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Kosovo Serbia Conflict, 2007.
This paper discusses the roles of the U.S. President and the U.S. Congress in the Kosovo and Serbia conflict.
972 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents an exploration of the Kosovo and Serbia conflict of 1999. The writer examines the roles played by then United States President, Bill Clinton, and the United States Congress. Further, the writer examines the opinion of each entity and their agreements and disagreements with regard to each conflict. The writer notes that for some people, the defining moment of Clinton's foreign policy mistakes can be seen in the Kosovo-Serbia conflict. Others believe that he was completely right in his decisions during that time and that the true issues have to do with the way Congress worked against him.
Outline:
Introduction
The Overview
From the Paper
"The suit brought to light the fact that a President using the War Powers Resolution has an obligation to report to Congress within 48 hours of introducing hostile actions to the mix if those hostilities used the United States Armed Forces."
"At that point Congress has a sixty day period in which to declare war, or bring the troops home, however, the president can extend if for 30 days if that will more significantly insure the troops safety during withdrawal.
Congress and the president agreed that military action had begun in March. They disagreed whether or not the president was in compliance with the acts of war that he was obligated to follow. Clinton said he was following the war by reporting his decisions to Congress."
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U.S. & US.S.R in Serbia, 1996.
Examines Soviet & American influences in the Kosovo Province of Serbia after disintegration of Yugoslavia. History, ethnic factions, politics, nationalism, human rights.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines Soviet and American influences on events in Kosovo Province, Serbia subsequent to the disintegration of Yugoslavia. As the Former Soviet Union (FSU) itself disintegrated in the winter of 1991-1992, successor states to the FSU, particularly Russia and Ukraine, also have influenced outcomes in Kosovo, and these influences are addressed in this research when appropriate.
Kosovo is a rugged area four-fifths the size of Connecticut. The region?s population of almost two million is 90 percent ethnic Albanian, and an additional one million ethnic Albania..."
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NATO?s War to Save Kosovo, 2005.
A look at NATO's involvement in the Kosovo conflict.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by introducing the functions of NATO and then discusses whether the Kosovo conflict was waged as effectively as it could have been. The paper then examines the reason the war was started, the way the war was planned and carried out, the thought that went into the attacks against Serbia. It looks at NATO's involvement in how it eventually ended and what the results were for both ethnic Albanians and Serbs.
Outline
Introduction to NATO
About the Kosovo Conflict: Was it Waged Effectively?
How the Seeds of the Kosovo War were Planted
The Allies and NATO Work Towards Defeating Milosevic
The Strategy used by NATO and the West to fight the Kosovo War
References
From the Paper
"The history of ethnic and political strife in the Balkan region defined as Albania-Greece-Macedonia-Yugoslavia-Kosovo is not a straight forward series of events to be able to discuss in a few minutes' conversation, but the reason for the war NATO waged against Serbia can be explained by following the actions of Serbian strong man, Slobodan Milosevic. Milosevic, whose regime, according to the authors in Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo, tried to rid Kosovo of ethnic Albanians, "created the largest forced exodus on the European continent since World War II" (6). The forced exodus of large numbers of ethnic Albanians was nothing new to this group, as the author points out (7), as Serbs lost control over Kosovo during World War I, and the nations of Serbia and Kosovo were combined to create Yugoslavia and tensions continued among Serbs, who hoped to regain control."
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Clash of Civilizations in Kosovo, 2001.
This paper examines the recent conflict in Kosovo.
2,605 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Samuel P. Huntington?s clash of civilizations thesis in relation to the recent conflict in Kosovo. The paper concludes that all of the major players in the recent conflict in Kosovo performed as predicted by Huntington?s thesis. The author discusses how the primary combatants, Serbs and Kosovars represent a fault line conflict between two civilizations, and both drew in support from kin-countries and how Russia came to the defense of Serbia, although only diplomatically as the situation permitted.
