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Juvenile Rights, 2004.
An overview of the California juvenile justice system.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the Supreme Court of the United States has made some highly significant legal decisions, thereby greatly impacting the right of both children and adults charged with major or minor crimes. It looks at how legal rights and rules for adults and juveniles are different and how, in California as in all states, there exists an entirely separate court system for persons under the age of 18, who are known as juveniles or minors. It looks at how the primary reason to establish these juvenile courts is to provide thorough assistance to the children who are charged with some minor or major offense, but who can be successfully reformed through rigorous counseling, adequate education, and guidance, rather than punishing them in the adult criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Law constituting various sets of rules and regulations survives to date and came into existence in order to safeguard the rights of its people, its followers. However, how these laws are formulated and used in order to defend the innocent and punish the guilty still depends largely on judges that preside over cases. Often, it has been observed that these laws are trampled as well as treated according to the free will of the courts thereby affecting the defendant and influencing the decision of the arbiter. However, for the public?s benefit and to further help the people (who are charged with crimes and are sentenced not according to what they deserve) as much as possible, our legal system is divided into various stratums based on the authority and power each layer of the legal system enjoys."
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The Constitutional Rights of Juveniles, 2007.
An analysis of three cases in the United States Supreme Court that had implications for the rights of juveniles.
1,721 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief introduction of the extent of juvenile delinquency in America. From there, it explores some of the most influential decisions directed towards juveniles, particularly regarding juvenile rights, by the Supreme Court of the United States. The paper discusses the cases of "In re Gault," "In re Winship" and "Kent v. United States" and analyzes the outcomes of the cases.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In re Gault
In re Winship
Kent v. United States
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Up until recently, America has seen a sharp decline in the crime rates of juveniles. Between 1994 and 2004, there was a 49% decline in juvenile arrests for violent crime index offenses (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). In addition, between this time period, the Department of Justice noted an 8% decline in drug abuse violations among males; however, there was a 29% increase in female violations. It is also helpful to understand how many juveniles are engaged in delinquency; in 2000 for instance, The Uniform Crime Reports showed that there were 1,560,289 juveniles under 18 arrested, which encompassed a significant 32% of all arrests for that year (as cited in Bartollas)."
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Juvenile Justice System, 1987.
Discusses its history & development; socio-cultural pressures leading to reform; court cases setting standards; compared to adult/criminal courts; power & authority; juvenile rights; injustices.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 12 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Juvenile delinquency is a major social problem in the United States today. It is defined as that behavior on the part of children which may, under the law, subject those children to the juvenile court laws. It is a legal invention of the nineteenth century that did not exist either under the English common law or under early Roman law. Both these legal systems regarded very young children as beyond the reach of the law, and for offenders between the ages of seven and fourteen years provision was made for the determination of the child's responsibility before the law. Once this determination was made, however, the child was either subject to the same criminal law as were adults or he was beyond its reach .. there were no special juvenile courts (Bliss, 1977, p. 1).
Age was a factor in determining whether the child would be (...)"
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From Natural Law to Human Rights, 2006.
This essay explores how human rights grew from natural rights.
4,511 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer declares that early proponents of natural law argued that people have common sense and are born with an intuitive knowledge of right and wrong. This paper discusses that human rights are those rights that are based on human nature. The writer examines how human rights grew from natural rights. It argues that conceptions of right and wrong are not based on an unchanging, eternal order, but are negotiable; that is, open to revision as the years go by and times change. It is seen, for example, how women and children have used natural rights arguments to gain rights that formerly were denied them.
