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Life in the Universe, 2007.
An exploration of the possibility of life on other planets.
1,772 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that in an ever-expanding galaxy, humans cannot be the only intelligent life forms and how somewhere, in some universe exists a form of life equal or superior to, intellectual capability and performance of humans. It looks at the attempts that have been made in the past such as the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence government program and how such methods such as interstellar communication should leave us open for communication with aliens.
From the Paper
"The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence or SETI was the most famous government funded program initiated to find intelligence life. This program was designed to communicate with aliens in far reaches of the galaxy by using radio signals that travel at the speed of light. The radio signals that were sent out included a wealth of information about man kind and the earth. It would send information about us humans; like the location of our home world, population of the earth, and little useful things for anyone that is listening could hear. SETI exists to this day and is still sending out signals. It is also listening with some of this world's largest satellite dishes. So far, they have discovered no evidence of an advanced civilization. "
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Life, the Universe and Everything, 2002.
The question of fate vs. control as it relates to Bigger Thomas of the novel "Native Son", by Richard Wright.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the main character of this novel, "Bigger Thomas" by Richard Wright. It examines the way his life is intertwined with fate and whether all the efforts he makes to change the direction of his life will have any impact. It asks whether his unfortunate life is a series of bad luck and circumstance or whether his actions influenced them - fate vs. control.
From the Paper
"Why do we live our lives the way we do? Are we controlled by some being towards our unalterable fate, or do we have control over our own destiny? For Bigger Thomas, main character of the novel Native Son, it is an unclear picture of which is the true identity of our lives, fate or choice. Richard Wright, the author, tells the story of a young Bigger Thomas who is a victim of circumstances. Bigger's life itself can be seen in two ways, destiny guiding him to his predetermined fate or Bigger Thomas alone has control over what course his life will take."
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Universal Reason, Universal Mind, 2002.
A discussion of some of the parallels and differences in Kantian and Buddhist assumptions.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there is a marked similarity between Immanuel Kant's ideas of the empty universe and universal reason and the Buddhist idea of the universal mind. It attempts to explore these parallels, while also being mindful of the difference that exists between Kantian and Buddhist thought. It analyzes how both Kant and Buddhism demonstrate that the universe is empty since it is not different from the not-self - because it cannot differentiate, for in order to differentiate it must somehow have cognitive access to the object outside itself. It also demonstrates how the crucial difference between Kant and Buddhist thought is one of quality. Kant assumes that the universe is inherently empty and neutral and his attempt is to demonstrate it to be so. On the other hand, Buddhist internalizes this process and accepts the fact that the universe is empty but that it must be experienced by the individual mind - by way of the empty, universal mind, the individual mind may also become empty, free of the distinction/perception between subject and object.
From the Paper
"Kant assumes that the universe or universal reason is innate by way of this distinction. In order to grasp that a representation is a representation of an object, a being must be able to comprehend several things. First, that being must recognize that there is an object that the representation is a representation of. Next, there has to be a recognition that the representation is different from the thing represented. Thus, the representation of an object is a bridge that connects a being's consciousness with the things that surround it. Thus universal reason must be able to reason itself, to see itself, plus the representation, and the object. The representation is the means by which a being can have any awareness of objects as objects at all."
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Complex Life on Earth: Cosmic Accident or Logic of Evolution?, 2001.
An analysis of the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe."
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe", by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee. It discusses their theories of the beginning of life on Earth and additional theories to life on other planets. It challenges their research and data and offers other explanations and theories.
From the Paper
"Was the occurrence of complex life on the planet Earth an isolated event or simply the next logical step in evolution? Ward and Brownlee seem to believe complex life is unique to our home world or at least extremely scarce in the Universe.1 In addition to the factors in their Rare Earth equation, mentioned in their book are some specific factors peculiar to Earth that may have affected the development of complex life. Beginning with the planet Mars, W&B argue that the fossil record shows that the cooling Earth developed bacterial life as soon as conditions permitted. They suggest that this may be because the bacteria first developed on Mars, which cooled earlier, and that perhaps Earth was then seeded with these bacteria carried by meteorites reaching our planet after having been ejected from Mars by asteroid impacts. The low gravity of Mars makes this more likely, and it is estimated that ten percent of meteors ejected from Mars may impact Earth. A system lacking a Mars-like planetary companion might have been slower to develop bacterial life."
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Astronomy and the Young Universe, 2002.
A discussion of the argument about the young universe and the mature universe.
3,480 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what the universe is made up of, its age, how stars are formed and what is the future of our solar system. It discusses the history of the exploration of the universe. The author explains how In this century large telescopes are set up, far away from city lights and traffic to gather the best data for studying the skies. A brief overview of the theories on the origin of the universe is also given. The author concludes that although new theories are constantly being proposed and science is constantly to answer the question "Where did we come from?" , until now, no answer has satisfied everyone.
