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Sartre vs. Plato and Kant, 2002.
This paper discusses what Sartre might say to Plato and Kant and then what would Plato and Kant respond to Sartre, explaining how their philosophies are both different and similar.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper presents an imaginary dialogue among the philosophers Sartre, Kant and Plato. Neither Kant nor Plato would agree with Sartre. On the other hand, Sartre would not have agreed with them. Three different philosophers with different points of view concerning mankind and what is best for them is clearly presented.
From the Paper
"This is where Sartre would answered, ?There is no God to have a conception of it. Man simply is. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills and as he conceives himself after already existing.? Sartre would have discussed the principles behind existentialism. He would have retorted about the subjectivity of mankind. "
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Emmanuel Kant, 2001.
This paper provides an overview of the life and works of the great philosopher Immanuel Kant and will attempt to understand how Kant's philosophy of reasoning deviated and synthesized that of his philosophical predecessors.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the life and works of the great philosopher Immanuel Kant and will attempt to understand how Kant?s philosophy of reasoning deviated and synthesized that of his philosophical predecessors.
From the paper:
Emmanuel Kant?s name is one of the bywords for intellectual rigor and ethics in philosophy. But an equally important part of the body of his work is Kant as a great synthesizer of the great philosophical writers of the pre-existing period. Rather than concentrate on Kant?s ethical judgements, this paper will attempt to understand how Kant?s philosophy of reasoning deviated and synthesized that of his philosophical predecessors. Such an understanding will better enable a reader to understand Kant?s ethical imperatives and the reasoning behind them
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Categorical Imperative, Good Will and Duty According Kant, 2004.
An analysis of Kant's moral theory according to "The Foundation of the Metaphysics of Morals" that argues Kant's philosophy is overly simplistic.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper first explains Kant's theory of universal law, and defines key concepts and terms. The paper then goes on to argue that Kant ignores conflicting duties and external factors in morality. This argument is supported by hypothetical examples and quotes from philosopher Thomas Nagel's book, "The Last Word".
From the Paper
"Human beings guide their actions by instincts and selfish desires. How could it be possible to act differently? The philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote The Foundation of the Metaphysics of Morals as a set of axioms [principles or postulates] that can be used in constructing moral laws based on the use of reason. Kant in his ethics takes his point of departure from the concept of good will: "nothing in the world can possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualifications except a good will." (Kant, 1959, p.9)"
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Immanuel Kant, 2006.
This paper examines the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, considered one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and an expert on moral enlightenment.
1,479 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the views of philosopher Immanuel Kant. This paper details Kant's opinion that an epistemological approach to metaphysics would lead to the development of universally valid moral laws. The writer of this paper describes the philosopher's desire to create a more scientific system of pure moral principles which led him to reject all considerations of empirical concepts or conditions. This paper also discusses Kant's belief that human moral conduct should be guided and measured by pure reason, which alone could be made to account for the intrinsic worth of moral actions. The writer also touches on Kant's skepticism about human sincerity which led him to take into consideration the role that environment plays in molding and influencing human conduct.
From the Paper
"Interestingly, Kant did take into consideration the conflict between the ideal of a moral world that is guided by pure reason and the natural world. Indeed, this is evident in his observation that the success of the idea of a moral world in influencing the world of sense would depend on "the condition that everyone does what he ought to do, i.e., the condition that all actions of rational beings occur as they would if they sprang from a supreme will." However, for Kant, the ultimate goal of a moral world was still an idea worth pursuing because it possessed the ideal of human conduct being "worthy of happiness." In other words, Kant was of the view that the idea of such a moral world could influence and develop human reason, and thereby lead to the highest ontological perfection as a principle of systematic unity, which would connect all things according to universal and necessary laws."
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Kant and Capital Punishment, 2008.
This paper explores Kant's theory of deontology and his views on the death penalty.
1,202 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an overview of Kant's deontology theory and its implications. The paper then argues that Kant's theory presents indisputable support for the death penalty in our society today.
Outline:
Kant's Deontology
Kant and the Death Penalty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To start with: what is deontology? The word's most basic definition is etymological: the study of duty. Unlike utilitarian philosophy, which can be summed up in the rather trite and shopworn "the end justifies the means," deontology does not assign much importance to an action's consequences, focusing instead on its motives. Or, more concisely: deontology detects moral worth in motives, rather than in outcomes (McCormick 8d). The implications of this are monumental, as Kant is basically arguing that an action may lack moral worth even if its outcome is desirable and, conversely, that an action whose outcome is questionable may be considered "good." To understand these conclusions, it is important to elaborate further on Kant's ideas of categorical duty as opposed to contingent, or hypothetical, duty."
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The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant, 2002.
Examines the life and key ideas of Western philosopher, Immanuel Kant.
1,032 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the main concepts underlying Kant's philosophy. Initially, the paper provides biographical information on Kant, with descriptions of his rise to popularity and the conflicts he encountered as a result of his teachings. The paper then discusses Kant's primary body of work, "Critique of Pure Reason", which contains the heart of Kantian philosophy. An overview of Kant's views on judgment, reason, and logic is provided, and an evaluation of Kant's contributions to philosophy concludes the paper.
