| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "KEYNES MARSHALL EXPECTATIONS ECONOMIC THEORY": |
|
|
Keynes & Marshall Expectations In Economic Theory, 1989.
Analyzes role & impact of attitudes about future economic events & compares views of John Maynard Keynes, Alfred Marshall & others.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine and assess the concept of expectations in economic theory. Comparisons are made between the views on expectations of Alfred Marshall, John Maynard Keynes, and contemporary economists."
| |
|
Economic Theory vs. Reality, 2005.
This paper discusses economic theory versus reality, using the views of Smith, Marx and Keynes.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at and compares the issue of economic theory and reality. In examination of this matter, the writer discusses the views and theories of Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Keynes.
From the Paper
"Adam Smith has gotten a bad reputation in recent years. He has been held up as the darling of the New Right in its attempt to deify the 'free market' and roll back the social reforms of the 20th Century, but for his time, Smith was remarkably on the money. He couldn't predict the dramatic technological and social upheaval of the subsequent industrial revolutions, but he was fully aware of the conflict between the interests of the business class and the public good, and gave plenty of warning of such."
| |
|
Economic Theories, 2006.
A look at the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes and Adam Smith.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines Adam Smith's classical economic theory and John Maynard Keynes' macroeconomics theory. The paper explains how they differ and how they both influenced modern economic theory.
From the Paper
"Keynesian economics emerged primarily during the Depression era when it was found that classical theories of macroeconomics were no longer serving the policymakers. Economists who had previously stayed loyal to the classical model suddenly found themselves at a loss as their theories failed to explain the persistent depression of 1930s. Classical theories of macroeconomics were mainly concerned with the behavior of the markets. They were grounded in the assumption that people always behaved rationally and thus if markets were left to function on their own without any intervention from governments, it would start behaving perfectly in due course of time. The only intervention made by the government should be in the area of removing interventions. It was an interesting concept as classical economists saw limited role of government in running of markets and felt that government should only try to remove imperfections from markets in order to let them function according to natural and rational laws. Classical model came into being with Adam Smith's Magnus opus An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations (1776)."
| |
|
Theories Of Alfred Marshall and John Maynard Keynes, 1999.
Examines Marshall's contributions to Keynesian theory including the concept of expectations, monetary theory, quantity of money, liquidity preference. Discusses the impact of theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and others.
8,100 words (approx. 32.4 pages), 32 sources, $ 135.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The purpose of this research to consider the Marshallian contribution to the Keynesian argument. These contributions are related primarily to the concept of expectations, and to monetary theory. With respect to monetary theory, the emphasis in this research is on quantity of money and liquidity preference.
From the Paper
"THE MARSHALLIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE KEYNESIAN ARGUMENT
Introduction
The purpose of this research to consider the Marshallian contribution to the Keynesian argument. These contributions are related primarily to the concept of expectations, and to monetary theory. With respect to monetary theory, the emphasis in this research is on quantity of money and liquidity preference.
Background
The Great Depression of the 1930s ushered in unemployment levels of 25 percent and higher in the United States and other industrial economies, and prevailing economic models appeared to be incapable of explaining economic developments (Eisner, 1994, pp. 211-229). It was into this economic morass that John ..."
| |
|
Marx, Marshall, and Keynes, 2004.
A comparison of the economic theories of Karl Marx, Alfred Marshal,l and John Keynes.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper briefly discusses and compares the economic theories of these three economists and attempts to decide which theory is most applicable to economics. It concludes that it is impossible to apply the scientific method to economic theory.
From the Paper
"Pragmatism might be a more valuable means to measure the validity of any economic theory or, in fact, economic behavior, and on that basis, the title ?Marx, Marshall and Keynes? might better be changed to ?A Hodgepodge of Various Theories and Actions to See What Works.? In fact, a reading of ?Marx, Marshall and Keynes? was sufficient impetus for the proposal of a new economic theory one might call Metaphysical Pragmatism....and Robinson herself opened the door for the inclusion of the metaphysical in a discussion of economics. It is easy enough to reach that conclusion simply by finding a few of the holes in the economic theories of Marx, Marshall and Keynes as explained by Robinson."
| |
|
Labor & Wage Theory of Alfred Marshall, 1993.
British economist's views on labor market, adjustment variable, elasticity of demand, marginal utility, money; compared to Keynes' theories.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 79.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"ntroduction
The purpose of this research is to examine Alfred Marshall's labor and wage theory. Marshall's theory is then contrasted with those of later economists.
