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Lack of Universal Health Care in U.S., 2001.
Rising cost of health care. Employer provided health insurance. Employee-based health plans. Growth of HMOs. Move toward health care reform. Government vs. private industry run universal health care.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 15 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"Few issues are as critical to individuals as their physical health. Yet the cost of health care in the United States is recognized as one of the most serious public issues facing Americans today. For many years, employers have provided, or subsidized, health care in one form or another to employees. In some cases, the employer provided health insurance and the employee could select the provider without limitation. In other cases, the employer joined a health maintenance organization which required employees to go to specific physicians and providers. Americans who did not work full-time, who did not work at all, or who worked for small companies often did not (and do not) have access to health insurance or health care on a regular basis. This research considers the state of the health care industry today, the ..."
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Universal Health Care, 2007.
A presentation of a potentially new and improved universal health care system for the United States.
1,883 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the present state of the health care system in the United States. In an effort to improve that system, the paper defines what constitutes a better health care system, what would be included in that system and the role of the parties involved in the new system. It then looks at the political and sociological factors that would be involved in enacting the changes presented (as a universal health care system) and ultimately, summarizes this new, universal health care system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Present State of United States Healthcare
Definition of a Better Health Care System
What is Included in a Better Health Care System
Role and Position of Payers, Purchasers and Providers in the New System
Political and Sociological Factors to Enact the Changes
Summary
From the Paper
"Politically, there needs to be a "crossing of the aisle" for those who are politically opposed to one another in the halls of Congress and Senate if the new system will ever happen because of the Federal role in financing, accounting, and administrating the new system. Perhaps most importantly, what the political officials need to understand is that this is an American, or more precisely human issue, rather than one that is associated with one political party or the other. A healthy population is best for everyone and should not be discarded for the sake of political wrangling, advantage, or the pursuit of power. If everyone in all political parties work together to allocate the necessary resources, then and only then can this system be born, grow and prosper over the long term (Nichols, 2003)."
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Universal Health Care, 2004.
An examination of the problem of the lack of universal health care in the United States.
1,569 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the situation in the United States to other countries that do provide comprehensive health care to their citizens, such as Canada, Germany, and Britain. It explains that medical care in the United States is among the most expensive in the world, does not provide much more than similar Western countries, and does not cover the underprivileged.
From the Paper
"According to Dracup and Bryan-Brown (2003), The New England Journal of Medicine has said, "If we had set out to design the worst system we could imagine, we couldn't have imagined one as bad as we have." The problems are two-fold and related: what health care we have costs too much, and too many people have no health insurance. It seems odd that in one of the wealthiest countries in the world, so many should be without health care. We might assume that those without health care are the poorest in our society, but in fact, 80% of families without coverage have a family member who works, part-time or full-time. One-third of those families have incomes of over $50,000 a year. Often, however, they work for a smaller company that does not provide health insurance. In spite of a good income, one devastating illness could destroy their apparent financial security (Dracup & Bryan-Brown, 2003)."
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Universal Health Care Insurance, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons for universal health care insurance in the United States.
1,164 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the arguments for and against universal health care insurance in the United States. The paper concludes that health insurance coverage should be assured in a nation that is as financially strong as the United States and should be instituted according to the guidelines as set out by the National Institute of Medicine.
Table of Contents:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
I. Arguments Exist on Both Sides
II. Arguments Against Universal Health Care Insurance
III. Arguments in Support of Universal Health Care Insurance
IV. National Institute of Medicine Report Recommendations
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Arguments provided against the Universal Health Care Insurance include the reasons as follows: (1) There isn't a single government agency or division that runs efficiently; if they can't run an office such as the DMV efficiently, how can we expect them to handle something as complex as health care? (2) "Free" health care isn't really free since we must pay for it with taxes; expenses for health care would have to be paid for with higher taxes or spending cuts in other areas such as defense, education, etc. (3) Profit motives, competition, and individual ingenuity have always led to greater cost control and effectiveness; (4) Government-controlled health care would lead to a decrease in patient flexibility; (5) Patients aren't likely to curb their drug costs and doctor visits if health care is free; thus, total costs will be several times what they are now..."
