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Kosovo Intervention: Just War, 2005.
Argues that the purpose of U.S./NATO Kosovo intervention was to stop the ethnic violence against the Albanians and allow the return of all refugees.
2,452 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the strategy formulation, coordination, and execution, that lead to NATO's war to save Kosovo. How the U.S. and NATO reached their goal cannot be described as perfectly executed, or even well thought out. In the end, when the dust settled the alliance was able to reverse most of the damage that Serbia had caused during the early stages of the war.
From the Paper
"Eshtain ( 2000) outlines a procedure for determining whether an armed conflict is a just war. The first part of the just war framework is devoted to determining whether or not a resort to war-or intervention-is justified. War, for example, should be fought only for a justifiable cause of substantial importance. The primary just cause in an era of nations and states is a nation's response to direct aggression. Protecting citizens from harm is a fundamental norm, and it scarcely counts as protection if no response is made when one's fellow citizens and women are being slaughtered, hounded, routed from their homes, and the like."
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NATO Intervention in Kosovo, 2006.
A paper examining the reasons and validity of U.S. and NATO intervention in Kosovo.
11,100 words (approx. 44.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 218.95
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Abstract
In an effort to determine whether or not the United States led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was correct in their intervention in Kosovo, along humanitarian lines, this paper presents information on the history, background and religions of the region and the crisis. The paper also considers the implications concerning state sovereignty that arise from the intervention, as well as NATO's background and purpose regarding questions of international law.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
The Historical Context of Kosovo
The World War II Period and Beyond
What Sort of War is it?
The Clinton Doctrine
The Motivations of U.S. Led NATO Forces
The Conduct of the War and World Involvement
Other Important Points Concerning U.S. and NATO
External Self-Determination and International Community
The Formation of New States
The Reasoning for the Action as it Unfolds
Some of the Consequences
International Law from the Interventionist Viewpoint
The Interventionist's Critical Question of Genocide
The Demonizing of Milosevic
The Story from the Yugoslav Point of View
Conclusions Then and Now
From the Paper
"The Serbs however finally liberated Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, and as expected, reprisals and the expulsion of the Albanian settlers who had been previously patronized by the Ottomans accompanied this liberation. Indeed, the ethnic cleansing, murders and other atrocities were actually far worse in this period than in the present although few outside the region knew of them. Moreover, few really concerned themselves with the problems until the First World War that actually originated in the Balkan region."
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The War in Kosovo, 2005.
An overview and analysis of the war waged in Kosovo by NATO.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the causes of the Kosovo war, the way the war was planned and carried out, the thought that went into the attacks against Serbia, how it eventually ended, and what the results were for both ethnic Albanians and Serbs.
From the Paper
"Clinton?s administration, in 1993, re-stated a similar threat, albeit the concern of the U.S. (and Western allies) was not ?self-determination? for Kosovo, but the protection of human rights insofar as ethnic Albanians are concerned. The U.S. and allies were not willing to witness a massacre ? or pogrom ? on any great level, especially so close after the atrocities carried out by the Nazis against the Jews in World War II."
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War in Kosovo, 2006.
An examination of the economic impacts of the war in Kosovo.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the background to the war in Kosovo and discusses the impact that an extended conflict could have on the economy. The paper looks at what NATO's bombing will do the the stability of the area and how Russia's involvement with and sympathy for Kosovo could balance things out.
From the Paper
"According to an article in The Economist, Russian Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov abandoned his money-seeking trip to the United States in mid-flight upon hearing that NATO bombing of Kosovo had begun. The Prime Minister's original goal had been to request money from the IMF as "Russia owes 17.5 billion in debt payment this year..."1 The country's previous default caused a drop in the bond markets. Investors fear that any more defaults could cause a chain reaction and completely destroy the markets.2"
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NATO?s War to Save Kosovo, 2005.
A look at NATO's involvement in the Kosovo conflict.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by introducing the functions of NATO and then discusses whether the Kosovo conflict was waged as effectively as it could have been. The paper then examines the reason the war was started, the way the war was planned and carried out, the thought that went into the attacks against Serbia. It looks at NATO's involvement in how it eventually ended and what the results were for both ethnic Albanians and Serbs.
Outline
Introduction to NATO
About the Kosovo Conflict: Was it Waged Effectively?
