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Local Government, 2005.
Examines the significance of local government, focusing on Canada.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at the importance of local governments particularly in Canada today. It focuses on the aspects of local government that the author considers most important. It also looks at the best approach or framework for studying local government in relationship to the important aspects identified. Finally it looks at how history of urbanization can help in better understanding local government today.
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Local Government, 2004.
Examines the traditional preference that Americans have for local government and the traditional distrust they have of centralized government.
3,694 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
There is a strong traditional preference for local government over centralized government in the United States. This preference goes back to the beginnings of the nation and can be plainly seen in the debates between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution. It can still be seen today in the never-ending cry of politicians to put an end to "big government." The paper shows that there is an obvious distrust for centralized government in America and its political history, and current political climate proves this time and time again. Yet what are the reasons for this preference for local government and distrust of centralized government? How can current public administrators use this information to their advantage? This paper examines and answers these questions.
From the Paper
"One of the biggest problems the Anti-Federalists had with the Constitution was that it did not have a Bill of Rights to formally protect the rights of the citizens from being trampled upon by the government. The Federalists thought that such a Bill of Rights was unnecessary. They felt that the values of freedom and liberty that the nation was built upon were so well-ingrained into the hearts and minds of the people that there would be no question that these rights would be upheld by the government. The government, after all, was to be a government by the people and for the people. Further, the Federalists pointed out that the Constitution did not allow the federal government to do anything that was not specifically mentioned in the Constitution; since the Constitution did not state that the government could take away the rights of the people, the Federalists reasoned, then it could not."
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A Look at State and Local Government Issues, 2002.
This paper examines the challenges of writing public policy and looks at the advantages and disadvantages of strong and weak governorships.
1,959 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper discusses the challenges and problems of writing public policy for state and local governments. The next part of the paper discusses what state constitutional, legal and historic factors would contribute to making a state governor strong or weak in his role as executive branch leader. The final part paper cites examples of worst and best types of municipal taxation and what factors make them so.
From the Paper
"Public policymaking is often hard to describe. At best, the development can seem obscure to those on the outside of the process. And at its worst it can often seem underhanded, especially to those groups or individuals who felt they had contributions to make but were never offered the chance to make them. Of course, one can say this is the nature of politics in general, unfortunately politics has a negative connotation for many people."
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Local Government Financing, 2005.
An examination of the financial context in which Canadian municipalities function.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the sources of revenue for local governments as well as the expenditures. It also analyzes the annual budget of expenditures and revenues for a municipality in Ontario. The expenditure and revenue budget of the Region of York is compared with the figures for all Canadian municipalities in general and any significant differences are examined.
From the Paper
"This paper examines the financial context in which Canadian municipalities function. It looks at the sources of revenue for the local governments as well as the expenditures. It also analyzes the annual budget of expenditures and revenues for a municipality in Ontario during 2003. The municipality chosen is the Region of York. The expenditure and revenue budget of the Region of York is compared with the figures for all Canadian municipalities in general and any significant differences are examined. Provincial governments in Canada determine the structure and responsibilities of the local governments. The provinces even have powers to create or dissolve municipalities. "
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Transparency And Accountability In Local Governments, 2007.
A research proposal to gauge the success of adopting town hall meetings as a strategy for promoting transparency and accountability in local governments, in Ondo State, Nigeria.
3,824 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a study proposal to determine what strategies will work to promote transparency and accountability in local government in Ondo State, Nigeria. The writer explores the principles behind town hall meetings and provides a suggested methodology to determine how well received such a government structure might be in the area. The paper concludes that while experts agree that there is no trust between the people of Nigeria and the government structures that govern them, little has been examined on how to correct the problem. This study provides answers so that future decisions can be made about how to restructure local governments for the betterment of Nigerian society.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Town Hall Meeting Structure
a) Public Hearing
b) Citizen Comments
Methodology
Data Collection
Interviews
Limitations Of Study
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Citizen comments have long since been part of town hall meetings in local government. Citizens attend the local government meeting and sign up to be heard. There is usually a time limit on how long they can speak thereby giving many the opportunities to be heard. The local government usually places a rule where the officials cannot respond or defend they must simply listen to the comments of the citizens and take note."
