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Juveniles in the Criminal Court System, 2008.
An examination of the existing laws and statutes of armed robbery, what is defined as armed robbery, and how it pertains to juveniles when they commit armed robbery.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the existing statutes for armed robbery, defines armed robbery and suggests proper retribution for juveniles who participate in this specific crime. The paper discusses a scenario of a 17-year old male committing a robbery in a department store with an unloaded weapon and focuses on whether or not the suspect is guilty of armed robbery and what is an acceptable punishment in light of the fact that the suspect is a minor. The writer advocates that it does not matter anymore who commits serious felonies, even juveniles can and will be held accountable for their actions and with the number of increased violent crimes committed by juveniles, the criminal justice system will change also. The writer believes that in the scenario mentioned above, the 17-year old made a grave mistake and will have to deal with the consequences.
From the Paper
"The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts has stated that the gist of the offense of armed robbery is the commission of an offense while armed and it is not necessary to show the use of the dangerous weapon in proving the offense. All that need to be shown is that the defendant carried a weapon on his person while committing the robbery (Moenssens, Bacigal, Ashdown and Hench, 2003, p.850).
Based on our scenario it is unknown as to what state this armed robbery occurred in, and there is not any evidence as to how the store employee felt at the time of the crime. Much is left to be interpreted, however, the statements made by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts is an example of how different states define armed robbery."
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Juvenile Criminal Justice System, 2002.
A discussion of the pros and cons of increasing the punishment possible for certain young offenders, especially those involved in violence.
1,743 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how more and more states and the federal government have been considering or passing legislation that diverts juvenile offenders from the juvenile justice system to the adult justice system because of an increase in violent crime committed by juveniles. It looks at how major news stories such as the shooting at Littleton, Colorado is one reason, but so is the increase in gang shootings and similar violence in urban regions. It discusses how the development of a more violent youth population involves many forces and pressures and cannot be answered simply by shifting young people to adult courts. It looks at how critics claim that this has been done because the juvenile justice system has failed, however, statistics show that shifting juveniles to adult court is also a policy that fails, so it is hardly a reasonable substitute.
From the Paper
"Other statistics are even more frightening. Webber cites the Children's Defense Fund, which estimates that an American child is arrested for a violent crime every 5 minutes and is killed by guns every 2 hours. Nine in 10 young murder victims in the industrialized world are Americans. Between 1979 and 1991, nearly 50,000 American children were killed by guns, which is more than the number of Americans killed in Vietnam in 25 years. An American child is 15 times more likely to be killed by gunfire in the United States than is a child living in Northern Ireland. More than half the people arrested for murder in the United States in 1991 were under age 25, and juvenile arrests for murder and non-negligent manslaughter rose 93 percent between 1982 and 1991. It is more and more common for young people to kill each other, and 55 percent of juvenile homicides in 1995 involved friends and acquaintances (Webber)."
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The Juvenile Court System, 2004.
This paper discusses that the causality of juvenile offenders has changed, and therefore, the juvenile court system must change.
2,385 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because of the shift in the level of violence in teen behavior, the focus of the juvenile justice system has gone from one of individualized treatment and rehabilitation to generalized concerns for public safety and accountability in juvenile offenders. The author stresses that possibly the most needed change is the realization that children are no less prone to violent behavior than adults are. The paper reviews the work of four experts, containing ideas such as juveniles should be held morally accountable for their criminal behavior, and the juvenile court must be vigilant to children's due process rights and sensitive to the individual developmental needs of juveniles in each case.
From the Paper
"One hundred years ago, when the idea of criminal justice was evolving from observations of major urban streets, and the need of children trapped therein, society was not confronted with the specter of Columbine High School, in which teens planned and executed an assault on the student population with semi-automatic weapons and home made bombs. Fifty years ago, when the current theories of progressive juvenile justice were being formed, pop culture music did not fill the radio airwaves with messages that encouraged teens to become violent toward a social order that did not understand them. Nor did teens sit for hours engaged in realistic vigilante 3-d simulations in the screens of video games. Although game makers argue that the violent games are only entertainment, and do not have a causative influence on children?s behaviors, many of these game are designed in the same way as FBI training simulations, in which new agents are taught to desensitize themselves to the prospect of killing another human being."
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An International Criminal Court (ICC), 2005.
This paper examines the debate over an international criminal court.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that an interesting but not surprising theme of this debate is that most advocates of an international criminal court tend to be from smaller and less powerful countries. The author points out that most opponents of an international criminal court tend to be from powerful, wealthy, industrialized countries. The paper relates that some of the main argument in favor of an international criminal court are its empower of weaker countries and their citizens and the reduce global tensions.
From the Paper
"In analyzing whether the world needs an international criminal court, it is evident that a number of arguments have been made both for and against such a court. The first main pro argument in favor of an international criminal court is that it would empower weaker countries and their citizens by providing them with the means through the ICC to redress grievances against powerful countries or their citizens. The second main pro argument is that the establishment of an ICC would reduce global tensions through the empowerment it provided weaker states and their citizens."