How the Seeds of the Kosovo War were Planted
The Allies and NATO Work Towards Defeating Milosevic
The Strategy used by NATO and the West to fight the Kosovo War
References
From the Paper
"The history of ethnic and political strife in the Balkan region defined as Albania-Greece-Macedonia-Yugoslavia-Kosovo is not a straight forward series of events to be able to discuss in a few minutes' conversation, but the reason for the war NATO waged against Serbia can be explained by following the actions of Serbian strong man, Slobodan Milosevic. Milosevic, whose regime, according to the authors in Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo, tried to rid Kosovo of ethnic Albanians, "created the largest forced exodus on the European continent since World War II" (6). The forced exodus of large numbers of ethnic Albanians was nothing new to this group, as the author points out (7), as Serbs lost control over Kosovo during World War I, and the nations of Serbia and Kosovo were combined to create Yugoslavia and tensions continued among Serbs, who hoped to regain control."
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Humanitarian Intervention: Rumping Sovereignty in Kosovo, 2002.
This paper is a justification of NATO's bombing campaign in the Kosovo War.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at "Operation Allied Force" NATO's bombing campaign against Serbia during the Kosovo War in 1999. The history of the conflict is presented in detail, with particular attention being placed on the humanitarian needs of the population that was being devastated by this war. The author presents several arguments against the bombing, and discusses why these arguments are wrong, or do not apply to Kosovo. In addition to the human rights angle, the author also looks at the political reasons for NATO's intervention, first and foremost being, regional stability and the fear that the war would spread.
From the Paper
"Detractors argue that the clear acceleration of Serb ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo that occurred concurrently with Operation Allied Force demonstrates that the war did not aid the Kosovars; however, given the ominous signs of ethnic cleansing, the argument is insupportable. After all, whether Serb atrocities and ethnic cleansing occurred over one month or six months is low impact. Although the Kosovars did suffer much before the end of the war, the war's ultimate result-- protection from Serb atrocities and the fall from power and trial of Slobodan Milosevic-- will allow the Kosovars to more securely recover from the harm that they have suffered, and be more secure in the future than they would have under continued rule by Milosevic."
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The Kosovo Conflict: Military Intervention and Humanitarian Crisis, 2002.
A paper which studies the structure and dynamics of the Kosovo Conflict and the humanitarian crisis management by the international community.
7,694 words (approx. 30.8 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 167.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the Kosovo conflict, its escalation in 1998 and its subsequent management. It is divided in four parts. First, it deals with the accusations of human rights violations within the province and presents diverse evidence from various human rights groups on the existence of such abuses. Second, it examines the Serbian response to these allegations and the reasons behind Milosevic's unwillingness to rectify the worsening situation. Third, it presents an evaluation of the need for intervention with regard to International Law and previous humanitarian practice. Fourth, it analyzes the diplomatic and military actions taken by the International Community.
Table of Contents:
Introduction.
The Human Rights Situation in Kosovo:
History of Albanian Mistreatment.
Allegations of Human Rights Violations.
The Serbian Response to Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
An Evaluation of the Need for Intervention with Regard to International Humanitarian Law
An Examination of the Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
On the Legality of Military Intervention.
International Action
International Humanitarian Action in Perspective: The Failure of Diplomacy and the NATO Bombing Campaign
Belated Recommendations: Was there an Alternative?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Bosnia and the Kosovo conflicts marked the biggest outbreaks of violence in Europe after the end of the Second World War. The instable political environment in federal Yugoslavia after the fall of communism, brought about the emergence of salient ethnic issues, which led to the deaths of tens of thousands of people. The focus of this paper is the Kosovo conflict, the human rights violations that led to its escalation, and the international response that followed. Even though the situation in Serbia has changed and democratic parties are in power, the Kosovo question is still far from being resolved due to the mutual hatred of Serbs and Albanians. Moreover, the downturn of the Kosovo crisis gave credibility to the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) as a political player, which has further exacerbated the situation not only in Kosovo, but also in neighboring Montenegro and Macedonia."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2004.
Examines to what extent there has been an emerging international norm of 'humanitarian intervention' and how successful attempts at humanitarian intervention have been.
2,320 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that humanitarian intervention, defined as military intervention in a state without the consent of its government, has become an international norm during the period since 1985. Since the U.N. is virtually always the primary agent of intervention, the paper begins by analyzing the reasons for the U.N.'s increasing number of interventions and why they are moving away from the traditional model and shifting towards humanitarian intervention without consent. The results of these interventions have varied, and the paper discusses three precedent-setting cases from the early 1990s in which the consent of parties as a requirement for U.N. humanitarian action was downgraded. Limited, focused humanitarian intervention has been successful, as exemplified by U.N. protection of Kurds in Northern Iraq. When the U.N. and U.S. intervened in Somalia, however, they lost their focus and took on large and varied tasks. In that case, intervention failed. Intervention also fails when it is done halfheartedly, and force is not used even when it is needed. This is what happened in the allied and U.N. humanitarian intervention in Bosnia. For each case study, the paper explains how it set a precedent in U.N. intervention practice, then analyzes the success or failure of the conflict and the causes for it. The effects of failed intervention are profound. The paper concludes by evaluating the U.N.'s role as the primary intervenor in conflicts since the 1980s.
