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Law and Police Powers, 2006.
A discussion regarding the role and function of the Australian police force, operating within the law.
2,527 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of the Australian police force and its power to operate within the law. The paper reports that Police officers, under the 'Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000', have become public officials. The paper further reports a rise in the number of people seeking assistance with public nuisance offenses, which are mostly are based on trivial factual scenarios. The paper goes on to explain that these offenses are arising not because of complaints from other citizens, but because the person's conduct is being interpreted by police as 'likely to interfere' with other people's enjoyment of a public space.
Outline:
Police Control and Power as a Subject of Controversy
Other Nations Struggle with the Problem of Broadened Police Power
How are the Laws Enforced?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In other lands, the controversy over police powers has come up from time to time. Sometimes the public is quick to set matters straight and put only reasonable powers into the hands of the police. In most nations, police powers include licensing, inspection, zoning, safety regulations (which cover a lot of territory), quarantines, and working conditions as well as law enforcement under the realm of police enforcement. In short, police powers are the basis of a host of state regulatory statutes. "
"In the United States, citizens take a dim view of unbridled police powers. They were quite condemnatory of Samuel A. Alito, a young U.S. President Ronald Reagan administration lawyer, and Supreme Court nominee, who took an expansive view of government law-enforcement powers in many cases where he was called upon to balance the prerogatives of police and prosecutors with the rights of individuals, according to 400 pages of documents released in November of 2005 by the U.S. Justice Department. For instance, while working in the Office of Legal Counsel from 1985 to 1987, Alito wrote an opinion allowing the Internal Revenue Service to secretly record conversations with taxpayers who were under investigation. "
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"Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force", 2002.
A review of Jerome Skolnick's and James Fyfe's "Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force" on police excessive force and police brutality.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews James Skolnick's and James Fyfe's "Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force". It discusses the authors' examination of police excessive force and police brutality. In their view, the answer to this problem lies in better accountability. The paper adds a sociological perspective, arguing that police excessive force is related to the phenomenon of social control. The existence of prisons, for instance, necessitate police excessive force, since social elites have a need to criminalize a certain portion of the population.
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Public Order Powers of the English Police, 2002.
A discussion of the law which provides the police in England with sufficient powers to maintain public order and end any outbreaks of public disorder that may occur.
2,985 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a full discussion of Acts of Parliament in the constitutional area of public order powers. Statutory powers eg: arrest for breach of peace are also referred to. The writer then relates relevant case law and links it to the argument as necessary. The paper concludes with the mpact of political influence.
From the Paper
"Problems with this question first occur when merely trying to define the terms given. We assume that ?law? is a reference to either Statutory or the Common Law, and therefore the question is directing us not to consider the practical powers, in terms of resources, financing, etc., that the government award the police. (However, this essay would be incomplete without a brief analysis of the effect of these practical considerations on law-given powers, so there shall be a short section dedicated to these questions later.) By restricting our studies to England we shall also not have to consider the specific public order problems faced, especially in respect to parades, in Northern Ireland, and we shall assume again that the term ?police? refers to the public police, not private policing relying on civil powers or indeed unofficial ?self-policing.?"
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Police Technology ? Police Safety, 2004.
A thesis paper on the effects that technology has had, or has not had, on the job of a police officer.
3,285 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to address the question of whether or not the technological advances made in today's society have affected the police officer, and if they have, in what manner they have done so. The paper begins with an historical look at police officer safety and then delves into the greater focus of the paper regarding the effects, both negative and positive, of technology on police safety, as well as the evolution and development of technology used for police work.
Outline
Historical Facts of Police Officer Safety
The Creation of 911
The Community Policing Era:1970
The Role of the National Institute for Justice
in the Development of Law Enforcement Technology
New and Emerging Developments in Technology
Statistical Data
From the Paper
"The police officer?s job is one that is demanding as well as dangerous. From the routine traffic stop to the pursuit of someone armed and dangerous, the police officer depends on the technology and equipment that are the tools of his trade. The advancement of technology in the twentieth century was one of rapid acceleration and has proven to be effective both in the control as well as the perpetration of crime. The technology provided to the police officer is being at all times defended by offensive creations and implementations by the criminal element in society."