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Urban Government, 2007.
This paper discusses how urbanization and local governments changed the face of local politics.
1,346 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that over a century before the age of industrialization and urbanization in America, the Founding Fathers held conflicting visions of what form localized governments should take. Federalists like James Madison, though they may not have envisioned the sheer size to which American cities would grow, espoused a strong centralized system of government. The writer notes that the Federalist model would be evident in the urban machine model that characterized the city governments of almost all major American centers during the Industrial Age. The writer further points out that the town council system and the urban machine model remain viable in various cities throughout the nation. The writer concludes that if the Founding Fathers agreed on anything related to urban governance, it was that localities should at the very least be able to choose a model that best represented the needs and desires of its residents, rather than force each municipality to conform to a predefined structure.
From the Paper
"Diverse models of urban governance were originally due to historical, commercial, regional and cultural variations. For example, New England town councils and town halls reflected an ideal of self-rule and direct democracy. Stronger, more centralized systems of local governance such as those present in New York and Boston continue to reflect the Federalist tradition. The nature of municipal governments in many cases reflects state constitutions, as state governments allocate institutional, pragmatic, social, and fiscal responsibilities to the municipalities within their borders. Issues of local interest including street lighting, pavement, garbage collection, and water supply generally fall under the jurisdiction of the urban government. Therefore, city governments have the responsibility to levy taxes, as local interests cannot be fully funded by state or federal taxes alone."
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Collective Bargaining, 2002.
Examination of the collective bargaining process in state and local government according to John Piskulich in his book "Collective Bargaining in State and Local Governments".
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper is a review of John Piskulich's book "Collective Bargaining in State and Local Governments". The paper covers Piskulich's discussion of policymakers, the role of unions, the various dimensions of the bargaining process, the history of the policy making process and the obstacles policy makers face.
From the Paper
"In his book John Piskulich attempts to uncover why and how to manage collective bargaining. ?Collective Bargaining in State and Local Governments? discusses how the collective bargaining process in the public sector has grown from a state of infancy to maturity. He makes note that policymakers are currently in a state of flux, constantly changing and modifying current regulations to keep up with the dynamic environments in which they work. John Piskulich emphasizes in his work that public-sector unions act as a significant force in operating government agencies."
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Government and Education, 1993.
A look at the role of public funding in schools, including Bush's choice program, tuition tax credit, politics, social impact and state and local governments.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
There were several programs reportedly supported by President George Bush during his administration, among which was the Choice Program. This program included various forms of open enrollment for students, thereby giving them and their parents enhanced control over the selection of school attended. The Choice Program, which was strongly promoted by President George Bush, could conceivably provide the stimulation of competition among schools so that they compete for funding via the voucher system (Tifft, 1989, p. 54) notes of this program: Choice. The idea sounds so compelling compared with the tyrannical grip most public schools have over families. But it is a policy that excites divergent passions. No school district can please all students all the time, ... but without choice, school districts have little incentive to..."
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Government Intervention and Energy Services, 2005.