From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 in the Prussian province of Konigsberg, in what is now Russia. He was educated at Konigsberg's Collegium Fredericianum and later, the University of Konigsberg. Kant immersed himself in the study of physics and mathematics, though financial problems following his father's death forced him to stop his studies and earn a living as a private tutor (Kuehn 42)."
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Philosophical Education, the Scholastic School, and Kant, 2005.
A comparison of the Hellenistic practice of philosophical education, the Scholastic School, and Kant's "The Conflict of the Faculties".
4,354 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the different teaching methods espoused during the Hellenistic period, the Scholastic period, and in Kant's work, "The Conflict of the Faculties". The paper explains the approach to teaching expressed by each period and in Kant's concept of teaching and looks at the weaknesses and strengths of each approach. The paper concludes that the Hellenistic model is still a viable model because of its focus on eliciting truth through a logical, rigorous process and by inviting transformation within the individual and society.
The Hellenistic Period: The Importance of Argument and Rhetoric
The Various Hellenistic Schools
The Scholastic Period: A Precise Order for Text Commentary
The Importance of Curriculum during the Scholastic Period
Modes of Living: From "Nature" to the Intellect
The Importance of Transformation and the Role of Religion
Kant and the Hellenistic model
Ways in which Kant Revived the Hellenistic Model
Public Exposition
On Nature
Strengths and Weaknesses of Kant's Approach that We Have Inherited
Conclusion: Is the Hellenistic Model Still Viable?
From the Paper
"The Hellenistic period was marked by intense cultural, political, religious and athletic activity that continued to flourish under the Roman Empire. Social and political reform was prevalent, and undertaken by several philosophers including the Stoics and Epicureans. The Imperial period, in contrast to the Hellenistic period, was one where freedom of opinion existed, but in a much more curtailed form. There was a return to the "sources" of philosophy (namely the dialogues of Plato and the treatises of Aristotle and Chrysippus). Freedom of thought-although encouraged-was restricted and supervised by governmental authorities."
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Kant and Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses Immanuel Kant's theory of ethics.
762 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Immanuel Kant's theory of ethics is grounded in deontological principles. In such theories, rules are of utmost significance in deciding a moral dilemma. However, the writer points out that Kant was not an ordinary deontologist and he was in fact highly critical of ethical theories and moral philosophies that preceded his work. His theory is known as critical theory because of the errors that Kant identified in theories presented by previous thinkers. Kant's ethical theory begins with the definition of good will. The writer agrees with Kant that one must be autonomous in his moral decisions and act only if he feels that such a law is universal in nature.
From the Paper
"Moving ahead with this, he explained that good will was not bound by duty. In other words, while duty might compel many people to have a good will but a genuine good will should never be dependent on duty. When something is dependent on something else, there is always room for personal desires, prejudices and biases taking over. But a genuine good will is something that stays closely connected with one's personal sense of morality and is neither governed by a sense of duty nor by conventional morality. However since man has his limitations and is often moved by his personal desires, duty is the only thing that would force him to act on good will and good will alone. This is an interesting paradox but one that is largely based on reason. Ideally, good will should be free of duty but man cannot attain good will without having some law or sense of duty binding him to act on it."
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Immanuel Kant, 2007.
A discussion regarding Immanuel Kant's religion and rational theology.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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This paper reviews and discusses the ideas and theories of German philosopher Immanuel Kant. According to the paper, Kant rejects St. Augustine's ontological argument in that reason is too limited to know anything that is beyond human experience and, therefore, cannot prove the existence of God. The paper goes on to say that Kant does, however, accept that religion can be established by the operations of morality in the human mind or by practical reason. Thus, God's existence becomes a necessary presupposition to objective, moral judgments, which extend beyond mere relative moral preferences.
From the Paper
"Despite his rejection of ideas as objects of experience or speculative thought, Kant recognizes the legitimate function of ideas in thinking (Peters 2004). He believes that ideas can be used as "regulative." This means that they can be treated as if they were true in directing the understanding to a certain objective or purpose and to give concepts "the greatest possible unity in combination with the greatest possible extension (Kant 1945 as qtd in Peters)." These ideas can, then, provide the possibility for completeness and unity of experience. He also acknowledges the role of ideas in practical reason (Peters)."
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Moral Theory of Immanuel Kant, 1990.
Argues that Kant's moral theory is based on his concept of the good will. Discusses Kant's definition of the good will and moral consciousness.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
" The moral theory of Immanuel Kant is based on his concept of the good will. For Kant, moral knowledge is a prior, or existing before and in spite of the fact. That is, there are moral precepts which determine how men ought to behave, and these precepts do not depend on actual behavior. Instead, there are truths, moral precepts, which are to be applied to all behavior. We might say that we ought to tell the truth, for instance, and this tells us how to behave. Even if we all tell lies, though, this does not change the fact that we ought to tell the truth, so the precept does not depend on our behavior. We need not even be aware of the moral precept for it to be valid and applicable. Our moral knowledge and the moral precepts we seek to understand have their origin in the practical reason, which is reason in its practical, or moral, function..."