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Zipf's Law and Benford's Law, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical significance and applications of Zipf's Law and Benford's Law.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses both Zipf's Law and Benford's Law. It describes the theories of each law in detail and discusses how they can be applied to various situations. It describes Zipf's Law as not a theoretical law, but rather an experimental law. The paper then discusses the significance of these two laws to the field of mathematics.
From the Paper
"However, there is some lack of precision where this is concerned. Most items have to occur a number of times that is actually an integer (Li, n.d.). In other words, a word that is seen within a document cannot appear in that document 2.5 number of times. It either must appear, in this example, 2 times or three times, since there cannot be an area of the document where only 1/2 of the word appears. Despite the fact that there is some variation and lack of precision, however, when wide ranges are examined and one only desires to have a relatively close approximation, many of the natural phenomena that are seen in this world do obey Zipf's law (Li, n.d.). This is seen to hold true as long as the individual examining the issue is not looking for scientific precision and will accept the slight variation that is seen."
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American Law and Jewish Law, 2003.
Discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha).
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha) in terms of change, obedience and morality. It discusses each legal systems' approach to obeying the law, law and change, and the nexus between law and morality.
From the Paper
"In discussing the idea of law legal scholar Dennis Lloyd stated that contemporary law in Western society is very much the product of influences emanating from the ancient Greeks and Hebrews who individually brought a ..."
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Case Law and Statute Law, 2005.
A theoretical comparison of these two sources of English law.
834 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define the differences between England's common and statute laws. It looks at how the laws are formed as well as their fundamental purpose. It examines how statute is interpreted and acted upon by the courts and how it follows that precedents are formed as new cases arise. It also demonstrates how over time, statute will become part of common law as judges follow previous decisions in new cases where applicable.
From the Paper
"For political bills or proposals to become statute, that is to become Acts of Parliament, they must first be debated in the House of Commons (this is made up of elected representatives of the wider public, Members of Parliament or MPs). However, this is just the start if the process: the proposed legislation must then be accepted by MPs by way of a successful vote and further ratified by acceptance in the House of Lords. The House of Lords is the supreme court in Britain and may refuse to pass the law; but a bill can be forced through using the Parliament Act if such action is deemed necessary for Parliament to fulfil its obligation to make laws in the best interests of the nation. "
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Competency to Stand Trial in American Law and New York Law, 2000.
A brief look at the notion of competency or fitness to stand trial, as the notion has been shaped and changed since the 1960s.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 14 sources, $ 69.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the doctrine of competency to stand trial arose in English common law out of a concern for fairness in the trial of accused persons who, if found guilty of criminal charges, would suffer deprivations of liberty and other penalties. One of the earliest United States Supreme Court cases (Dusky v. United States,1960) determined that a defendant's competency to stand trial depended on "whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding" and "whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him"."
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Social Law and Statutory Law, 2006.
An overview of the juvenile justice system in the U.S. and how it deals with juvenile delinquency.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the juvenile justice system in the United States, explaining the reasons why it is separated from the regular crime system and how it is influenced by the political and social conditions of the state. Particular attention is paid to the juvenile justice system in California and how the system has increasingly focused on incarceration rather than rehabilitation. Finally, the paper discusses evidence indicating that mental health services at an early age are highly effective in treating potential juvenile offenders and turning them away from a life of crime.
From the Paper
"The main object of separating the juvenile justice system from the regular crime system had been on the assumption that minors were different from adults in their ability to make decisions and understand consequences, "The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveniles who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults" (Roberts, 2005). It was observed that the younger the offender, the more likely that a repeat offense would be stopped and a change in behavior would be observed. It was, therefore, thought that youngsters should be given the benefit of the doubt and should not be treated as adult offenders."
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Police Brutality, 2007.
An argument for reducing the law enforcement institution's power in the civil society.
1,171 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how police brutality is an issue that negatively affects the social and legal foundations of society. The paper relates that police brutality and racial profiling make up the core of today's policing. The paper explains that when police brutality happens, civil society ceases to trust the police and laws that the police are supposed to enforce are no longer followed and respected. The paper contends that law enforcement agencies should be given limited power and right to enforce the rule of law, especially under circumstances wherein judgment of one's misconduct or offense is based on the officer's/enforcer's subjective judgment alone, without sufficient empirical evidence and objective analysis.