The writer concludes that human rights have evolved from natural law and natural rights and that human rights are intimately connected to morality and ethics.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Law and the Concept of Rights
Changing the Law in Response to a New Moral Awareness
Human Rights for Women
Juvenile Death Penalty
Rights versus Utilitarianism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"More than anyone else the philosopher John Locke influenced the shape and form of democracy in the United States. He argued that human beings have certain fundamental rights, which governments cannot take away. He argued that no individual has a natural right to rule over others, and that a person's natural state is a state of freedom. Freedom, he explained, was not the same as license or permission to do whatever one wants; rather, freedom is based on the "law of reason which places precise limits on our behavior". Not everyone is able to enjoy their natural rights because other people and the government sometimes violate them; therefore, Locke suggested that men assemble and choose leaders who can be trusted to protect their natural rights. The primary function of government ought to be to protect the natural rights of its citizens, to protect citizens from other states, and to establish and maintain internal order. He suggested that oppressive governments (governments that had broken trust with the people) could, and should, be overthrown; in other words, sometimes, revolution is justified--especially if the government violates the natural rights of its citizens. In questions where natural rights are not the issue, then the will of the majority should prevail. His ideas profoundly inspired the Founding Fathers and the Declaration of Independence; moreover, the Constitution was written mainly to protect the people's rights from government interference, to insure internal order, and to establish defense."
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Juvenile and Adult Courts, 2006.
A comparison of the juvenile and adult court systems, including a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each system.
2,743 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences and similarities between the juvenile court system and the adult court system. It then discusses the benefits and disadvantages between the two systems and the differences in the focus of the two systems, from the arrest, to the trial to the methods of punishment commonly employed. The paper concludes with recommendations for the future.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Section A - Differences and Similarities
Juvenile v. Adult Court: The Differences
Terminology
Rehabilitation v. Punishment
Confidentiality
Different Types of Arrests
Adults Can Be Sentenced to Death
Trial Procedures
Similarities
Miranda Rights
Trial Rights
Punishments
Section B - Benefits and Disadvantages of Juvenile Court
Benefits
Disadvantages of Juvenile Court
Section C - Implications of Abolishing Juvenile Courts
Section D - Recommendations for the Future
Requiring Attorney Representation
Minority Representation Issue
Child Development Professionals
Child Competency Standard
Abolishing Juvenile Courts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The juvenile justice system was created separately from adult courts at the end of the 19th century. The purpose of the juvenile court was to help avoid the stigma of having a record, and to lean toward rehabilitative rather than punitive. Even though the process is somewhat similar to the adult court process, the juvenile court certainly has its differences. Those differences being a major difference in terminology, trial procedures, more rehabilitation than punitive, and juveniles under the age of 18 can no longer be put to death. The court certainly has more benefits than disadvantages especially with the confidentiality of records and allowing juveniles a fresh start once they enter adulthood provided they stay out of trouble. There are some who believe that abolishing the system would be better as it is viewed as being too lenient. However, to do so would cause a bigger backlog in the adult system just as an example of a problem that would create. There are definite recommendations for the future to improve the juvenile justice system even though it has made great strides since its inception."
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Juvenile Diversion Programs, 2007.
This paper explores the history and benefits of juvenile diversion programs in the United States and California.
9,633 words (approx. 38.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 196.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the history of juvenile diversion programs in the United States, with a specific focus on California's juvenile diversion programs. The paper discusses the benefits and successes of these types of programs, looking at current diversion programs already in place. The paper examines literature that shows the financial advantages of juvenile diversion programs as compared to processing juvenile offenders through the criminal justice system. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations for future studies on juvenile diversion programs.
Outline:
Introduction
Brief Background of Juvenile Delinquency and Attempts at Diversion
Support for Juvenile Diversion Programs
Background of Juvenile Diversion Programs
Pre-charge Diversion Programs
Specific Juvenile Diversion Programs Currently in Use
Brief Overview of the Juvenile Court System
Cost-Comparison of Juvenile Diversion Programs and the Criminal Justice System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, juvenile delinquency has emerged as a significant criminal and sociological issue, raising concern among parents, educators, policy-makers and government officials alike. Juvenile delinquency has become a major crime issue in the United States; in California the public has been overwhelmed with stories from the media, providing graphic evidence of a crime wave generated by our youth who, according to media reports, prey upon a defenseless public. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention reports that on average, juveniles were involved in one-quarter of serious violent victimization annually over the last 25 years; juvenile offenders were known to be involved in about 1,100 murders in the U.S. in 2003; over 108,700 juveniles were in detention, correctional, or shelter facilities in 1995; and courts with juvenile jurisdiction disposed of more than 1.6 million delinquency cases in 2000."