A view of government intervention in providing energy services and delivery to the public through private enterprise.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
The conversion of energy into power has progressed to this day as large corporations comply with governmental regulations that seek to ensure that enough electricity is provided to meet customer demand at a fair price. Energy service and delivery companies have provided shareholder growth through acquisitions and mergers and by cutting costs and integrating systems. This paper shows that the federal government intervenes to protect customers and investors through several commissions and agencies, primarily through the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 and the more recent Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The states' Public Service Commissions regulate and monitor utility prices, service quantity and quality and can prosecute firms guilty of price discrimination. The paper shows that local governments are mainly concerned with the taking of property through eminent domain, pollution control and regional resources. Although government continues in the direction of deregulating the industry, the regulatory reporting requirements have created numerous jobs in the areas of accounting, reporting, and compliance. The paper explains that computer systems, applications, and products in data processing (SAP) help to maximize resources and assist greatly in data management and government reporting compliance.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Brief History of the Utilities Industry
Service and Delivery Territorial Boundaries
Welcome to Energy East
Energy East's Territory
A recent report on Energy East
Government Intervention in the Energy Services & Delivery Industry
Brief History
Federal Government Intervention
The Federal Energy and Regulatory Commission (FERC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Regulations Regarding Stocks, Bonds and Derivatives
State & Local Government Intervention
Key Government Legislation Affecting the Industry
Public Holding Company Act of 1935
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and Government Reporting Requirements
Establishing and Maintaining Effective Reporting Systems
Systems, Applications, Products in Data Processing (SAP)
Communicating with SEC Officials
Conclusion
Career Opportunities
References
From the Paper
"Federal, state and regional governments collaborate in controlling electricity prices and the supply of electricity because a price or demand increase in one regional area affects electricity costs and supply of nearby regional areas. One region's energy crisis can have a spill over effect into other states and may spread across the country. This became apparent in California when there was not enough supply to meet the demand during California's deregulation of public utilities as California turned to neighboring regional areas to purchase additional power. When other states refused to sell electricity to California in their crisis because of risk factors, a government emergency order saved them by requiring out-of-state companies to sell power to that region (Bonsor, 2001). Power outages can spread as they too can have spill over effects onto other regions. This happened in the summer of 2003 when New York City up through Canada experienced a massive black out."
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Local Zoning, 2003.
This paper argues, using the history of zoning in New York City as an example, that local governments should control local zoning.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that local municipalities are in the best position to judge where zoning divisions should occur and when and if any exceptions to such zoning regulations should be made. The author points out that the most characteristic channels for airing contentions are public hearings and systematic consultations, with everyone involved in a particular decision having the opportunity to have their opinions heard and their interests understood. The paper relates that the concept of local zoning began on July 25, 1916, when the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment approved an ordinance to control building volumes and land uses throughout greater New York.
From the Paper
"Speaking in front of the Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, President of the Department of Taxes and Assessments, Lawson Purdy, stressed the economic character of the problem facing them at the time: "Tenement houses, more euphoniously called apartment houses, built to the full limit allowed by law, have intruded into a territory beautifully developed with single family dwellings at great cost, well constructed, in condition to last for a hundred year, and have destroyed their value in large measure" By and large, the Commission's Final Report advanced the notion of the protection of the home as a primary goal of the proposed regulations."
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Information Technology and E-Government in Public Administration, 2008.
A literature review to study information technology (IT) and e-government in public administration.
4,045 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the implementation and deployment of information technology (IT) solutions in public administration have tended to strengthen the hierarchical bureaucracies already in place instead of transforming these processes. The author then identifies propositions and barriers to effective e-governance. The paper concludes that e-governance has a long way to go in actually delivering public service administration via the Internet. A better understanding of the potential of public administration via the Internet is critical for public administration employees and officials if the benefits of e-governance are to be realized in a manner that truly benefits the public. Several tables and figures are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Theoretical Ideal of Information Technology Examined
Key Issues in E-Government and Public Administration
E-Government Initiatives and Local Government
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The second reform proposition claiming that IT has the power to change the structure of an organization and was therefore a tool for reform is "grounded in the belief that information technology can directly impact the data structure of public administration enforcing or relaxing traditional hierarchical forms." The main-frame computer was viewed from the perspective of being a consolidator of data and expertise which resulted in a reinforcing of hierarchical organizational structures and this is upheld in research findings."
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Government of Michigan, 2002.
A discussion on the way in which the government of the state of Michigan was patterned after the federal model and a comparison of the two.
2,660 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the way in which the county in Michigan is the chief unit for local government. The writer examines how the county is dependent on and subordinate to the state government in a way that the states are not to the federal government. This paper asserts that states are independent entities that have come together in a union and agreed to certain rules for all, while counties are carved out of the territory of the state. Thus the writer argues that the counties are not analogous to states except in that they are divisions of the whole.