From the Paper
"There was evidence of "elements of consent" to this in Yugoslavia. Full consent was impossible because of the number of parties and disputes about their status, but through the winter of 1992, interventionist actions were based in consent. But the Security Council's resolution referred obliquely to chapter VII and implied that if Yugoslav consent stopped the UN would continue with its plans. Subsequent resolutions have been written along similar lines. Eventually it became clear that consent and traditional mediation would not halt the fighting, help civilians, or bring a peace settlement. Bosnia never requested humanitarian assistance from the UN, but 4 June 1993, the UN authorized force to defend UN safe area in Bosnia. This was a landmark decision."
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General Model Of Government Intervention, 2002.
Looks at the use and effects of government intervention, and the best approach to intervention.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The general model of government intervention is intended as an analytical framework to investigate the use and effects of government intervention. The model demonstrates that a strategic, direct, and coercive intervention is the preferable one for achieving goals.
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Darfur and Humanitarian Intervention, 2007.
An analysis of the case of Darfur, Sudan and the neo-liberal view of humanitarian intervention there.
4,200 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a neo-liberal analysis of the politics of humanitarian intervention with a focus on Darfur in Sudan. It shows how the Sudanese government fails dearly in resolving the humanitarian crisis ther and, in fact, fuels the crisis. The paper looks at the urgent call for intervention from the international community and discusses the issues and disputes that arise from this intervention. The paper makes its analysis from a neo-liberal perspective.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Darfur: A Background
Humanitarian Intervention
Darfur and the Politics of Humanitarian Intervention: A Neo-liberal Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Last is the issue of resources. With the discovery of oil in Sudan, many of the world's big players, like France and China, have then taken a keen interest of the issues confronting the country. The confirmation of substantial oil reserves in the contested south adds to the country's geopolitical importance. This is evidenced in the tangled US history in Sudan has veered back and forth between close support and active antagonism for decades, first according to the vagaries of regional Cold War alliances and later the exigencies of domestic American politics. Today, the dominant concerns are the "war on terrorism" - and oil. Also, the factor that China is one of the biggest investors in Khartoum and the fact that China gets its supply of oil to fuel its skyrocketing development from Sudan says a lot in its passive response to the atrocities in Darfur.
"This was seen in the role that it played in the delay in the sending of UN peacekeeping forces in Darfur. The immediate cause of the delay has been attributed is the refusal by Sudan's president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, to agree to a UN force. He is able to get away with this largely because China, a permanent member of the Security Council, continues to protect him with the threat of using its veto. One reason Beijing stands behind Bashir is oil. China is trying to diversify its oil sources beyond the crisis- prone Middle East, and Africa is one obvious alternative. Already, 7 percent of China's imported oil comes from Sudan . Based on this, it is then quite clear that resources do matter in the politics of humanitarian intervention - an issue that is not given much importance in the neo-liberal perspective."
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Schizophrenia and Early Intervention, 2007.
This paper examines schizophrenia and looks at the related symptoms, effects and intervention.
2,409 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a detailed examination of the importance of early intervention in psychosis programs. The writer explores schizophrenia and discusses its symptoms, impact and onset as it relates to treatment and early intervention. The writer points out that the prevalence of schizophrenia may be less than the prevalence of other mental disorders, but because of the serious, and long-term negative impacts that schizophrenia has on the person, the family members and society in general, it is important to design and implement the best possible treatment plans for the disorder. The writer concludes that schizophrenia is considered the most serious and most devastating mental illness in existence, however, with early intervention, recognition of early indicators and proper treatment schizophrenics can be guided into a productive and fulfilling life.
Outline:
Introduction
What it is
Signs and Symptoms
Early Intervention
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"While schizophrenia used to be thought of as an adult disorder, the current school of thought is that it actually appears at a much younger age. The first break with reality (psychosis) is not the first indicator of the disorder.
The average person recognizes schizophrenia as a disorder in which the person hears voices, performs strange and inexplicable rituals or habits and at times acts paranoid and delusional. While this is a common occurrence with the disorder there are often many signs leading to this obvious state of mental illness. Early detection and intervention may be key factors in the treatment of the disorder thereby allowing the afflicted patient and the family to enjoy a much more productive life together."