Background on Marshall
Alfred Marshall was an Englishman, who lived from 1842 to 1924). During his somewhat more than 50 years as a university lecturer, professor, and researcher, Marshall produced 82 publications. Three of his most important published contributions to economics--The Economics of Industry (first published in 1879), Principles of .."
| |
|
Motivation and Expectancy Theory, 2006.
A discussion regarding challenging the underlying assumptions of the expectancy theory.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 15 sources, $ 178.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews and challenges the underlying assumptions of expectancy theory as proposed by Vroom and expanded upon by others, contextualizing expectancy theory into the classic science fiction novel 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' as a means of illustrating a serious logical fallacy embedded within expectancy theory. Through doing so, this paper demonstrates that while the expectancy theory is rationally sound and therefore can be used to critically define and describe many aspects of human motivation, the irrationality of human behavior makes it difficult to critically apply expectancy theory in a manner which guarantees successful prediction of behavior or decisions.
From the Paper
" I. Introduction Expectancy theory was first developed by Victor Vroom as an expanded, divergent investigation into motivational theory and research. Vroom's concept of motivation identified that all individuals have innate goals and expectations which they explore within the confines of a given environmental setting, and that the individual is motivated to achieve their goals when they rationalize that the work expended to do so is validated by the rewards inherent within the goal. "
| |
|
Expectancy Theory, 2002.
An overview of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The expectancy theory of motivation, which was first created by Victor Vroom, has become a widely accepted theory for explaining how individuals make decisions regarding different behavioral alternatives. This paper examines the basic philosophy of this theory - the need for valence, expectancy and instrumentality in order for the theory to work. It shows arguments against the theory and claims that it is too vague to be seriously applied as a model of human behaviour. Finally, the paper uses the expectancy theory as an example on a real-life situation.
From the Paper
"Research has suggested that the expectancy theory must be expanded in order to consider the effects of the time between when the individual intended to act and when the actual behavior took place; the significance of previous behavior on subsequent behavior; and the sequence of behavior (Saltzer, 1981). Hirokawa and Scheerhorn (1986) developed a model of group decision-making that supports general expectancy theory concepts. This model shows how groups come to decisions, which factors result in decisions, and how individual group members affect the quality of the decisions.
Research shows that treating people as a group may have many benefits, but it also has many undesirable consequences (Hansen, 1997). One of the major consequences is that individuals are proven to show less effort when performing collectively than when performing individually."
| |
|
Expectancy Violations Theory, 2008.
An explanation of the expectancy violation theory through the interpretation of a film "How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days."
1,704 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 55.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains the analyzing expectancy violations theory by examining the film "How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days". The theory is identified with the nature of two people meeting to form a potential relationship by analyzing several scenes from the film.
Outline:
Summary of Movie
Introduction to Theory
Basketball Game Scene
Movie Theater Scene
Dinner at Ben"s house
Interruption of Boy's Night Out
Confrontation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"People from all over the world have different perspectives of what behaviors are considered appropriate for a specific setting. When these behaviors impact other people in a negative way, expectancy violations has occurred. In "How to Lose a Guy in 10 days," this theory identifies with the nature of two people meeting to form a potential relationship. When forming a relationship, both individuals have "preconceived expectations" on how the other person will engage in conversation (Biernat & Billings, 1999). However, men and women hold different views on relationship expectations (Cohen, 2007). Andie Anderson expects to drive Ben away, while Ben expects Andie to fall madly in love with him."
| |
|
Vroom's Expectancy Theory, 2007.
A description, analysis and evaluation of Victor Vroom's expectancy.
1,256 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides a brief description of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory which states that people are motivated if they can see a link between their effort (of completing a task) and the expected performance, as well as a link between the expected performance and the desired outcome or reward. In particular, the author applies the theory to his personal experiences while serving in the navy.
Outline:
Introduction
Description of Theory
Description of Experience
Analysis Using Expectancy Theory
Evaluation and Alternatives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Vroom's expectancy theory can be considered invaluable in terms of serving as a basis for further analysis and helping to "understand the complexity of motivation." (Callahan et al. 1986, p.96) Moreover, it aids managers to reflect on the different outcomes of behaviour, it clarifies the relationship between organizational and individual goals and even suggests some managerial action, such as the design of training schemes and job design. David J. Cherrington suggests that "motivation problems are solved by altering the components of expectancy theory: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence." (1994) "
| |
|
Theory X and Theory Y, 2008.