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Kant's & Mill's Philosophy Of Duty, 1989.
Discusses how Mill's is based on feeling & concern for others, Kant's based purely on reason. Concludes Kant's philosophy is deficient.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to define, explain and compare Immanuel Kant's and John Stuart Mill's philosophies of "duty." Where Kant's was based purely on reason, Mill's was based on feeling and concern for others. The research will conclude with an analysis of the philosophies' strength and, particularly, whether Kant's theories have stood the test of time.
Kant (1724-18O4) is commonly thought to have been the greatest philosopher in the history of modern philosophy (Schacht 221). A popular lecturer at the university in Konigsberg, located in the Soviet Union, his influence has been enormous though most of his great works were written after he was fifty years old. Since his death, a great deal of Western philosophy has been viewed as an attempt to come to terms with him, either by challenging his contentions on (...)"various issues, or by
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Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, 2002.
An examination of the ethical and moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this paper the writer examines the work of Kant and Mill. Kant is presented as one the great philosophers of the enlightenment period and the focus is on his two works, ?The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals? and ?The Critique of Practical Reason?. The paper also explores Mill?s ?On Liberty and Utilitarianism?. Mill was a British philosopher associated with the Utilitarian school of thought. The paper discusses the position of each philosopher in regards to ethics and morality. It highlights their similarities and differences.
From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant was perhaps the most influential philosopher after Aristotle. Like Aristotle he made a significant impact on different areas of philosophy. Considering the fact that it is rare for a philosopher in any period to make great impact in any one subject, Kant was perhaps the greatest philosopher of the Enlightenment period. The influence of Kant's ethical theory is perhaps more than his work in epistemology and metaphysics and it is still debated in the academics and scholarly circles around the world".
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Kant on the Reality of Space, 2005.
This paper deals with the Transcendental Aesthetic from Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason".
2,186 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
By claiming that space is empirically real and transcendentally ideal, Kant rejects both the Newtonian and Leibnizian metaphysical views, though, to be sure, he also finds a median between them. In the preface to the "Critique of Pure Reason," Kant asks, "How are synthetic judgments a priori possible?" To show that they are, he cites pure mathematics and pure natural science as 'progressive' exemplars. Kant plans to show that these judgments are possible, in part, because of the pure forms of intuition, namely, space and time. In this paper, the writer gives a detailed examination and critique of his main arguments to this effect, principally with reference to H. Allison's excellent commentary, "Kant's Transcendental Idealism."
From the Paper
"His position was that such a form must necessarily and logically proceed the actual intuition of an object, and thus, must be given by the mind (logically) prior to any possible experience of an object as distinct from the self. This is the sense in which it is necessary and universal - that is, a priori - as it is an 'epistemic condition' of all human knowledge derived from outer sense. So far I have only asserted Kant's claims, I shall now turn to the arguments he puts forth to establish the apriority and pure intuitive nature of space."
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Luther and Kant: Visions of Freedom, 2002.
A study into the works of Luther King (?Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans?) and Immanuel Kant (?An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment??) and the issue of freedom.
1,310 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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The paper shows that Martin Luther, in his ?Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans? claims that people are free when their actions naturally mimic laws and morality to such an extent that those laws are rendered unnecessary. The paper then shows the opposite view of Immanuel Kant, in his ?An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?? : Freedom for Kant is the ability to wield one?s reasoning without restraint in public. The paper explores how a close reading of these two texts reveals that Kant?s and Luther?s views on freedom are actually more similar than different, in fact they are mutually exclusive and Kant?s views can even be read as a rephrasing of Luther?s views.
From the Paper
"Let us analyze these two passages. Luther advances no opportunity for anyone ? even learned men ? to question the law. Indeed, Luther?s version of freedom is counterintuitive to our thinking ? or at least to Kant?s thinking ? in that freedom is precisely that which restrains. The moment we contradict the law either in speech or action, we are not acting with freedom. Freedom for Luther is naturally conforming to laws that do not even need to exist. Perhaps the analogy of a child riding his bike with training wheels but without ever touching the training wheels to the ground ? without ever needing the training wheels. Similarly, Luther?s version of free people do not need any laws. Rather, they naturally conform to what the laws are, should have been, or would be."
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Philosophy of Kant, 2002.
An explanation of Kant's theory on the power of an individual in society.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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A review of Kant's philosophy with regard to individual, society and power. Kant believes the individual cannot be both a utilitarian and a Kantian in terms of moral theory. Of the two, Kant offers a more deterministic view of morality, while the utilitarians offer a more social morality. This paper looks at two pieces by Kant that explore the place of the individual in deciding their path in society and the power they have to control it all.
From the Paper
"From one standpoint, man is a finite rational being and must see himself as belonging to the intelligible world. Therefore, he must conceive his will as free from determination by sensuous causes and thus as being obedient to laws based on reason alone. This means that he can never conceive of the causal action of his own will except under the idea of freedom. In this way Kant removes the suspicion of a vicious circle, and he does so by indicating different approaches to knowledge, approaches that are necessary."
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