From the Paper
"Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has become one of the premier institutions of the Western civilization. The recent entrance of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic into the alliance had little-to-no strategic or military importance, but symbolized the re-joining of these states with the West. NATO?s main role is changing from that of a military alliance to a club of Western market democracies. Countries like Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and the Baltics seek membership to this club because they want to be recognized as a part of the West. NATO has become the dominant symbol of Western power, and thus exclusively the West carried out the air war over Kosovo."
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Ethnic Conflicts 1980s-1990s, 1996.
Examines causes & effects of political & military struggles in Bosnia, Pakistan, Kosovo (a province in Serbia).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"According to one observer, animosity among ethnic groups in the global context ?is beginning to rival the spread of nuclear weapons as the most serious threat to peace that the world faces.? While conflicts based in ethnic tensions tend to be localized in setting, the implications for world peace typically have a much wider scope. The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, as an example has had, thus far, ?little immediate impact on relations among the great powers, but much larger consequences could flow from the tensions rising between the Russian Republic and the Baltic states. If Russia were to move militarily to protect its co-nationals in Estonia or Latvia, where they are now being mistreated, a cold peace would develop between Moscow and..."
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Humanitarian Intervention: Rumping Sovereignty in Kosovo, 2002.
This paper is a justification of NATO's bombing campaign in the Kosovo War.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at "Operation Allied Force" NATO's bombing campaign against Serbia during the Kosovo War in 1999. The history of the conflict is presented in detail, with particular attention being placed on the humanitarian needs of the population that was being devastated by this war. The author presents several arguments against the bombing, and discusses why these arguments are wrong, or do not apply to Kosovo. In addition to the human rights angle, the author also looks at the political reasons for NATO's intervention, first and foremost being, regional stability and the fear that the war would spread.
From the Paper
"Detractors argue that the clear acceleration of Serb ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo that occurred concurrently with Operation Allied Force demonstrates that the war did not aid the Kosovars; however, given the ominous signs of ethnic cleansing, the argument is insupportable. After all, whether Serb atrocities and ethnic cleansing occurred over one month or six months is low impact. Although the Kosovars did suffer much before the end of the war, the war's ultimate result-- protection from Serb atrocities and the fall from power and trial of Slobodan Milosevic-- will allow the Kosovars to more securely recover from the harm that they have suffered, and be more secure in the future than they would have under continued rule by Milosevic."
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The Current Situation in Kosovo: European Union Involvement, 2005.
Provides a discussion of the current situation in Kosovo, regarding the political, social, economic and human rights issues in the area, as well as the European Union and United Nations' policies and actions to address these issues.
2,965 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
The political fate of Kosovo is still unclear. Since June 1999 Kosovo is under the supervision of the international community. The Serbian state refuses to grant independence to Kosovo while the ethnic Albanians in the area are either pro-independence or pro-union with Albania oriented. This paper aims at estimating the current political and economic situation in this region and at evaluating the EU involvement in Kosovo as a stabilization tool and trigger of reforms.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Political Situation in Kosovo
Human Rights Issues and Social Situation
What was the EU Financial Assistance to Foster these Ongoing Changes in Kosovo?
Overview of Economic Stability
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"There are still a lot of legislative gaps in Kosovo's Civil Servant Law, such as the lack of a unified salary system. The maximum period of an employment contract, according to its regulations is three years, without any specifications for further extension(Stabilization and Association Report, p.54). A trend towards politicization of the civil servants can be observed. Structures such as the Independent Oversight Board and the joint UNMIK-PISG Steering Board on Public Administration were established to act against and prevent such kinds of corruption".
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The War in Kosovo, 2005.
An overview and analysis of the war waged in Kosovo by NATO.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the causes of the Kosovo war, the way the war was planned and carried out, the thought that went into the attacks against Serbia, how it eventually ended, and what the results were for both ethnic Albanians and Serbs.
