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Logic, Induction and Relevance, 2008.
This essay deals with the issue of how relevance is established for an inductive argument, and how this process can be encouraged and supported based on an argument given by Patrick Hurley in his paper, "A Concise Introduction to Logic".
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper presents an analysis of inductive reasoning based on Patrick Hurley's text on the terms "necessary" and "sufficient". The author states that it should be somewhat easier to demonstrate relevance for an inductive argument, as the association to be established is not as strong as in deductive reasoning. Also, based on criteria established in this paper,the author asserts that, in order to establish relevance in an inductive argument, one must establish that the criterion being argued for is a necessary condition. However, the author asserts that in order to support establishing relevance for an inductive argument, one should insist that each premise be rigorously examined to ascertain whether it is in fact necessary.
From the Paper
"In Hurley's terms, we might say that what we need to establish relevance for an inductive argument would be to show that the stipulated criterion was a necessary condition. However, because we are only trying to show a probable connection, we do not need to show that the criteria was a sufficient condition, nor do we need to establish that it is relevant by showing that it is a sufficient and necessary condition. In Hurley's terms, what is necessary to evaluate the strength of an argument is to know 'whether the probability of the conclusion rests upon the evidence given in the premises' (Hurley 379). What Hurley is really saying here is that the strength of an inductive argument rests partly on the relevance of its conditions."
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Hume and Induction, 2006.
A review of the idea of induction as described by David Hume.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the idea of induction as explained by David Hume, with induction described as reasoning from experience, an empirical approach that means that all knowledge is based on prior experience. Such a view links past and future so that any actions taken in the future have their roots in the past. The paper reflects that Hume thus considers the nature of reality and ways in which what we perceive may differ from what is real.
From the Paper
"The two primary types of logic discussed by philosophers are deduction and induction. David Hume sees the same two types of thought in Hume then develops the idea that impressions come first, and these produce corresponding ideas after a time of reflection. Hume applies this to concepts like morality, which he says are derived from what he terms sentiment. This raises a number of issues concerning whether or not morality derives from reason or sentiment. Hume finds that the question of morals is "whether we attain the knowledge of them by a chain of argument and induction, or by an immediate feeling and finer internal sense" (Hume 13). This can raise the issue of whether there are truths beyond the immediate cultural reality so that morality would be considered the same for every rational intelligent being, in all societies."
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Hypnosis/ Imaginary Induction, 2004.
An overview of the use of hypnosis or imaginary induction for healing purposes.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This is a paper about hypnosis and imaginary induction. The paper compares the similarities and differences between Eastern meditation and hypnosis as a tool for pain management. In addition, the paper discusses the different goals and healing properties of each system of modifying an individual's consciousness.
From the Paper
"Although the utilization of hypnosis for the purpose of pain management is considered to be relatively novel in contemporary Western society, it is strongly related to an ancient Eastern tradition-Buddhist meditation that existed before the movement of Mesmerism. Both hypnosis and Buddhist meditation involve the modification of individuals' consciousness that enable them to perceive, feel, think and behave differently from their typical way of functioning. Furthermore. even though they have different goals. both practices have been used for their healing..."
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Hume?s Problem of Induction, 2004.
A discussion of David Hume's problem of induction, which posed the question about what evidence there was to support the instinctive understanding that the future would resemble the past.
3,343 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with an explanation of deductive and inductive reasoning and then goes on to analyze the questions raised by well-known skeptic and humanist, David Hume, about finding indisputable evidence that the future will resemble the past or that observed instances can predict new instances.
From the Paper
"For some reason, the traditional example of how inductive reasoning works is to ask how it can be known that the sun will rise tomorrow. It is certain that every day as far back as one can remember or research, the sun has risen every day. How does this prove, however, that it will rise tomorrow? Even barring a super nova or an asteroid hit that took Earth off its axis, how could we know that the so-called laws of physics will be still active tomorrow? Mere deduction cannot prove that the sun will rise, though it may be able to explain how it rises. One depends rather on past experience to predict the future. The sun will rise, we believe, because it has always risen in the past."
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Hume's Views on Causation and Induction, 2002.
Summarizes David Hume's views on the philosophical problems of causation and inductive reasoning.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
As a skeptic, David Hume argued against taking for granted cause and effect relationships as well as induction. The paper points out the reliance of the physical sciences on induction and Hume's philosophical separation of cause from effect, as well as the importance of the necessity relation and concludes that, although hard to stomach, Hume's skepticism is a necessary component of our philosophical explorations.