From the Paper
"Michigan was the first of the states after the Civil War to model its capitol building after the Capitol in Washington, and the government of the state is also modeled after the form of the federal government. That government has undergone renovations several times in this century which have affected its appearance and function somewhat without altering its basic structure. For instance, Michigan state government is divided into three branches--executive, legislative and judicial--each with separate and clearly defined powers, just as with the federal government. These branches and their separate and exclusive powers have been delineated in each of the state's four constitutions, written in 1835, 1850, 1908, and 1963. The most recent was adopted by the people April 1, 1963 by a vote of 810,860 to 803,436 (Michigan in Brief: 199899)."
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Foreign Direct Investment and Government Policy, 2008.
This paper explores the nature of the control that the Chinese government has over its economy, specifically, over foreign direct investments.
3,104 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly considers the "strong" versus the "weak" state-centered approaches and describes the various institutional arrangements which China instituted for allocating foreign direct investment (FDI). The paper looks at the evolution of China's regional development policy between the late 1970s and the present time. The paper then attempts to correlate the Chinese government's regional policy preferences to the allocation of FDI among the provinces. The paper concludes that the central government has only a limited capacity to compel private groups and local governments to adhere to policies it believes are in the national interest.
Outline:
The State Centered Approaches
Strong and Weak Versions
China: A Weak State-Centered Economy
China and FDI: The Initial Success
The Inability to Control Special Interests
The Lack of Social Embeddedness
The Failure of Redirection of FDI in China
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Does a modern government have the power to direct foreign capital investments, such as foreign direct investment (FDI), to particular regions which the government wishes to see developed? To ask this question is to ask if the politics of economic development in a given country is or is not "state-centered." To say that a nation can impose a state-centered approach to issues of economic development is to say that the government can assert authority over both the population it governs and also over actions that take place within its territory. In the modern world, foreign capital investment in developing countries has raised a serious challenge to the assumption that states do control what goes on within their territory."
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Local Power and Zoning, 2003.
Examines the issues surrounding municipal legislation and zoning.
4,461 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 50 sources, APA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
In order to understand what factors to determine the division of authority between local governments and the states, this paper clarifies the effect of local government?s autonomy behind zoning decision mechanisms undertaken by local governments. Section 2 explains two different legal terminologies - Home Rule and Dillon?s Rule. Section 3 explains that zoning is considered as a municipal property right in context of the Tiebout-Hamilton-Fischel world and is understood as the local ?police power?. Section 4 presents the debate of recent proposals, examines which states were likely to take over land use regulation from local governments and presents a case study of compromise between Home Rule and state intervention: the Long Island Pine Barrens Protection Act. The paper includes tables and maps.
From the Paper
"Most characterize Dillon?s rule as a rule of ?strict? construction that gives as little power as can be reasonably intimated by the state legislature?s grant of authority (e.g. Ownes, 2000). In Dillon?s Rule, interpreting that local governments are creatures of the states, empowerment depends on statutory action at the state level, is just one of the many rules of statutory construction employed by courts. In particular, some state courts use Dillon?s Rule as a guide when interpreting grants of authority from the state legislature to local governments."
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The United States Government, 2001.
The following paper explores the concept of a government as a system of social control.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the government of the United States as one that wields a considerable amount of power, through the allocation of financial resources and the passing of legislation. This paper focuses on the tension between the need for unitary controls and the unique ability of states to address local concerns in the American political discourse.
From the Paper
"In the form of a social contract, written or unwritten, explicitly stated or unstated, wrested by consent of the governed or given freely, a government is vested with the power under which it has the right to make laws. A government also has the right to enforce these laws. A government may be said to be s a particular group or organizations present in a society possessing these unique abilities. There are many ways to classify forms of government. According to the classical formula, governments are distinguished by whether power is held by one man, a few individuals, or a majority."
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