From the Paper
"Clinton?s administration, in 1993, re-stated a similar threat, albeit the concern of the U.S. (and Western allies) was not ?self-determination? for Kosovo, but the protection of human rights insofar as ethnic Albanians are concerned. The U.S. and allies were not willing to witness a massacre ? or pogrom ? on any great level, especially so close after the atrocities carried out by the Nazis against the Jews in World War II."
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The Kosovo Conflict, 2004.
Examines the Kosovo conflict and how the United States is and has been involved.
6,860 words (approx. 27.4 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 155.95
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Abstract
This essay concentrates on the U.S. involvement in the Kosovo crisis, especially in the aftermath. The focus lies in the new elections, the position of Congress and the President, and the situation between the U.S. and the European Union and NATO in this matter.
1. Introduction
2. Brief Summary of Events
3. Current Developments
4. Momentary Situation in Kosovo
a. Local Elections
b. Problems overshadowing the Elections
5. The Issue of Kosovo?s Final Status
6. The International Administrations
a. UNMIK
b. KFOR
7. Institution-building
8. The Economy
9. The Policy of the United States
a. The Administration
b. The United States Congress
10. Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The Kosovo Conflict has been an issue for the International Community for more than five years. The European Union, the United Nations and the United States have worked hard together to end the conflict, manage the aftermath and establish a new functioning and democratic government with a stable infrastructure. This has been a very difficult task, since the United States felt that Europe did not put enough effort into the reconstruction of Kosovo and “wrong calls” have been made . This research paper will not deal with the issue of equal distribution of efforts between Europe and the United States, rather will it examine the developments since the end of the conflict and the United States involvement. The main question here is whether Kosovo should become an independent country or have some form of autonomy within Serbia. Further will be examined, if the efforts are successful and whether or not the United States should pursue these efforts. This will occur through an evaluation of the current development and the momentary situation in Kosovo, such as elections and the establishment of government branches. Also, a look will be taken at KFOR and UNMIK operations and their susses on the infrastructure and the economy. Last, but not least, will the policy of the United States be examined, more precisely of the Administrations and Congress. This examination of events will demonstrate the involvement of the United States and its effects. 2. Brief Summary of Events The Kosovo Conflict shocked the whole word. Pictures of violence, genocide and ethnic atrocities circled the globe. Between the years 1998 and 1999, the United States and its NATO allies attempted to put an end to escalating violence between ethnic Albanians guerrillas and Yugoslav/Serb forces in Yugoslavia’s Kosovo Region. This resulted in a 78-day NATO bombing campaign against Serbia from March to June of 1999. Nevertheless with success, Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic withdrew his forces from the province in June of 1999. Since that time, the Kosovo has been governed by a U.N. Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), under the terms of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1244 . A NATO-lead peacekeeping force, KFOR, is charged with providing a secure environment. The purpose of the U.N. resolution is to consider Kosovo’s final status at an underdetermined time after an autonomous government is in place. It seems that almost all ethnic Albanians want independence for Kosovo; nevertheless, the Serb community want it to remain within Serbia. In late 2003, the international community agreed to review progress in Kosovo and consider next steps in determining Kosovo’s future status by mid 2005. In May of 2001, UNMIK issued a “Constitutional Framework” for Kosovo. This framework provides for an elected legislature and an autonomous government with limited powers, but does not deal with Kosovo’s final status. Elections for the Kosovo assembly were held on November 17, 2001. About half of eligible Serb voters participated in the election, after being urged to do so by the Yugoslav and Serbian governments. Political wrangling delayed the formation of a government for months, but one was finally approved by the parliament in March 2002. It consists of members of the three leading ethnic Albanian parties, as well as a Serb minister and one from the Serb minority. In 2003, UNMIK completed the process of transferring designated powers to the Kosovo provisional government. The current Bush Administration stated that they support autonomy for Kosovo within Serbia or the Serb-Montenegro union, but do not think independence is a good idea. President Bush has stated that, while the United States is looking to reduce its forces in the Balkans, the United States would only do so in conjunction with its NATO allies. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, Administration officials said that U.S. forces in the Balkans could be withdrawn if they were needed for the war on terrorism. The war in Iraq has also stretched the U.S. military’s deployment capabilities. The United States has not unilaterally withdrawn its troops, but cuts in KFOR troops strength in the past year have halved U.S. troops levels from about 5,500 to about 2,000 today. In 1999, The United States Congress neither explicitly approved not blocked U.S. participation in NATO air strikes against Serbia, but appropriated funds for the air campaign and the U.S. peacekeeping deployment in Kosovo. In 2000, several Members unsuccessfully attempted to condition the U.S: military deployment in Kosovo on congressional approval and on the implementation of aid pledges made by European countries. Since 1999, Congress has provided funding for reconstruction in Kosovo, but limited U.S. aid to 15% of the total amount pledged by all countries. In 2003 several resolutions were introduced that supported independence for Kosovo."