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Juvenile Correction Facilities, 2002.
Discusses correction facilities for juvenile offenders in New York.
2,123 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
Juvenile crime is a tremendous problem throughout the United States. Several states have created initiatives to curb juvenile crime and prevent juvenile delinquency. New York is just on of the states that have taken the initiative to reduce juvenile crime with the Juvenile Justice Project. This paper begins by explaining the difference between juvenile delinquents and juvenile offenders. It also examines why juveniles end up in these facilities. The paper then focuses on the types of correctional facilities in New York and the treatment that juveniles get in New York correctional facilities. Finally, the author of the paper explains whether or not he agrees with the New York Juvenile Corrections System.
From the Paper
"In addition, to health services juveniles that are incarcerated in these facilities have access to education, chapel services, and recreation. (Secure Detention) Each of the detention facilities has three schools that are fully staffed and provide juveniles with a tailored education. These schools are collectively known as the Passage Academy. (Secure Detention) There are also full time chaplains who are available for spiritual counseling in each of the facilities. Chapel services are held during the week and on holidays. Juveniles are also given access to recreation including outdoor yards and game rooms. (Secure Detention)"
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Juvenile Detention, 2004.
An examination of the effectiveness of juvenile/youth detention centers on juvenile offenders in the United States.
1,757 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explores thee impact of juvenile/youth detention centers on juvenile offenders in the United States and the rationale for dealing differently with juvenile offenders and adult offenders It looks at how there are various tactics that can be used inside and outside of the centers that are effective in reducing juvenile crime. It also examines how the way that adult and juveniles are dealt with in the criminal justice system is extremely dependent upon public opinion. It focuses on the effectiveness of Georgia juvenile detentions and provides some statistics showing how many juveniles are currently incarcerated and forecasts of how many are expected to be incarcerated in the future.
From the Paper
"The effectiveness of a detention center is also dependent upon the tactics that are used to address the problems that juvenile offenders face. In order to effectively serve these offenders juvenile detention centers must analyze the causes for delinquent behavior amongst Juveniles. In addition, the centers must be prepared to use unconventional tactics to effectively rehabilitate the juveniles. An article in the Journal, Reclaiming Children and Youth, explains that this type of innovation exists in places like Nevada. (Troup 2001) The article asserts that in Nevada juvenile detention centers are becoming more effective by coordinating and collaborating with all of the stakeholders involved."
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Juvenile Prison System, 2005.
A literature review on the rate of recidivism among African-American youths in the U.S.A.'s juvenile prison system.
5,420 words (approx. 21.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This report examines the juvenile justice system in relation to recidivism rates in African-American juvenile offenders. The juvenile justice system is placed in societal context through use of labeling theory, control theory, and the presence of racial profiling. The link to the program-based juvenile correctional, educational, and/or residential treatment program is provided through an association with the continuity of labeling-based role behavior within the juvenile justice system. Issues of recidivism are compared between different sorts of programs, with an emphasis on the residential treatment program. The formation of an environment that simultaneously blocks the presence of criminality-associated factors and values the inhabitant who is incarcerated, strictly on terms of their being a criminal among other criminals, is assessed in its contribution to higher rates of recidivism following incarceration. The report primarily exists as a literature review rather than an actual longitudinal or other experimental methodology presentation, and operates on the central hypothesis that African-American juvenile delinquents tend to increase rather than decrease levels of criminal behavior after being incarcerated in the juvenile justice system. The effects of discrimination in terms of unequal treatment within the juvenile justice system of differing races is also addressed, as are program realities.
