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Why Did Khrushchev Install Missiles in Cuba in 1962?, 2002.
This essay explores the reasons why Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba, and judges how successful he was in realizing his goals.
3,260 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
A variety of reasons influenced Khrushchev's decision to install missiles into Cuba, including pressures from home, the U.S., Europe, China, and Cuba itself. This essay examines the importance of the different factors, and in doing so challenges the often held theory that Kennedy won, and Khrushchev lost.
From the Paper
"In international opinion, the Soviet Union was largely held to have been defeated in the Cuban Missile Crisis, having been 'successfully rebuffed' by John F. Kennedy, who had displayed 'cool nerve during an extraordinarily dangerous situation' . Such was the nature of the Soviet Union's perceived defeat that it influenced a break in Sino-Soviet relations; the Chinese viewing the Soviet Union's withdrawal of nuclear missiles in response to a U.S. quarantine as a sign of their weak resolve in the face of U.S. strength; thus, the Soviet Union did not warrant her status as the protector of world communism. In the West, the Soviet Union was widely regarded as having been the aggressor, and her placing of missiles in Cuba was an aggressive policy which could have resulted in nuclear war. Khrushchev defended himself, claiming that his sole purpose had been in 'protecting the freedom-loving people of Cuba' , a purpose in which he had been entirely successful as he had stalled imminent U.S. military action against Cuba, and had extracted a promise from the U.S. not to support action against Cuba in the future. However, none of these viewpoints reflected the full picture. Khrushchev had never intended nuclear war, neither had he solely sought to protect Cuba from U.S. aggression. Indeed, Khrushchev can be shown to have had a wide range of aims and objectives, some realised, some failed, but which question the plausibility of his perceived 'defeat'."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
This paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis, a confrontation between President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev over the placement of Russian missiles in Cuba in October, 1962.
2,420 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the Cuban Missile Crisis confrontation involved an American blockade around Cuba to prevent the Soviets from delivering any more missiles or other weapons to Cuba. The author points out that the event recently was compared to September 11, 2001, as a time when Americans realized that the oceans no longer protected us from enemy attack. The paper stresses that the speeches Kennedy made on American television demonstrated his concern about public opinion and his desire to have the American people watch carefully as he challenged the Soviets.
From the Paper
"Kruschev believed that if he could get the missiles into Cuba, he would close the gap between the Soviet Union and the United States and gain a strategic advantage. Kennedy certainly saw this possibility as well. Kennedy knew that American strategic interests lay in keeping the Soviets from gaining this advantage and in keeping the Soviets out of the Western Hemisphere, asserting the Monroe Doctrine that told all other powers to keep out of this part of the world. Kennedy also knew the Soviet capacity in terms of missiles and other weaponry, though he could not be sure that the Soviets would not use those weapons even if they could not follow up an attack with as much power as could the United States. Morgenthau also cites the mass of intelligence data gathered from the Russian spy Penkovsky, a trove called Ironbark, which told the United States what weapons the Soviets had and much more about their operations."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Unsung Leadership of Khrushchev, 2008.
An in-depth argumentitive report on the Cuban Missile Crisis and its implications as a result of the interactions between Kruschev and JFK.
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the importance of the challenges that arose between Kruschev and Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the result of their actions and decisions.The paper endeavours to portray Kruschev as the person responsible for easing tensions in the area and not being responsible for causing the Cuban missile crisis and further shows that, in fact, as a result of Kennedy's actions in the area, Kruschev had no option but to assist Cuba as he did. The paper appends relevant source material.