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Kosovo Intervention: Just War, 2005.
Argues that the purpose of U.S./NATO Kosovo intervention was to stop the ethnic violence against the Albanians and allow the return of all refugees.
2,452 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the strategy formulation, coordination, and execution, that lead to NATO's war to save Kosovo. How the U.S. and NATO reached their goal cannot be described as perfectly executed, or even well thought out. In the end, when the dust settled the alliance was able to reverse most of the damage that Serbia had caused during the early stages of the war.
From the Paper
"Eshtain ( 2000) outlines a procedure for determining whether an armed conflict is a just war. The first part of the just war framework is devoted to determining whether or not a resort to war-or intervention-is justified. War, for example, should be fought only for a justifiable cause of substantial importance. The primary just cause in an era of nations and states is a nation's response to direct aggression. Protecting citizens from harm is a fundamental norm, and it scarcely counts as protection if no response is made when one's fellow citizens and women are being slaughtered, hounded, routed from their homes, and the like."
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NATO Intervention in Kosovo, 2006.
A paper examining the reasons and validity of U.S. and NATO intervention in Kosovo.
11,100 words (approx. 44.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 218.95
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Abstract
In an effort to determine whether or not the United States led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was correct in their intervention in Kosovo, along humanitarian lines, this paper presents information on the history, background and religions of the region and the crisis. The paper also considers the implications concerning state sovereignty that arise from the intervention, as well as NATO's background and purpose regarding questions of international law.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
The Historical Context of Kosovo
The World War II Period and Beyond
What Sort of War is it?
The Clinton Doctrine
The Motivations of U.S. Led NATO Forces
The Conduct of the War and World Involvement
Other Important Points Concerning U.S. and NATO
External Self-Determination and International Community
The Formation of New States
The Reasoning for the Action as it Unfolds
Some of the Consequences
International Law from the Interventionist Viewpoint
The Interventionist's Critical Question of Genocide
The Demonizing of Milosevic
The Story from the Yugoslav Point of View
Conclusions Then and Now
From the Paper
"The Serbs however finally liberated Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, and as expected, reprisals and the expulsion of the Albanian settlers who had been previously patronized by the Ottomans accompanied this liberation. Indeed, the ethnic cleansing, murders and other atrocities were actually far worse in this period than in the present although few outside the region knew of them. Moreover, few really concerned themselves with the problems until the First World War that actually originated in the Balkan region."
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NATO in Serbia, 2000.
An analysis of the NATO invasion of Serbia by examining international law.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to justify the NATO strikes on Serbia by examining international law. This invasion, made for both strategic and moral purposes, and made in part because of violations of international law by Serbia, was itself an exercise in near-total disregard of international law.
From the Paper
"On March 24, 1999, President William Clinton of the United States of America ordered air strikes against Serbia as part of a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) offensive, Operation Allied Force. Speaking to the American people, he explained: ?We act to protect ... innocent people in Kosovo from a mounting military offensive ... to prevent a wider war; to diffuse a powder keg at the heart of Europe that has exploded twice before in this century ... to stand united with our allies for peace.? The 30,000 soldier offensive was made in response to Serbian oppression of ethnic Albanians living in the province of Kosovo. NATO justified the bombing as an attempt to protect Kosovar civilians, to stabilize regional European security, and to maintain NATO credibility. This invasion, made for both strategic and moral purposes, made in part because of violations of international law by Serbia, was itself an exercise in near-total disregard of international law."