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Criminal Court Proceedings, 2005.
An analysis of the degree of cooperation between the defense and prosecution and criminal courts.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews why it may be said that criminal court proceedings are almost invariably marked by a high degree of cooperation between competing sides, that is, it discusses the surprisingly degree of cooperation that informs relations between prosecutors and defense attorneys at trial. The paper describes the criminal court system and the attempts to provide a fair trial for both the defendant and society.
From the Paper
"Cooperation between Defense and Prosecution and Criminal Courts The following paper shall briefly discuss the surprisingly degree of cooperation that informs relations between prosecutors and defense attorneys at trial. While it is tempting to suppose that the two sides are locked in constant combat and turmoil, their obligations under the law and the characteristic goings-on of criminal court cases actually a level of cooperation that might startle people unfamiliar with the legal process. With this in mind, the following paper will illustrate that even lawyers embroiled in a heated case are far more likely to work together for the cause of justice than they are to work against one another. Surprising though it may sound, defense attorneys and state prosecutors do work together - up to a point."
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Juveniles in Criminal Justice, 2006.
A review of the causes of juvenile crime, with an emphasis on racism directed against the African-American community.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper opens with some shocking statistics on juvenile crime in America. Analyzing some of the social challenges to troubled youth, the paper identifies several possible causes of juvenile crime. It focuses on one of these causes, racism, and centers in on racism against the African-American community. The paper identifies various negative effects of racism on African-American youths. In conclusion, the paper suggests that positive reinforcement of good behavior may break the pattern of negative reinforcement that leads to juvenile crime.
From the Paper
"The problems facing youth in America are several-fold. In some families, there is a vicious cycle of crime, and it is difficult for each new generation to escape its doom. These families often feature one or several of the following factors: alcoholism, drug abuse, lack of education, unemployment, poverty, violence, sexual abuse. Several of the aforementioned factors are closely related. For example, alcoholism leads people to behave violently, against their better judgments. Poverty may lead to crimes of necessity, which would enable the criminal to survive for another day. Many people resort to drug and alcohol abuse as a means to escape their dire existence, and thus a vicious cycle is created."
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The U.S. Criminal Court System, 2004.
A look at the workings of the U.S. Criminal Court System, its history, and structure.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the evolution, history, and modern structure of the U.S. Criminal Court System. The paper looks at the appellate review process, federal rules of criminal procedure, and the appellate jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Outline
Evolution and History of the Criminal Justice System
Modern Structure of the Criminal Justice System
The Appellate Review Process
The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
The United States Supreme Court
From the Paper
"When the British first colonized the Americas, they adopted their centuries? old ?Royal Privy Council? as a judicial system, as a separate branch of government. Prior to the American Revolution, the individual American colonies all developed and maintained their own criminal (and civil) justice systems with absolutely no uniformity among them, either procedurally or statutorily. More importantly, there was no official method for mediating disputes between citizens of different colonies."
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The U.S. and the International Criminal Court (ICC), 2006.
This paper argues against the United States of America becoming part of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the International Criminal Court (ICC) stands, complementary to national criminal jurisdictions, to prosecute heinous criminals of international concern, the United States would lose much of its sovereignty if it signed onto the ICC. The author points out that not only would American soldiers and politicians be breached of their sovereignty when they travel abroad, but also the court is flawed and has many weaknesses, which need to be worked out. The paper stresses that this rejection of membership in the ICC does not imply that the U.S. does not care about persons affected by war crimes or that it opposes prosecuting war criminals; the U.S. is well known to have led efforts in taking legal action among such individuals such as Slobodan Milosevic. Annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"The hopes of the ICC are to "render accountable the perpetrators of the worst atrocities, and to deter future abuses." Imagine an operational body that might have brought to justice such historical tyrants as Hitler, Stalin, or even Chairman Mao for their known acts of violence. As it stands now, the ICC is committed to holding individuals accountable and is currently investigating war criminals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Sudan. The essential issue here is best described by Jamie Mayerfeld, "how can the world institute the global enforcement of fundamental human rights in a manner that is fair and accurate and that does not inflame international tensions" (94)? The Rome Statue draws out an excellent definition of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity but the lack of a global agreement on human rights blocks the ICC from becoming universally acceptable."
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The U.S. and the International Criminal Court, 2008.
This paper focuses on the opposition of the United States to the establishment of the International Criminal Court.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how despite the admirable goals of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the Bush Administration opposed its establishment and is resisting its authority. The paper explains the Bush Administration's claim that the ICC would be misused by smaller countries and render American military personnel and government officials vulnerable to war crimes charges. The paper concludes that as long as the United States actively opposes the ICC, it will find it difficult to establish itself as an effective international judicial body.