From the Paper
"These individuals may put themselves into a situation in which these relationships with supervision are seen as negative and/or absent. The role of the juvenile justice system in replacing these supervisory relationships is therefore crucial for an understanding of recidivism patterns following incarceration. The provision of a positive supervisory structure is what is wanted, while the provision of a negative supervisory structure is seen to detrimentally affect the juvenile within the justice system and lead to a higher likelihood of the original negative-supervision attitude's being reinforced. "The onset of puberty, the increased presence of alcohol, drugs, and weapons in a young person's environment, and growing economic pressures all increase the risk of being a perpetrator or a victim of violence" (Posner, 1998). The reduction of these presences in the juvenile justice system is too often reinforced within a sort of labeling situation that still places a high premium on the criminal's role of association with these presences."
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Juvenile Drug Crimes, 2004.
Provides information about programs designed to break the juvenile drug-crime cycle.
9,985 words (approx. 39.9 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 202.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes existing literature about programs designed to prevent the juvenile drug-crime cycle and, based on that literature, identifies interventions that offer the best chances for success. This paper also provides guidelines and recommendations for developing a comprehensive juvenile justice system that can best address the needs of juvenile offenders involved with drug crimes.
Outline
Intervening with Juvenile Drug Crimes
Abstract
Proposal
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literacy and Juvenile Drug Crimes
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Trends in Juvenile Drug Crimes
About Juvenile Drug Courts
Methodology
Data Gathering Method
Database of Study
Validity of Data
Originality and Limitations of Study
Part 1 and 2-- Survey Participant Profile
Results, Discussion and Conclusion
Major Intervention Strategies
Recommendations
Continuing Care
How Ethnicity and Culture Affects the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle
Guiding Principles
Fundamental Role of the Juvenile Justice and Treatment Systems
Implementation at the Local Level
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"With the prevalence of drug crimes among juveniles and the complexity involved in their treatment, which must involve both the child and his living environment, the traditional juvenile justice process is often unable to deal effectively with the entire problem. The juvenile drug court aims to fill this gap by providing immediate and continuous court intervention that includes requiring the juvenile to get treatment, submit to frequent drug testing, appear at court status hearings, and comply with other court conditions aimed at accountability, rehabilitation, long-term sobriety, and preventing further criminal activity."
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The Juvenile Court System, 2004.
This paper discusses that the causality of juvenile offenders has changed, and therefore, the juvenile court system must change.
2,385 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because of the shift in the level of violence in teen behavior, the focus of the juvenile justice system has gone from one of individualized treatment and rehabilitation to generalized concerns for public safety and accountability in juvenile offenders. The author stresses that possibly the most needed change is the realization that children are no less prone to violent behavior than adults are. The paper reviews the work of four experts, containing ideas such as juveniles should be held morally accountable for their criminal behavior, and the juvenile court must be vigilant to children's due process rights and sensitive to the individual developmental needs of juveniles in each case.
From the Paper
"One hundred years ago, when the idea of criminal justice was evolving from observations of major urban streets, and the need of children trapped therein, society was not confronted with the specter of Columbine High School, in which teens planned and executed an assault on the student population with semi-automatic weapons and home made bombs. Fifty years ago, when the current theories of progressive juvenile justice were being formed, pop culture music did not fill the radio airwaves with messages that encouraged teens to become violent toward a social order that did not understand them. Nor did teens sit for hours engaged in realistic vigilante 3-d simulations in the screens of video games. Although game makers argue that the violent games are only entertainment, and do not have a causative influence on children?s behaviors, many of these game are designed in the same way as FBI training simulations, in which new agents are taught to desensitize themselves to the prospect of killing another human being."
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Juvenile Delinquency, 2007.
A literature review on juvenile programs and recidivism rates among juveniles.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, how more recent programs and proponents of reform suggest that reforming juvenile programs and offering juveniles more access to rehabilitation programs may help reduce rates of recidivism and crime in large urban centers.