From the Paper
"Those who want to rescue Khrushchev's reputation from the dustbin of history frequently note that the Soviet Premier was every bit as responsible in his thinking as was Kennedy during the height of the crisis and, in many respects, even before it began. For instance, whatever his failings, it was not Khrushchev who stepped up surreptitious assaults against Castro, launched the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion - those were all things initiated by the Kennedy Administration. Further, the aggressive American build-up under Kennedy was understandably worrisome for the Soviet Leader, who had to watch this unfold fully cognizant of the fact that NATO had missiles pointed at the heart of the Soviet Union from nearby Turkey (Meyer, 113). Seen in that light, Khrushchev's secretive military support of Castro during the summer and fall of 1962 was entirely understandable - even if he erred in deploying missiles by stealth to the tiny island. More significantly, Kennedy's clandestine and not-so-clandestine efforts to unseat Castro surely raised tensions between the Soviet Union and America inasmuch as the US President had to have known on some level that the Soviets would feel compelled to protect the embattled Cuban leader from US efforts to kill him. All in all, the blame for the escalation of the crisis prior to mid-October of 1962 cannot solely, maybe not even mostly, laid at the feet of Nikita Khrushchev."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
An overview of the 1962 missile crisis between America and the Soviet Union.
2,213 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was a major cold war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to install ballistic missiles in Cuba although they had made a promise to the U.S. that they would not. The paper shows that when the U.S. discovered the construction of missile launching sites, President John F. Kennedy publicly denounced the Soviet actions, demanding that they remove the nuclear missiles from Cuba.
When this did not work, Kennedy imposed a naval blockade on Cuba, threatening that the U.S. Days would meet any missile launched from Cuba with a full-scale retaliatory attack later and Soviet ships carrying missiles to Cuba went home. The paper examines how Khrushchev soon agreed to dismantle the missile sites. The U.S then ended its blockade within a month, and shortly after, all missiles and bombers were removed from Cuba. The paper provides a detailed overview of this confrontation.
From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was the first time that the world was in danger of full-scale nuclear war. When the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, the U.S. viewed this as an act of hostility that could not be tolerated.
However, many critics say that the Soviets were simply reacting to the Bay of Pigs invasion, in which Kennedy used Cubans against Castro without providing the American military support they needed. Americans saw this as a great embarrassment. But to the U.S.S.R., it was viewed as an American-sponsored military offensive against Cuba, which was a communist country and Soviet ally."
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Cuban Missile Crisis, 1990.
Examines crisis management of Kennedy Administration in 1962 confrontation with Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba, in context of overall Kennedy approach to foreign & domestic politics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 11 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
This research examines the crisis management practiced by the Kennedy Administration during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. While the emphasis in this research is on the Administration's crisis management, it is also necessary to consider the issue of Soviet missiles in Cuba for reasons other than the obvious: the issue created the situation wherein crisis management was required. Among some analysts and historians, however, there are doubts that the presence of the Soviet missiles in Cuba increased significantly the Soviet threat to United States (US) national security (Fitzsimmons, 1969; Walton, 1972). Many of these analysts and historians tend to think that the Kennedy Administration felt compelled to treat the issue as a crisis, and to appear, at least to come out of it a winner, because of the.."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
Examines the causes and effects of the missile crisis between Cuba and the United States and how its impact is still felt today.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an historical view of the Cuban Missile Crisis. It observes that the crisis itself was about much more than simply missiles in Cuba, it was about the fight for dominance in Europe between the West and the Soviet Union. It concludes that we are living with the worst legacy of the Cold War now as so many nuclear and other mass-destruction weapons are potentially up for sale in the former Soviet republics.
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Guided Missiles, 2006.
This paper explores the technological development of guidance system weapons.
1,010 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the circumstances that brought about the development of guidance system weapons in 1944. This paper also discusses in-depth the influential role satellite communication technology had and continues to have in most areas of warfare as well as the importance of global positioning systems (GPS).
From the Paper
"Although the atomic bomb was a revolutionary new weapon, it played no part in World War II until the end, and cannot be said to have had a profound impact on the actual conduct of war since. The effectiveness of nuclear weaponry is so extreme that, were it to be used, the results would be incalculable loss of life and destruction that could produce a complete change in the world as we know it today. It could also be said that the significance of the atomic bomb was in the elimination of warfare among the developed countries, but that has not happened. Instead, wars have continued almost unabated in one part of the world or another since then."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
A look at the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis from a Soviet perspective.