From the Paper
"McPherson (1992) notes that the goals of such a court reflect the broad international consensus that judicial proceedings involving international disputes should be administered by a court that has truly global jurisdiction and is not hindered or restricted by international politics. Through such a court, the laws of sovereign states could no longer be ignored by any nation or citizen of any nation, and disputes between citizens or companies from different nations could be settled by an impartial court with worldwide jurisdiction."
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Juvenile Criminal Behavior, 2003.
Discusses the role of gender in juvenile criminal behavior.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, $ 95.95
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Abstract
Examines the problem of juvenile crime in general, theories and research on the topic, the increase of anti-social behavior on the part of youth and youth sub-groups, and causal factors, such as the cultural structure of American society.
From the Paper
"THEORETICAL REVIEW OF GENDER AS A CORRELATED OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Introduction
This research develops a theoretical review of gender as a correlated of juvenile criminal behavior. The review establishes to problem of juvenile criminal behavior, ..."
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Criminal Courts in D.C. and the World Court, 2003.
A comparative analysis of two dissimilar court systems.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews two dissimilar court systems: the criminal courts in Washington, D.C. in the United States; and the International Court of Justice (the World Court).
From the Paper
"This paper provides of brief review of the a local criminal courts in the District of Columbia Washington D C in the United States .."
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The International Criminal Court (I.C.C.), 2003.
Discusses the legal implications of the establishment of the I.C.C.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 22 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper presents information on the purpose of prosecution, trial, and sentencing of individuals found guilty of serious international crimes through the International Criminal Court. It also discusses the implications for world order and international law.
From the Paper
"LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)
This brief discusses and analyzes the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute), the international treaty providing for the creation of an international ..."
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San Francisco Juvenile Criminal Justice, 2005.
An overview of the issues involved in the creation of a new juvenile justice program in San Francisco, California.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper responds to the issue of creating a new juvenile justice program in San Francisco, California. It discusses a brief history of the problem with the current system, and relates that other states have adopted successful programs that San Francisco could easily adopt as well. It also discusses financing for the program and the juveniles that would be involved.
From the Paper
"Within San Francisco there exists a lower crime rate than in most major cities (Macallair). However, the juvenile justice system is greatly flawed in that juvenile halls, and detention centers are ill kept, unsafe, and overcrowded. This mirrors the history of the juvenile justice system, according to Krisberg ("Legacy" 122). Furthermore, juvenile halls within San Francisco are comprised of both serious and non-serious offenders, creating "schools of crime", and situations that lead first time offenders to return to the criminal justice system. Krisberg suggests that the juvenile halls of San Francisco are no more than "warehouses" for youth offenders that require the young to be held from two to thirty days awaiting their first hearing. In this time they are often treated with brutality, learn crime for more violent offenders, and suffer in unsafe living conditions (Krasny). "
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Juvenile Criminals: Should Children Be Tried as Adults?, 2001.
An argument against trying children in adult courts.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 45.95
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From the Paper
"Until 1925, many states combined juveniles and adults into one criminal court. But by 1925, almost every state had created some type of separate court specifically for juveniles (ACLU 1 of 3). Now, despite the fact that federal statistics indicate a decrease in violent crimes committed by juveniles, most states have made it easier to try juveniles in adult criminal courts (Should 2 of 4). This recent change in law has sparked a large debate. Should children be tried as adults in criminal courts? The answer lies in the question. No, children should not be tried as adults. First of all, there are too many circumstances that should be taken into consideration before determining in which court a juvenile should stand trial and there is no definite, concrete method for doing so. Secondly, children should not be tried as adults for the simple fact that they do not have the same reasoning abilities as adults. And thirdly, the idea that the children deserve to be punished for their actions is absurd. Children are young and impressionable and therefore deserve the opportunity to be rehabilitated, not jailed for life. However, the present statutory laws disagree with those opinions. Currently, all 50 states allow juveniles to be tried in criminal courts under some type of situation (Griffin 1)."
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Juveniles Tried in Adult Courts, 2006.
An argumentative essay on whether to prosecute and incarcerate juvenile offenders in the adult court and penal system.
1,851 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the problem of juvenile crime, which is becoming increasingly serious in the United States. The writer analyzes Proposition 21, which, in the writer's view, holds that the only way to curb the problem is to do away with concepts such as understanding and rehabilitation, concentrating on the safety of society as a whole. The writer examines whether this is the best strategy in terms of both social values and for the sake of juvenile offenders. The writer proposes that locking juveniles away together with adult criminals, and in effect ignoring the problem, is likely to only exacerbate the problem.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The History of the Juvenile Justice System
Proposition 21
The Problem or the Solution?
From the Paper
"While the criminal justice system has been, until recently, fairly lenient and rehabilitative towards juvenile offenders, more distant history tells a different story. In 1648 for example, during the colonialist period, juvenile offenders in the young country were treated extremely harshly (Current Events, 2003) . The death penalty was for example the punishment for any child older than 16 who cursed or mocked his or her parents. The first reformatory for juvenile offenders opened in New York during 1825."
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