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United States Intervention Policy, 2002.
This paper argues that the United States?s regular intervention into the domestic affairs of other countries has been the biggest cause of exponential growth in terrorist activities around the world.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper states that America?s foreign policy, requiring military intervention by the United States every time something goes wrong in any corner of the world, has not resolved the conflict and has given rise to immense resentment against United States interests. The author believes that the Middle East conflict is the most perfect example of American intervention going haywire; the case of Lebanon is used as an example. The paper contends that even the United States cannot afford to intervene in every conflict, since its military and economic resources are limited, and America?s intervention in internal insurgencies is likely to backfire.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Case against USA Intervention
Counter-argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
"We must bear in mind that current rise in organized terrorism has its roots in all such US interventionist attacks in Middle Eastern region. Deep-rooted resentment against America?s double standards and its selfish interventionism has given birth to a chain of terrorist organizations that have now become a major threat to peace and security of Americans everywhere in the world."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2005.
A discussion of the current challenges of international law and the principle of humanitarian intervention.
8,055 words (approx. 32.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 173.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how we have recently seen an increase in the number of intra-state conflicts giving rise for a need for a new intervention agenda and how the traditional image of peacekeeping is one of the forms of intervention that the international community undertakes. It discusses the central elements of humanitarian intervention as well as the current challenges to international law that humanitarian intervention pose. It also considers the implications of the actions taken by the U.S. and U.K. in Iraq on international law.
From the Paper
"The United Kingdom and the United States would have to satisfy the test of proportionality, necessity and probability in order to be able to invoke a war against Iraq on the basis of pre-emptive self-defence. Given that there is no proof that Iraq was developing WMDs that would have the potential of de-stabilising international peace and security, the war against Iraq would ?violate any reasonable interpretation of either the Charter?s limited provisions for self-defence exception or the customary law of pre-emptive self-defence."
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International Intervention, 2005.
This paper discusses the legal and political aspects of international intervention, particularly in the case of Somalia and Mozambique.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that international intervention is justified in the case of incidents of systematic abuse of human right or genocide such as in Cambodia and Rwanda; suppression of the clearly represented will of the majority such as the case in Haiti; control of the civilian mass by warlords and criminal gangs such as in Somalia and Liberia and illegitimate and inhuman use of power by one side or the other at the time of a civil war involving ethnic or religious self-determination. The author points out that the United Nations is the best agency to provide legitimacy to intervention; the Security Council obtains its power to intervene in disputed situations from the Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter. The paper states that military intervention is more effective when deployed in the circumstances of a continuing political peace process.
From the Paper
"Against this backdrop, it is quite possible to probe into the reasons for the failure of the intervention in Somalia and the effectiveness of the interventions in Mozambique. In case of Somalia a total degeneration of the state structures has been noticed and this has resulted in a circumstance where different clans struggled to attain the authority in absence of the central government. In the Mozambique the emerged civil war between Resistencia Nacional Macambicana (Renamo) and the Frente de Libertacao de Mocambiue (Frelimo) demonstrated a traditional illustration of the conflict where the very occurrence of the government was the basic reasons of the conflict, thereby necessitating intervention by an outsider to become the only mode of attaining the peaceful and negotiated settlement to the conflict. The international community attempted to intervene in the civil war for maintenance of normalcy and peace through the establishment of UN Operation in Somalia or Unosom2. Similarly the cessation of disputes and for conducting of elections for a democratic government is overseen by the establishment of the UN Operation in Mozambique or Onumoz."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2008.
An analysis of the political, economic, social and religious factors that impact the decision of whether to provide humanitarian intervention.
2,620 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses humanitarian intervention and whether it is always justified. It then presents and discusses the complex political, economic, social and religious factors that often combine in the real world to present difficult decisions for national and international authorities when debating whether international humanitarian intervention is necessary or justified. The paper provides examples of past major humanitarian disasters and discusses the outcomes of humanitarian intervention.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, the complexities of international politics and the constant shifting of immediate national interests preclude the wide application of universal rules for determining whether humanitarian intervention is necessary or justified, for there are so many political, economic, social, religious, cultural, and historical factors involved. In the context of international politics, theories are not scientific laws, they are simply guidelines which help explain the intervention policies nations pursue, and which serve to reduce at least some of the confusion as to why nations do what they do when a humanitarian crisis develops somewhere in the world."
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