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Universal Health Care, 2004.
A discussion on the issue of establishing a system of universal health care in the United States.
2,101 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the baby-boom generation is approaching retirement age and is going to be in need of medical and health care. It examines the importance of the government establishing a universal health care system. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this issue from social, economic, and political view points.
From the Paper
"Behind this struggle, health care costs are skyrocketing, and two primary reasons for the increase find their roots in these same two groups. Life expectancies in the country are getting longer, and the aging boomers will require more health care for longer periods of time. Funding for the existing government health care systems is declining due to the same reasons that Social Security is facing implosion. More citizens receiving benefits are fewer citizens are paying into the system. The simple equation of higher demand ?plus- lower funding ?plus- longer lives ?equals- higher costs."
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Universal Health Care, 2005.
This paper criticizes the U.S. health care system by arguing that health care is a right, not a commodity.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that basic health care for all people, including regular check-ups and the treatment of illnesses, should be considered a fundamental human right as stated in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. The author points out that the United States spends 14 percent of its GDP on health care and still does not provide for all its citizens; financially, the best interests of patients are rarely aligned with the best interests of doctors and most people cannot judge accurately, which allows health care costs to soar. The paper suggests that government needs to play a larger role in making health care affordable as proven by the superior care provided by Veterans' Administration (VA) hospitals.
From the Paper
"Because everyone ought to have health care and resources are limited, it is necessary to discover ways to distribute precious health care resources. John Rawls' model of distributive justice employs the concept of the "veil of ignorance," a useful tool for determining what is the fairest way to distribute goods among people. This idea is essentially a thought experiment, which requires that one imagines that societal roles were being completely redistributed, and that from behind a veil of ignorance, one does not know what role he or she will receive. This forces people to put themselves in the positions of even the least-cared-for members of society."
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Universal Health Care, 2002.
Examines opposing perspectives of a universal health care programe for the United States.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will describe the arguments for and against a universal health care plan for the U.S. Ultimately, it is up to the reader to weigh the benefits against the costs for him or herself, and decide accordingly.
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Universal vs. Capital Health Care, 2002.
Examines the argument between providing health care to all Americans versus only to those who can afford it.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In the first year of the Clinton administration there was put forth the idea of a system of universal health care which would guarantee a minimum of health care services to every person in the United States. While it never came to fruition, the idea was divisive and sparked a discussion that continues - do we need a system in which all people can have health care, or should it continue to be only for those who can afford it? That question rides the divide between capitalism and socialism in the American mind. Universal health care would indeed provide every person with doctors, hospitals and medicines, thus ensuring that these would not be products for purchase like SUVs, mansions and servants. But, it would also be extremely costly, require us to reconsider our economic / political structure and would be likely to negatively affect research and the development and use of new procedures. The discussion of establishing health care as a right rather than as a commodity requires looking at both sides of the issue. It is the purpose of this paper to look at the two sides of this sensitive issue.
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Universal Health Care in United States, 2002.
Examining the health care crisis in the States, reasons for the crisis and possible solutions.
3,589 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper examines the scope of the current healthcare crisis, with a special focus on New Jersey. It looks at the number of uninsured people in America, the rising costs of health insurance and other reasons why more and more people cannot afford adequate health care. The paper then studies why the current healthcare system fails to address their health needs. After looking at the failed health reform plan of former President Clinton and the various grassroots efforts towards providing low- or no-cost health insurance, the paper discusses the need for a single payer system of national health insurance.
From the Paper
"The United States has arguably the most scientifically advanced healthcare system in the world. Its physicians and scientists make significant strides in complex medical procedures such as organ transplants and treating cancer. People from around the world travel to the United States to consult with health experts and to seek medical help. It is therefore a sad irony that an estimated 44 million Americans could not afford adequate medical care. A growing number of Americans do not have health insurance and live in fear of an unexpected illness and financial ruin."