3,833 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Soviet Union's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis between America and Cuba in 1962. The writer explores the crisis from the Soviet Union's perspective using documents from the Soviet Union archives and puts together a historical account from their view. The paper shows that the Cold War was triggered by the crisis and the eventual dismantling of the former Soviet Union was a result of the Cold War, therefore the Cuban missile crisis, while it scared the world for 14 days, set the stage for today?s friendly relations between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper
"The Soviet Union placed the missiles in Cuba as a strategic military and political statement to the world about the actions of America. According to recently released documents pertaining to the crisis the idea came to then Soviet Union leader, Nikita Khrushchev, to use as a counter message to the US. He felt the United States had been flexing its muscles and some of the more recent decisions and actions by the states had countered what the Soviet Union had been led to believe(COLD WAR: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIShttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html). The crux of the disagreement was nestled in he direct actions of the United States. The problem as realized in retrospect was that the Soviet Union used deceit and lies to accomplish its point instead of holding discussions with the US powers about its concerns."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2007.
A memo to Robert Kennedy, Chair of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, in support of a blockade of Cuba.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper is in the form of a memo that discusses the Soviet deployment of ballistic missiles in Cuba and weighs the appropriate response to this confrontation. The memo recommends an active blockade of Cuba and increased negotiation and shows the dangers inherent in a massive military assault against Cuba. The memo looks at the resources required for a blockade and considers removing U.S. missile sites from a similar strategically unimportant position in Europe. The memo explains that such a gesture would give the Soviets the false sense that they had "won" this conflict and would show the world that the US will respond forcefully when threatened by a foreign power.
Outline:
Overview of the Issue: Soviet Ballistic Missiles in Cuba
Blockade and Negotiation: An Appropriate Strategic Response
The Prevailing Options: Full-Scale Military Assault or Quarantine
Instituting a Cuban Blockade: Resources Required
From the Paper
"In recent days, in October 1962, a confrontation with the Soviet Union has developed over the deployment of ballistic missiles in Cuba (Cuban missile crisis, 2000). This confrontation has the unfortunate potential to develop into a major conflict between US and Soviet forces, perhaps even to the point where thermonuclear war will be inevitable. This action on the part of the Soviets took the administration somewhat by surprise (McNamara, 2002). Nonetheless, when considered in light of the recent events surrounding the failed Bay of Pigs incursion, it almost seems inevitable that the Soviets would exploit Cuba's position and antagonism toward the United States and its interests."
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Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
Discusses the role of print media and government secret activities.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Discusses role of print media and government secret activities. Misleading stories presented to the public. Questions whether government has an obligation to tell the American public the truth. Political agenda of media. Bay of Pigs fiasco. Installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Secret negotiations. The Kennedy government's Cold War policies.
From the Paper
"THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: MIXED SIGNALS
There are some basic facts to lay out: First, our government is elected by the people, and therefore owes them the facts, unless there is some compelling reason to maintain secrecy, in which case nothing should be said, leaked, or published. Second, there is a wide gulf between the facts in which our governmental leaders are involved and what the public is permitted to know through newspaper or other media stories.
The major question to be looked at in this essay about the Cuban Missile Crisis is whether the government engaged in secret discussions and activities (including, of course, the Bay of Pigs fiasco) and whether it provided misleading stories for the media to publicize. The New York TIMES, often heralding its slogan: "All the news that's fit to print" may well have been a JFK ..."
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Communist Cuba, 1999.
Historical & political evolution of socialist Cuba under Castro, origins of Cold War, relations with Soviet Union & U.S., 1962 Missile Crisis, impact on FL and economic conditions in late 1990s.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
" INTRODUCTION
Cuba has long been considered a major security threat to the United States because of its Communist-led government under Fidel Castro. Castro came to power after leading a coup in 1959. Relations between Cuba and the United States have passed through several different levels since that time, but for most of the period, the U.S. has treated Cuba as a region to be shunned and has refused to normalize relations or to allow trade with Cuba. Events such as the shooting down of some anti-Castro group airplanes caused even more tension and efforts to force other countries to conform to U.S. policy as well, with mixed results. The greatest point of tension in this history was not with Cuba itself but with the Soviet Union over the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The Communist government in Cuba has claimed success in.."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
An analysis of the impact of Nikita Khrushchev on the Cuban missile crisis and the inner workings of the soviet government at the time.