Outline:
Significance of Juvenile Programs and Recidivism
Overview of Juvenile Programs
Overview of Recidivism Rates Among Juveniles
Relationship Between Juvenile Programs and Recidivism
Family Interventions and Recidivism
Parent Child Interactions and Delinquency
Supervision and Delinquency
From the Paper
"Studies suggest that violent juvenile crime is increasingly on the rise (Butterfield, 1996; Howard & Jenson, 1998). This suggests that youth crime is not only escalating but also becoming more violent (Howard & Jenson, 1998). In light of this many juvenile justice systems are now challenging the beliefs that have traditionally guided decision making policies and practices in the hopes to establish a better balance between "rehabilitating" and "punishing" juvenile offenders (Howard & Jenson, 324). In the past the juvenile justice system has focused more on punishing offenders for their actions, with increasing numbers of young adults transferred to adult facilities for punishment and lengthy incarcerations (Tolan & Guerra, 1994)."
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Juvenile Delinquency and Alternatives to Incarceration, 2006.
A report on the effectiveness of juvenile boot camps compared to traditional forms of juvenile punishment.
2,029 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This report discusses contemporary research findings and the effects of boot camps upon perceptions of effectiveness upon juvenile delinquency. The paper discusses the advantages of using boot camps for juvenile rehabilitation and the positive effects they have on those sent to them. It concludes by stressing the need for educational programs in order to create a more effective system of criminal justice for juvenile delinquents.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Research Findings
Discussion
From the Paper
"Over the past twenty years, youth incarceration and delinquency rates have been on a steady increase. During the 1990s, juvenile alternatives to incarceration, especially correctional boot camps became increasing popular as a sentencing option for youth delinquents. These boot camps are military-style institutions for defiant and disrespectful teens that have proven to possess a problem with authority. Their inability to confirm and respect authority has given rise to a need for these teens to undergo such alternative programs as boot camps which present an accommodation between months of military exercise, including strenuous physical activity, and learning exercises and programs designed to comprehend the concepts of disciple and respect. During the 1960s and 1970s, military schools existed as alternatives to traditional schooling for parents electing to send their troubled teens to a program with the intent of altering the defiant nature of their offspring."
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Juvenile Offenders, 2002.
A discussion of whether juvenile offenders should be tried as adults.
2,634 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, the issue of whether juvenile offenders should be punished in the same way as adults in light of the increase of crimes involving juvenile offenders and also the level of violence associated with such crimes. In response to the perceived skyrocketing in juvenile crime, states throughout the country have passed a variety of measures to send more juvenile offenders to criminal court. Historically our criminal justice system has encouraged law enforcement officials and prosecutors to focus on rehabilitation when it comes to juvenile offenders since law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and researchers believed that youths often make mistakes and are more able to learn and re-train their behavior than adult offenders who are often more jaded and violent. It evaluates how the decision to prosecute a juvenile offender as an adult has momentous consequences for the individual involved, with the juvenile offender frequently being confined with the general adult inmate population, arguably increasing the likelihood of recidivism since the juvenile offender will be exposed to ?new? crimes as well as techniques for avoiding punishment.
From the Paper
"There is a large array of literature concerning juvenile offenders and the issue of whether juveniles should be tried as adults. Presently there are three possible mechanisms used to allow juvenile offenders to be tried as adults. Judicial waiver involves a juvenile court judge transferring an adolescent to criminal court based on, among other things, the seriousness of the crime, the offender?s history, and the chances of the offender repeating his or her act. (Steinberg). Direct file policies allow the prosecutor to decide whether to file charges against a juvenile offender in criminal or juvenile court. (Steinberg). Finally, under statutory exclusion, certain categories of juveniles are automatically tried in adult criminal court. (Steinberg). Statutory exclusion is generally determined by a combination of age and the seriousness of the offense. (Steinberg)."
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