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Albanian Refugees from Kosovo, 2002.
A paper which traces the immigration movement of the Albanian minorities from Kosovo.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Albanians of Kosovo were forced to partake in a mass migration move due to the dramatic rise in the degree of ethnic animosity and violence in the region, threatening the very existence of minorities, Albanians as well as others. The paper explores the reasons behind the sudden increase in Albanians seeking to leave Kosovo, including the role which NATO's attacks on the region played in their leaving. Finally, the paper examines why Switzerland became the Albanians' chosen immigration destination.
From the Paper
"The best thing about the Swiss policy in regard to refugees is that they?re virtually no degree of discrimination in accordance to the manner, in which the refugees are treated in all aspects, this being apparent in light of the fact that once they cross the age of 16, all refugees are given a sum of CHF 3,250 [EUR 2,101] in order to attend language courses provided by private organizations. ? Furthermore, there are no restrictions implemented upon the refugees in terms of work, education, social welfare and citizenship too, the criteria for refugees being virtually the same as the one applying to citizens; A refugee who has been resident in Switzerland for at least 12 years may apply for Swiss citizenship."
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War in Kosovo, 2006.
An examination of the economic impacts of the war in Kosovo.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the background to the war in Kosovo and discusses the impact that an extended conflict could have on the economy. The paper looks at what NATO's bombing will do the the stability of the area and how Russia's involvement with and sympathy for Kosovo could balance things out.
From the Paper
"According to an article in The Economist, Russian Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov abandoned his money-seeking trip to the United States in mid-flight upon hearing that NATO bombing of Kosovo had begun. The Prime Minister's original goal had been to request money from the IMF as "Russia owes 17.5 billion in debt payment this year..."1 The country's previous default caused a drop in the bond markets. Investors fear that any more defaults could cause a chain reaction and completely destroy the markets.2"
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The Kosovo Conflict: Military Intervention and Humanitarian Crisis, 2002.
A paper which studies the structure and dynamics of the Kosovo Conflict and the humanitarian crisis management by the international community.
7,694 words (approx. 30.8 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 167.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the Kosovo conflict, its escalation in 1998 and its subsequent management. It is divided in four parts. First, it deals with the accusations of human rights violations within the province and presents diverse evidence from various human rights groups on the existence of such abuses. Second, it examines the Serbian response to these allegations and the reasons behind Milosevic's unwillingness to rectify the worsening situation. Third, it presents an evaluation of the need for intervention with regard to International Law and previous humanitarian practice. Fourth, it analyzes the diplomatic and military actions taken by the International Community.
Table of Contents:
Introduction.
The Human Rights Situation in Kosovo:
History of Albanian Mistreatment.
Allegations of Human Rights Violations.
The Serbian Response to Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
An Evaluation of the Need for Intervention with Regard to International Humanitarian Law
An Examination of the Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
On the Legality of Military Intervention.
International Action
International Humanitarian Action in Perspective: The Failure of Diplomacy and the NATO Bombing Campaign
Belated Recommendations: Was there an Alternative?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Bosnia and the Kosovo conflicts marked the biggest outbreaks of violence in Europe after the end of the Second World War. The instable political environment in federal Yugoslavia after the fall of communism, brought about the emergence of salient ethnic issues, which led to the deaths of tens of thousands of people. The focus of this paper is the Kosovo conflict, the human rights violations that led to its escalation, and the international response that followed. Even though the situation in Serbia has changed and democratic parties are in power, the Kosovo question is still far from being resolved due to the mutual hatred of Serbs and Albanians. Moreover, the downturn of the Kosovo crisis gave credibility to the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) as a political player, which has further exacerbated the situation not only in Kosovo, but also in neighboring Montenegro and Macedonia."
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