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Universal Free Health Care, 1999.
Discusses the pros and cons, as well as the costs, the need for free health care, the role of the government and private firms, theories and alternatives.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the pros and cons of whether the U.S. government should provide health care to all citizens without cost. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which issues associated with government-sponsored health care have arisen in American society in recent years and then to discuss arguments for and against implementation of such a program in the country.
The main reason the source of health-care provision has become so important in the U.S. recently is that its costs have since 1970 risen faster than the ability of either growth of the economy in general and the power to pay of individuals in particular. American health care has been described as a "$1 trillion monster" in which more than 16 percent of the population lacks medical insurance and in which rising expenses outpace ..."
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Universal Health Care, 2002.
Discussion of why America should implement universal healthcare.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of the US health care system and how the current system costs too much, covers too little, and excludes too many.
From the Paper
"According to the group Physicians for a National Health Program, the battle to universalize health care has been going on since the turn of the twentieth century. During the early 1900?s, the Progressive Era involved active reformers working to improve the social conditions for the working class. Since support for health insurance benefit programs were much more active in Europe, these countries have had much more rapid developments in health care over the past century (<www.pnhp.org>1). Thus, European health care systems have progressed to be more effective as well as more stable than those of the United States. In fact, currently, the United States of America is the only industrialized nation in the world, which does not provide all of its citizens with some form of health care (Wang 12). "
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Health Care Managers and Health Care Delivery, 2004.
Examines the relationship that exists between health care players, how they perform their duties, and how they join their forces in health care delivery.
2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and provides information on the roles and responsibilities that health care managers are tasked to accomplish in today?s health care systems. Moreover, this paper examines how a health care manager's job as a leader who ensures a smooth and organized management and operation of health organizations, influences his/her perspective on health care professions. The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how health care managers perceive their duties in health care service.
From the Paper
"The basic role every manager must be able to render is the task of providing good human relations to everyone at work. Through this role, the objective of accomplishing jobs in an environment where good work relationship is maintained can be made possible. In the field of health care, healthcare managers must have the ability to perform this basic responsibility. A healthcare manager should be a specialist in managing the condition of the healthcare staffs. Though this duty may be perceived as a simple task, it is critical that a good human resource management be delivered to a health organization to ease the stress and pressure that health care providers, such as the doctors and nurses, experience from their duties."
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Health Care and Managed Health Care: The Need for Sweeping Reforms, 2002.
A look at role of primary care nurse practitioners in relation to health care reforms.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the role of primary care nurse practitioners in respect to health care and health care reform. The failure of primary healthcare is critically assessed, in the respect that health care is currently "managed" by independent "for- profit" organizations, where there is an emphasis on financial success rather than patient welfare. This paper also places a strong emphasis on the role of nurse care practitioners in the state of Florida and in community health care clinics.
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The Lack of Mental Health Care Coverage, 2001.
A look at the issue of mental health care and how there is almost no provision made by insurance companies for such treatment.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a discussion on the topic of mental health and the insurance industry. The writer uses several jumping off points to explore the benefits and the process for receiving mental health care nationwide and then focuses on some of the problems and issues that are key to the state of Arizona.
From the Paper
"In recent years society has begun to remove the stigma that was once attached to mental illness and accept that it is a reality of life just as physical health is. We used to shun those who had mental illness or lock them away in institutions thereby preventing them from becoming contributing members of society. This caused those who needed to seek help to be silent about their problem for fear of being ostracized. In more recent years the stigma has begun to disappear and the result has been more people than ever before coming forth and seeking treatment for various mental health issues. This has created an overload in the system and it has developed some important eye openers when it comes to the health insurance industry regarding the way it handles mental health coverage. In many areas of the nation mental health needs are just not being met by insurance coverage. In other areas they are. It depends on the insurance policy itself as well as the state legislators and their votes. The state of Arizona is beginning to show some promise in the area of mental health coverage however there is still much work to be done before it will adequately meet the needs of its residents."
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
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