An examination of Theory X and Theory Y discussed by Douglas McGregor and how they compare to the maturity / immaturity theory developed by Chris Argyris.
1,257 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the Theory X and Theory Y that were proposed by Douglas McGregor in his book titled "The Human Side of Enterprise." The paper discusses the assumptions that the theories are based on and how they relate to the way that employees work in an organization. The paper then looks at the maturity / immaturity theory developed by Chris Argyris and how it differs from McGregor's theories.
Table of Contents:
Maturity/Immaturity Theory
From the Paper
"According to the content of the theory, 'the command and control environment is not effective because it relies on lower needs as levers of motivation, but in modern society those needs already are satisfied and thus no longer are motivators' (Leslie, 2001). In this regard, it is expected that the employees will develop their discomfort towards the work, and will be reluctant to accept any responsibility, and 'will have no interest in organizational goals, resist change'. This eventually proves the fact that the theory 'is a self-fulfilling prophecy' (Andrew, 2005). As per the content of the theory, work is taken as a medium responsible for the satisfaction of the lower requirements of the employees, whereas the leisure time is the source of satisfaction of higher needs, but 'it is in satisfying their higher needs that employees can be most productive' (Andrew, 2005)."
| |
|
Wage Theories in Economics, 2004.
Examines different theories relating to wages as proposed by economists throughout the last 300 years.
1,652 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Economic theory takes into consideration the social and political milieu, as well as the economic realities of any given time period and place. Different economists reflected the realities of their era. Through the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, theories on wages differed because of economic circumstances, as well as the prevailing organization of thought. This paper examines theories presented by economists such as Adam Smith, John Bates Clarke, and John M. Keynes.
From the Paper
"Clark's theory proposed that there was a ?permanent? fund of capital that entered into a production function like any other factor. It was assumed that product value was assessed in terms of costs. This allows the product to gain value through the auspices of the skill of the maker as well as the materials used in the production. Benefits are determined by the circumstances of production, such as, the skill of the workmen, the level of technology, and the degree of utility. A product increases in value as a result of an increase in production time, so that time and skill become instruments of determining cost."
| |
|
World System Theory and Regime Theory, 2005.
An exploration of two systems theories (World System Theory and Regime Theory) within the discipline of global political economy.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper deals with two system theories that attempt to explain how asymmetrical power relations in respect of economics, politics and society from the global organisation of nations and states. It includes a brief history of these system theories, their ontology and epistemology and an analysis of their critiques.
From the Paper
"The idea of a systems approach to political economy originated in the natural sciences; the world is seen as a whole entity and in this respect it is a holistic view, i.e. the properties of a system cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its components alone. This is a departure from previous subjectivist theories that considered the objective sphere an unknown and/or an unknowable concept. "
| |
|
Chaos Theory, Complexity Theory and Health Services, 2005.
A discussion on "In Commentary: The Potential of Chaos Theory and Complexity Theory for Health Services Management", by Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow's book which discusses the relevance and potential of the chaos and complexity theories in terms of improving health services management in the United States. It highlights that reevaluating professional knowledge and assumptions in a field as complex as health care can be unsettling, but it can also invigorating.
From the Paper
"In "Commentary: The Potential of Chaos Theory and Complexity Theory for Health Services Management", Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow examine the relevance and potential of these theories in terms of improving health services management in the United States. They emphasize that reevaluating professional knowledge and assumptions in a field as complex as health care can be unsettling, but it can also invigorating. Because of the potential benefits of such an approach, Arndt and Bigelow (2000) argue in their article that applying chaos theory and complexity theory to health services management is worthy of pursuit, despite potential controversy or disputes regarding the validity of this approach. Since America's health care system is plagued by inherent complexity and chaos, applying ..."
| |
|
Mcgregor's Theory X & Theory Y, 1990.
Origins of concepts, content, assumptions and impact on supervision in workplace.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"Theory X" and "Theory Y" are terms devised by sociologist Douglas McGregor, in the late 1950s, to describe two fundamentally contrasting theories towards the nature of work and human motivation. "Theory X" is the view that workers basically do not want to work, and will do anything to avoid it; the essential business of management is therefore to use a combination of threats and rewards to keep their workers at work. "Theory Y" is the view that work is in fact as natural to human behavior as play or rest; management can thus function best by harnessing this natural human tendency to make the workers' own work.motivations harmonize with the needs of the organization.
The following report is a survey of McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y: their origins, their content and assumptions, their origins and place in broader human psychology, and their effect.."
|
|
|
