - challenges any simplistic view of the subordinate position of women in Chinese history. Across the centuries she appears to us as a powerful and significant historical figure in her own right, whose actions played an important role in determining the history of the early Han empire.
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Lu Hsun "The True Story of Ah Q", 2005.
A discussion of one of the most widely read pieces of Chinese literature and its author.
1,503 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the life of Lu Hsun and explains how his experiences influenced the writing of his novel, "The True Story of Ah Q". The paper also summarizes the plot of the book and demonstrates, through the use of examples from the book, that the author's objective in writing the story was to expose the weaknesses in the Chinese soul and national character.
From the Paper
"Around 1906-1907, Lu Hsun involved himself with literary pursuits and wrote several essays and made some translations of important Russian works. Literature became his vital tool for change and he felt he could guide his people in the right direction with his pen. His literary career however took off in 1918 after the October Revolution of 1917 and coincided with May Fourth Movement of 1919. His desire for change and revolution led to his immortal work The True Story of, Ah Q that established his position as the pioneer of new literature movement in China."
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Parents and Children, 2002.
This paper discusses the obligations of parents to children and children to parents in "The Metamorphosis", "Upstairs in a Wineshop", and "Endgame".
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between parents and children in "The Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka, "Upstairs in a Wineshop" by Lu Xun and "Endgame" by Samuel Beckett. All three works support the contention that parents must satisfy the needs of their children, and children must satisfy the needs of their parents. The author shows how all three works illustrate this thesis in different ways.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. The Metamorphosis
III. Upstairs in a Wineshop
IV. Endgame
V. Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In The Metamorphosis, Kafka tells the story of Gregor, a man who wakes up one day to find that he has turned into a bug. Gregor has been working hard at a job that he clearly hates to support his parents and sisters. His parents owe Gregor?s boss money because of a failed business, and he is determined to keep working until the money is paid back. At the same time, he keeps his family in a large apartment with a maid. Gregor tries to make enough money so that his parents do not have to work. After his transformation, his primary concern is for his family?s well-being. How will they survive without him? Clearly Gregory feels a strong obligation to look after his parents. His parents feel the same way towards him, especially his mother. She is horrified at the sight of him, but forces herself to visit him. Gregor, for his part is upset because the sight of him causes her pain. Gregor?s mother also tries to keep Gregor?s things in his room so that he will feel more at home. It can be argued that Gregor?s father is hostile towards him, but consider the fact that he does not throw Gregor out."
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Treating Obesity, 2008.
Reviews an article by M.T Cabio lu and Neyhan Ergene, 'Changes in Level of Serum Insulin, C-Peptide and Glucose after Electro-Acupuncture (EA) and Diet Therapy in Obese Women' from the 2006 "The American Journal of Chinese Medicine".
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the problem, which the researcher M.T Cabio lu and Neyhan Ergene addressed in their article reported in "The American Journal of Chinese Medicine", was to determine whether electro-acupuncture (EA) had anything to do with weight loss as associated with C-peptide, glucose and serum insulin levels in women. The paper states that the researchers specifically did not address the theoretical framework for their study and indicates that, as the researchers believed would be the outcomes, there is a correlation between EA, diet restrictions, and weight loss as well as a correlation between EA and the blood markers for obesity.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem/Purpose
Literature Review
Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses
List Attribute/Demographic Variables
Sample/Setting
Research Design
Measurement Methods and Tools
Procedures
Statistical Analysis
Researchers' Interpretation of the Findings
Generalization of the Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study
From the Paper
"For nursing, there are few implications for EA. Usually, this is performed by acupuncturists who are trained in this field. However, nurses could be trained to perform this and other weight loss treatments that are not as commonly seen in Western medicine, so that they could further benefit the people that they help on a daily basis.
"The researchers do indicate that further study should be undertaken, especially where diabetes is concerned."
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Philosophy of Life in Literature, 2007.
A comparison of the philosophies of life of the protagonists in 'The Man from a Peddlers Family,' by Lu Wenfu and 'The Interview,' by Ruth Prawar Jhabvala.
1,637 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the different ways that a philosophy of life is used by the authors of 'The Man from a Peddlers Family,' Lu Wenfu and 'The Interview,' Ruth Prawar Jhabvala, to structure their stories. In order to do this, the paper describes the protagonists in the stories and compares their philosophies as they are described in the two novels.
From the Paper
"Even though Zu Yuanda worked hard all his life, selling his wontons, shrimps and various other foods that kept the public content all those years, when the state ideology turned to communism people turned against his philosophy of work. The public then scorned upon the peddler, who had served a purpose for so long. Accused of being a social loafer, for not working in accordance with the state ideology, Zu and his family are sent to the country to work in state-run factories."
"The wonton pole is symbolic of Zu's philosophy of life. It represents his ability to survive in all circumstances. When the wonton pole is crushed, so too is the peddler's illegitimate business. But since the pole also represents Zu's strength in character, his ability to battle on and handle whatever life throws at him, he manages to move on with his life and work for a state-run factory sweeping up iron filings."
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