From the Paper
"Operationalizing the concept of police brutality, it is legally defined as the usage of deadly force in enforcing rules and laws upon the civil society. The key term being "deadly force," police brutality is often an issue relevant and significant mostly among members of minority groups. This is because historically and up until now, police brutality has always been considered a social problem commonly occurring among non-white American members of the society."
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Human Behavior and Police Work, 2002.
This paper addresses major themes in psychological training for police work. Law enforcement is desperately in need of a better understanding of the psychological dynamics of crisis intervention.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses major themes in psychological training for police work. Law enforcement is desperately in need of a better understanding of the psychological dynamics of crisis intervention. The paper enumerates areas in which the study of psychology and behavior can augment or drastically change law enforcement officers' approach.
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Police Stress, 2002.
Examiines Acute Stress Disorder in police and law enforcement officers.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 12 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper clinically presents acute stress disorder (ASD) in respect to its definition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) including the symptoms of ASD and its etiology, diagnostic criteria and possible measures of treatment and prevention. This paper emphasizes the role that ASD has on law enforcement officers.
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Ethnic Police Officers.
This paper discusses the effect of ethnic police offices on the overall police culture in the U.K..
4,765 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while white male officers continue to form the majority population of the British police force, the hiring patterns over the past years have brought many women, blacks, Hispanics and Asians onto the police forces. Each of these groups brings with it a variety of cultural traits that become police sub-cultures. The author points out that today's leaders believe the composition of the police force and the police workshops should reflect the ethnic diversity of Britain which will enable the constabularies to offer a more sensitive service to the minority ethnic groups, to foster a positive view of the context within which the members of these groups are positioned and to improve the quality of their relationships with them. The paper relates that the Self-Categorization theory, a social psychological theory developed by John Turner and colleagues, states that at different times, a person perceives him or herself as a unique individual and, at other times, as a member of various groups and all of which are equally valid expressions of self: The degree to which a person defines him or herself is both flexible and antagonistic.
From the Paper
"When looking at the concept of organizational culture among police officers, many paradoxes arise. Existing literature focuses mainly on police deviance caused by the existence of cultural traits. Many organizations spend a great deal of time and effort to encourage these same traits in their members. For instance, solidarity among the "rank and file" is seen as the primary reason for police deviant conduct. However, solidarity also provides the basis for exemplary organizational cooperation and teamwork in addition, many police take great pride in the mission of police work, due to its uniqueness and potential to make a difference. At the same time, organizationally, police tend to isolate themselves from their communities, often becoming arrogant and consumed with maintaining the organization for the sake of the force."
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African-American Police Officers in the U.S., 2001.
This paper looks at the way in which black police officers have been slowly working their way to becoming highly respected and equal members of the police force, the past several decades.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The following paper traces the history of discrimination against African-American police officers from the system, their peers and society. The author traces this discrimination according to several aspects: the hurdles after the war, black police groups, police brutality, gains in law enforcement and measures to fight discrimination.
From the paper:
"W. Marvin Delaney portrays the black experience in American police departments from the post-Civil War period until today in his book, Black Police in America. The book follows black police officers from a time when they were treated as inferior officers to the present, where many of the nations? top law enforcers are colored".
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Police Discretion Position, 2008.
A discussion of the appropriate use of discretion in police work.
1,692 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversy that has arisen over the use of police discretion and discusses several of the myths that have come to be connected with it. The paper also explains that, since full enforcement of all the laws is not possible, and since not every scenario is covered by the law, police discretion continues to be a necessity. The author concludes that a more open agency policy will foster a trustworthy relationship with the public which will enable police officers to use discretion without fear of reprisal, civil liability or corruption.
From the Paper
"Police work encompasses what other professions do not, in that there are few uncontroversial areas within its realm. Professionalism, thus, comes at a cost to police officers because the public seems unwilling to trust them informally; instead, the public seems to want strict, formal accountability mechanisms in place. Simply put, society at times, desires loose enforcement, at other times, strict enforcement. "
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