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Induction In "Taming Of The Shrew", 1995.
Examines the nature, function and effect of the prologue of the play as an Elizabethan device.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"THE INDUCTION IN SHAKESPEARE?S TIME
Playwrighting is a highly codified process. From the beginnings of ancient drama through the present day, plays have been constructed according to stringent and predetermined guidelines. The Aristotelian unities of action, time and place are examples of these guidelines, as are the carefully detailed characters of Roman burlesque and Italian Commedia del-Arte. The Elizabethan theater inherited many of the conventions of the preceding generations and incorporated many innovations which have since become conventions. One element of Elizabethan drama is the induction, a prime example of which can be found in Shakespeare?s The Taming of the Shrew.
?Induction? is an archaic term for ?introduction? or ?prologue? ..."
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Logic and Meaning for a Missionary, 2006.
An analysis of the applications of logic and meaning in the course of a missionary's work.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of a missionary employing logic and meaning. The paper begins by defining meaning and logic. It then looks specifically at inductive and deductive logic and Eastern and Western logic. The paper discusses how each of these can be applied to daily life and how they should be employed by a missionary in the course of his work.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Meaning
Deductive Logic
Inductive Logic
Western Logic
Eastern Logic
Life Application
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Inductive preaching is the reverse of deductive preaching. With this method, the preacher moves from context to text. They lead into the truth after interacting with the people. It is most effective with people towards the middle of the Engel Scale - those all the way at the negative end don't respond well to this, but those heading towards salvation and shortly after it seem to benefit most from these sorts of sermons. Done properly, it should expose the text of the Bible in the world of the listeners. Windsor compares it to watching a Polaroid develop. It generally feels less like a sermon. A Biblical example of this can be found in Acts 17 (Paul at Athens)."
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The Necessity for Paraconsistency in Deontic Logic, 2003.
A short critique of the current form of Deontic Logic, focusing on the work of Ernst Mally, followed by an argument for the integration of some central aspects of Paraconsistent Logic to the already existing systems of Deontic Logic.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly introduces the reader to the history and current state of Deontic Logic, a formal system that attempts to formalize moral judgment by exploiting the apparent similarity between the modal operators of alethic logic, necessity and possibility and two basic concepts of morality, obligation and permissibility. The paper lays out the basic structure of Deontic Logic and critiques it through examples that show that certain conclusions reached by applications of the logic are contradictory. It then shows that integration of paraconsistency into the logic will lessen the currently catastrophic effect of these contradictions.
From the Paper
"Most non-classical logics, supplemental or rival, have been proposed as improvements on classical logic, or are based on systems which were created to this end. Even those which claim completely different universes of discourse than classical logic, such as the epistemic, deontic, or tense systems, are generally founded on principles of a system which is in some way rival (in the informal sense) to classical logic (in their case, alethic modal logic). But, rarely, a proposed system (and its manner of departure from classical logic) seems more intuitively applicable as a correction to another proposed non-classical system than to classical logic itself. Such is the situation present in the relationship between Deontic logic, the system of formalized ethical judgement, and Paraconsistent logic, the system of turbulent belief-sets."
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Logical Framework, 2007.
A research paper on logical framework, the method of framing the growth of national and global plans.
3,403 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
The paper explores whether the use of logical framework during the project cycle in developing countries is because of its intrinsic value or merely because it is a donor requirement. Concerned with the importance, exploitation and launch of the concept of logical framework analysis (LFA), the paper highlights some of the important structural features involved in framing an efficient LFA. The paper discusses some of the essential conditions needed by the LFA and their employees in connection with the project planning matrix. Finally, the paper shows the value and important uses of the logical framework.
Outline:
Objectives
Background of Logical Framework
Stages in Logical Framework
Situation Analysis
Strategy Analysis
Project Planning Matrix (PPM)
Implementation
Problems in the Development of LF
Benefits of Utilizing Logical Framework System
Problems With the Logical Framework System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Logical Framework (LF) was first established by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to act as a helping tool in the creating, structuring, development and administration of its solitary or joint national/global ventures (Coleman, 1987, p. 251). Its importance lies in its ability to chain and categorize a variety of logical methods and circumstances that could be a result of any plan before its initiation. Due to his efficient feature, LF has been used regularly by organizations all over in tailored outlines (Pfenning and Schurmann, 1999)."