From the Paper
"Man's fascination with the heavens is as old as recorded history itself. Astronomers from all civilizations-medieval to the present times-carefully observed the stars and their relative position in the night sky. Even in the medieval times, astronomers universally observed two features: that stars tended to drift westward with each passing night; and, despite this apparent movement, stars were always in a fixed position relative to each other. Anything that man could not explain, ending up fascinating him-as did the stars. It has been stated that when man loses his desire to explore the unknown, the human race will have sounded its own death knell."
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The Newtonian Universe, 2004.
This paper studies the Newtonian Universe, laws of gravity, the development of calculus, the laws of motion and the idea of the clockwork universe.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Newtonian Universe, laws of gravity, the development of calculus, the laws of motion and the idea of the clockwork universe.
From the Paper
"Sir Isaac Newton was considered by many the most important figure in the development of modern science, and his accomplishments covered a broad scope, from fundamental contributions to physics and astronomy, to the invention in parallel with Liebnitz of the mathematical field of calculus and Newtonian mechanics which came to be regarded as the ultimate explanatory science. Sir Isaac Newton changed the understanding of the universe with his three laws of motion."
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Purpose of the Universe, 2006.
A philosophical discussion about the purpose of the universe.
1,121 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The purpose of the universe has been seen from many angles in human history. The scientific view of the purpose of the universe has fluctuated together with various epochs and the philosophies connected with these epochs. Various philosophies of the purpose of the universe, and whether indeed the universe does have a purpose, are discussed.
From the Paper
"Cosmology, or the study of the universe, originated in Mesopotamia. The philosophy of the time was that the earth was the center of the universe. Main philosophers of the time were Aristotle and Ptolemy. Because of Aristotle's power, this view of the world remained relatively uncontested until 1543. This philosophy also made the idea of the purpose of the universe fairly simple. The universe existed for human beings, who were created at the center of it. The understanding of the world, being simple, was therefore unproblematic. It therefore might be not only Aristotle's power but also the basic human need to feel that there is a purpose to things that perpetuated this view."
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The Fate of the Universe, 2004.
This paper explores the fate of the universe.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the fate of the universe. The writer looks back to the origins of the universe to see how it all started and what has been happening since then. In this article the writer explores some of the predictions for the future, the main one of which is that the universe will go on expanding forever.
From the Paper
"Before one can speculate on the fate of the universe, one must first look back to how it began. The modern version of the 'Big Bang' theory is that a massive explosion created all the mass and energy in the universe and also the fabric of time-space, which inflated rapidly after the big bang but then slowed down and the universe cooled down. The temperature dropped within minutes and free-roaming quarks formed protons and neutrons, some of which coalesced into the nuclei of simple elements."
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Evolution or Design: Philosophy, Theology and the Universe, 2002.
Explores the arguments of philosopher David Hume as to the meaning and origin of the Universe.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper compares David Hume's arguments with contemporary philosophy and theology as a way to consider the question of whether the universe exists by chance, evolution, or by design.
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Mysteries of the Universe, 2006.
A review of science versus religion, as a tool to explain the mysteries of the universe.
902 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issues of science versus religion when trying to unlock the mysteries of the universe. According to the paper, religion and science are often at odds, especially regarding core issues such as the nature of time, the origins of humanity and the nature of religion itself. The paper goes on to discuss how, rather than be at odds with one another, science and religion should cultivate a shared interface, complementing each other in their mutual endeavors.
From the Paper
"One of the most pressing questions in both religion and science is the nature of disease. Geneticists have been trying to unearth so-called founder mutations: one original genetic mutation that subsequently caused generations of people to carry and/or suffer from a serious illness like sickle cell anemia. Unlike many other mutations, founder mutations can be traced to one original ancestor. The discovery and study of founder mutations allows anthropologists to research the general patterns of human migration, providing a more complete understanding of history. Religion views genetic mutations in a different light. Many fundamentalist Christians, for example, might propose that disease is God-given. Yet if Mary Schweizer, an Evangelical Christian scientist, can unite religion with science then anyone can. Her devotion to fundamental Christian thought is not at odds with her scientific endeavors, according to Yeoman. In fact, Schweizer views science as a spiritual endeavor, as a means to discover the meaning of life, death, and seeming anomalies. Religion and science share common goals and objectives even when their theoretical underpinnings are in conflict with one another."
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"The Universe in a Nutshell", 2006.