4,503 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts that many people today simply do not realize just how close the world came to nuclear war when John F. Kennedy and Nikita S. Khrushchev squared off for 13 tense days during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. The paper claims that given the highly secretive nature of the Soviet regimen during this period in history, it is unlikely that many average citizens were aware of what was taking place during this fateful 13-day period in history. Despite these constraints, much has been learned since 1962 about what took place behind closed doors in Moscow and Washington and this paper investigates this information to determine what part Nikita S. Khrushchev played in negotiating the compromise and the response of the Soviet leadership of the day. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
The Role of Nikita S. Khrushchev
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today, the Cuban Missile Crisis is generally remembered as lasting for just thirteen days (from October 16-28), beginning with the point at which Washington discovered that active construction was taking place in Cuba to install launch facilities for Soviet medium-range missiles, to the day the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Khrushchev, publicly and formally agreed to withdraw missiles from Cuba. As part of the eventual compromise that was reached, President Kennedy guaranteed that the United States would not invade Cuba. More comprehensive accounts of the missile crisis extend beyond these immediate 13 days to include the period from October 28 to November 20 as well, when intensive negotiations were conducted that more fully set forth and codified the agreements had been reached, the period when the U.S. naval blockade was lifted, and the special alert status of the military forces of both countries had ended."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2006.
This paper discusses the question of how close to war were the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1961 Cuban missile crisis.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, considering the information now available, it seems unlikely the Soviets would have attacked the United States over the Cuban missile crisis. The author states that it actually appears the United States was the aggressor: The missiles were placed in Cuba by the Soviet Union as deterrents in response to a real threat from the United States because the United States had been planning on attacking Cuba for years, going back to the Eisenhower administration. The paper concludes that the weapons did ensure a peace because (1) the United States government agreed not to invade Cuba if the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles from Cuban soil, which they did, and (2) the United States agreed to remove missiles from Turkey. Several long quotes.
From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis is one of the defining moments in twentieth century United States history. The Cold War was at its apex. The Cubans asked the Soviet Union to protect them against an American attack. In 1961, the United States sent troops into Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. The attack failed and later became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco. In 1962, Kruschev sent missiles into Cuba in order to deter an American attack. We were at the brink of World War III, both sides used verbal threats, and War was only averted when the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American promise to not invade the island."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
A look at the events surrounding the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.
2,874 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were shattered when American intelligence confirmed reports that the Soviet Union was building missile sites on the island nation of Cuba some ninety miles off the southern coast of the state of Florida. The paper also discusses the military debacle known as the Bay of Pigs in which the U.S. attempted to invade Cuba in order to overthrow the dictatorship of Fidel Castro and how the Cuban Missile Crisis became the most dangerous passage of the Cold War.
From the Paper
"The overall story of the Cuban Missile Crisis has been examined in very great detail by a large number of scholars and historians, all of whom have focused almost exclusively on the perceived roles of President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the affair and the political machinations of the Soviet Union under the control of the Communist Party and Nikita Khrushchev. However, few have ventured into an area which holds much surprise, drama and intrigue, namely, the viewpoint of Fidel Castro on an event which held the potential to begin World War III between the U.S. and the powerful Soviet Union in the final months of 1962, a time which Castro "has always been most anxious to offer his interpretation of the events. . . to form the historical record" (Szulc, 578). "
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Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
This paper discusses how the leadership of John F. Kennedy was tested during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the leadership of John F. Kennedy was tested during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The paper explains that the creation of the ExComm, together with JFK's own willingness to heed advice, take responsibility for decisions and explore all options, may well have spared the world from nuclear disaster.
From the Paper
"President John F. Kennedy is today celebrated as much for his steady leadership during tumultuous times as he is lauded for his eloquence and ability to inspire. At no time during his presidency and perhaps during his life would JFK be asked to handle an event more challenging-and more potentially combustible-than the Cuban Missile Crisis."
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