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Logical Fallacies in the Media, 2006.
An understanding of logical fallacies by finding four logical fallacies of two types in the media.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates techniques that exist in the media that present facts and events that cause those viewing or listening to the media to respond in predictable ways. The paper reports how these 'logical fallacies' are very effective techniques for drawing forth the desired response from news media observers.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
I. Argumentum Ad Populum
II. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
III. The Anonymous Authority
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Argumentum Ad Populum refers to that which is a commonly held belief. One example of this is the supposed fact, as touted by news media and the present Washington Administration that the country of Iraq had 'weapons of mass destruction' which where a threat to the national security and safety of the United States. In fact an entire war was based on these 'weapons of mass destruction' which have been found to most definitely 'not' exist. This use of the technique of 'Argumentum Ad Populum' has been used in the past by the government but not to this great extent or to the cost in terms of lives that these logical fallacies perpetrated. "
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The Fourth Figure of Logic, 2002.
Explores the significance of the fourth figure of logic and examines Aristotle's intentional exclusion of the fourth figure.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the significance of the fourth figure in respect to its application within logic and logic theory, where the fourth figure is typically ignored because of its inherent confusion due to a general lack of clarity in formulation. A discussion of Aristotle's intentional exclusion of this fourth figure in the study of logic is examined in addition to the general discussion, where this paper shall argue that Aristotle disliked the use of the fourth figure because it was less clear than the other three major forms.
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David Hume & Inductive Method, 1994.
Argues that British empiricist's skeptical response to dogmatic rationalism makes induction (cause-effect argument) impossible.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the problem skeptical philosopher David Hume encounters with respect to induction or the induction method, based on his work Enquiries: Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals. That problem, of course, is that Hume's rigorous skepticism effectively makes impossible any induction whatsoever in his philosophical "enquiries."
Hume was a British empiricist who like other empiricists believed that human beings can know nothing beyond what is revealed to them by their experience. Hume also believed that the human mind, human reason, is severely limited in its power to interpret and understand that experience.
Hume took philosophical empiricism and skepticism to its ultimate conclusion, questioning whether it was possible for.."
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Russell & The Inductive Principle, 2002.
Analysis of the arguments presented on inductive reasoning in
Russell's work, "The Problems of Philosophy".
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The following is an essay and analysis on the problem of inferences. Specifically, this paper will analyze what Russell argues concerning inductive reasoning in his work titled "The Problems of Philosophy". The focus of this analysis will be toward the problem of induction in terms of the problems of 'knowledge' according to Russell. It will be argued that with respect to the problem of knowledge, Russell's position can generally be regarded as a 'skeptic', and that there is unquestionably a principle of uncertainty involved with inductive reasoning.
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Logic and Perception, 2005.
A look at the nature of logic and perception and the relationship between them.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the nature of logic and perception, and the relationship between logic, critical thinking, and perception. It looks at principles of logical reasoning, perceptual inference, rationality, and perceptual blocks.
From the Paper
"Science is based on logic, yet it is also based on perception and observations. Logic is often seen as a form of deception - a way to trick the mind into believing something without proof, whereas observations appear to be more reliable because people tend to agree that seeing is believing. However, perception is a preliminary acquisition of data without testing or evaluation applied, whereas logic is the application of reason and critical thinking to the observation. Logic is the test of accuracy and is therefore the..."
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Logical Fallacies, 2005.
A look at how logical fallacies confront people in all aspects of life and the harm they can do do our decision-making process.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how logical fallacies can affect us in academic and scientific research and even in the decisions we make in everyday life. The paper points out that a very valuable skill in making decisions is the ability to identify logical fallacies and to apply tools that help you identify them. Moreover, the paper describes some types of logical fallacies and some of the tools for identifying them, as well.
From the Paper
"There is little question that logical or analytical fallacies can (and have) plagued data analysts in all major fields of knowledge from the beginning of recorded time. Not only can these fallacies of reason cause immense harm due to their capacity to mislead, but they can also ruin an otherwise sound argument or conclusion. For this reason, it is important to utilize varied ?tools? designed to prevent or detect fallacies."
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