A discussion on Stephen W. Hawking's work, "The Universe in a Nutshell" about physical principles.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Hawking succeeds in introducing the average layperson to the physical principles of the material universe. It offers examples from the book to further qualify and express this point.
From the Paper
"Hawking also tries to make his theories funny and relevant to every day life today, as well as introduce speculations of what will happen to the universe, long after his text's first readership has passed into eternity. Hawking even mentions the effect of airline food on human life expectancy, a sobering thing to reflect upon for one who engages in as much air travel as Hawking! But there are also more serious, vital references to how understanding physics can impact human life on earth in the relative short term as well as in space and far into the future. Hawking describes how statistical evidence points to the physical limits of population growth and electricity being reached on earth by the year 2600. But by applying the same statistical principles to knowledge as to population growth, to take a more comforting view of things, predicted human knowledge of how to preserve energy reserves could potentially carry the human race forward, faster to possibly attain solutions to this problem of geometric physical expansion."
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The Universe, 2005.
A look at how the universe can be defined through the theories of the pre-Socratics.
1,431 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
By using "The Presocratics", edited by Philip Wheelwright, this paper mainly concentrates on Pythagorean definitions of realities. It looks at how there is a correlation between Pythagorean and modern philosophies, primarily connected to mathematical themes. It goes into depth of defining Mandelbrot sets through math and philosophy and how it connects to ancient philosophy.
From the Paper
"There are many ways to define things that we perceive in our daily lives. We define them through science, art, language, and psychology as in many other ways. Most of the philosophies that exist today come from the 'bare bones' of pre-Socratics. They are the basis of different philosophies as well as studies and advances of our time such as astronomy, biology, physics, psychology, mathematics and many more. Pre-Socratics were the first to record their thoughts about the universe. Of how it originated, what made up the things surrounding us, the composition and elements used to make the universe."
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The Universe, Its Beginning, and the Study of Black Holes, 1998.
This paper attempts to explain the evolution of human understanding of the universe, from the initial rationales concerning the earth and its origin until advanced conceptions of the "big bang" and discovery of a black hole.
2,971 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 35 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Throughout time, man has looked to the skies and wondered what was beyond the clouds. For the most part, primitive man solved the quandary of universal creation through myths, legends and stories. The Egyptians provided the earliest and primitive conjectures of the universe. In early Greece, Ptolemy made observations and transcribed the positions of stars, eventually documenting his findings in his book, Almagest. During the Renaissance and Enlightenment, scientists and astronomers began to study the solar system and universe. Beginning with Earth's solar system and slowly expanding to the milky way galaxy, mankind's understanding of the universe slowly expanded and advanced. Galileo's invention of the telescope was the monumentous innovation of the 17th century. It allowed for the examination and probing of the universe without traveling throughout it. Modern discoveries in science and astronomy conflicted with religion in dealing with the creation of the universe. As time passed, the comprehension of the universe evolved. "
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Black Holes in Universe, 1990.
This paper contends that existence of black holes in the Universe is still theoretical because there are no measurable or observable phenomena.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Black holes, sometimes called "collapsars," are a class of astronomical object which has attracted great attention both from astrophysicists and the general public in the past two decades. According to theory, if an astronomical body is large or dense enough, its gravitational escape velocity will exceed the velocity of light: thus no radiation from it can escape to the outside Universe. It disappears within an "event horizon." Such an object, from which not even light can escape, would seem to be undetectable, yet black holes are of great interest to astronomers and physicists. A number of indirect methods of detecting black holes have been proposed, and indeed a number of black hole "candidates" have been identified. However, black holes remain a theoretical construct, since no persuasive indirect observational evidence has been found that would rule ... "
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Understanding the Universe, 2001.
This paper compares Heraclitus to Parmenides.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at two Greek philosophers, Heraclitus, and Parmenides. It examines their different theories as to how the universe was created, understanding of the universe, 'way of truth,' 'way of opinion' and the third way. The author explains that Parmenides, who came after Heraclitus, addressed part of his writings as a refutation of Heraclitus' views. He objected both to Heraclitus' view of the universe and how Heraclitus felt people could gain knowledge of it.
From the Paper
"While we have discussed what both men see as the make up of the material world, it is equally important to take up how each man felt he could know what he knows about the universe. Mimicking a bit the structure of Parmenides' own writings, this section covers the 'way of truth,' 'the way of opinion,' and then directly addresses Parmenides critique of Heraclitus. Heraclitus used 'logos' in multiple ways. The first, discussed above, is as the ordering principle of the universe. However, the most common use of 'logos' at the time of Heraclitus' writing was 'Word.' Heraclitus felt strongly that our ability to use and understand language is the same ability that allows us to understand and describe the world. So 'logos' is both the actual order of the universe as well as the means of our ability to understand it."
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