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Justice in the American Constitution and Classical Greece, 2005.
Compares concepts of governing and justice in writings by Plato and Publius.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
To compare the conception of justice in The Federalist Paper 51 with Plato's in the "Phaedo," might seem to be an exercise in injustice, as the two works have such different aims. Hamilton/Madison, otherwise known as 'Publius', was attempting to create a more unified form of government than the Articles of Confederation which then governed the American nation, before the ratification of the American Constitution that governs the country today. This paper shows that the true Greek Plato, speaking as the dying Socrates, had different concerns than the faux Greek Publius. Plato's concerns were more abstract than Publius. He wished to create a philosophical kingdom of oligarchic leadership where every person perfectly and justly fulfilled his or her function according to his or her abilities. The paper shows that for Plato, the purpose of government was to create a way of enabling a higher philosophical consciousness in the citizens, not enabling them to obtain the economic and physical means to enjoy a better bodily life.
From the Paper
"For Madison/Hamilton/Publius, justice was synonymous with laying a "due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government." A separation of powers, in other words, was key to and "essential to the preservation of liberty." Each department was to have a will and function of its own. In contrast, in Plato's "Phaedo," the main division stressed is that within the person, of the individual human soul and body. The soul despises and leaves the body upon death, but while on earth the philosopher obeys the consequences of the society he or she lives in, that protected the philosophy espoused by the philosopher, and hence, the philosopher physically obeys the laws of his society without question, although his soul may resist them. Divisions in government will not achieve justice in Plato's thought as in Publius. Rather Socrates stresses the striving of the soul for unity with the perfect forms of heaven as what is important-civic government matters less than self-government."
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Classical Greece, 2004.
A look at desire, emotion, and knowledge in Greek society and culture in the Classical Period (480-338 B.C.)
1,047 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, following the aftermath of Greeks? victory over Persians during 480-479 B.C., Greek society underwent rapid changes and revival in its political, economic, and cultural structures, called the Classical Period of Greek society and culture. Using texts from Thucydides, Euripides, and Plutarch, it provides an look at the important cultural and social changes that occurred in Greece during the Classical Period.
From the Paper
"Indeed, the Classical period is more appropriately described as a time wherein human potential and intelligence is at its highest. As Plato had stated, ?Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, knowledge.? This statement from the Greek philosopher brings into lucidity the important works of literature that had helped change the course of Greek history. In desire, Greeks have shown their need to become independent from colonizers and establish their own form of government. Through emotions, Greeks were able to discuss and express everyday life according to prevalent social issues. Lastly, knowledge served as the guiding principle in which Greeks have enriched their society and culture through intellectual development."
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The Constitution and the Criminal Justice System, 2008.
A discussion of Constitutional protection of the individual in the criminal justice system.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Constitutional protection of the rights of the individual with particular focus on the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments, originally drafted in the Bill of Rights. The paper points out that these amendments were designed to establish an equitable court system which could preserve the rights of its defendants and distribute justice equally. The paper argues, however, that over the last six years, the US government has shown a particular tendency toward the extension of governmental powers at the expense of individual rights. This has impacted American principles such as the protection against unlawful governmental intrusiveness, the denial of due process, and the judicial discrimination against individuals on the basis of ethnicity. The paper postures that although many judges reject these policies on the basis of their essential diversion from the amendments discussed here, it is not clear what path the judicial system will take with regard to the current laws in practice. The paper concludes that the issues attended to in these amendments are still very much at the forefront of legal discourse and the implications are very important for the legal culture and society of the US.
From the Paper
"The Fourth Amendment is clearly indicative of the experience which was endured under the authority of the British. This condition provides a protection to all individuals in their person and property, "against unreasonable searches and seizures." (U.S.A., 1) Here, law enforcement is required to undergo procedural norms in order to be entitled to invade the private space and property of an American citizen. This includes the acquisition of a search warrant upon what the law describes as 'probable cause,' indicating that the individual, his location and some specific item of evidence in that location are altogether under suspicion for their capacity to reveal information about a crime. The judicial introduction of probable cause in this amendment is crucial to the underpinnings of our criminal justice system, with the law-enforcement arm being governed in its interaction with citizens by way of this formality."
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Classical Marxist Theory and Classical Mercantilism, 2002.
Comparison paper on Marxism and Mercantilism.
1,496 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the economic aspects of Marxism and Mercantilism. It also compares the strengths and weaknesses inherent in both systems. Finally, the paper compares the way Marxist economy viewed its position in the international economy and the way the Mercantilist economy viewed its position.
From the Paper
"While no single treatise written by Marx and/or Engels covered all aspects of Marxism, the Communist Manifesto suggests many of its premises, the work Marx is most famous for, Das Kapital, developed many of the socialists doctrines that Marxism is known for. Though not well known, many pieces of the Marxist system were actually drawn from earlier economic and historical ideas. (Avineri) Works by earlier political philosophers and economists such as, George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Saint-Simon, J.C. L. de Sismondi, David Ricardo, Charles Fourier, and Louis Blanc were all liberally drawn from. Never the less, Marxist analysis as fully developed by Marx and Engels, was conclusively original."
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A Restorative Justice System, 2008.
This paper explores the need for a restorative justice system to take the place of the existing criminal justice system.
2,746 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why the public seems to have low levels of confidence and trust in the justice system and the extent to which community residents participate in justice initiatives. The paper examines the potential and the limits of restorative justice as a mechanism and discusses increasing community and citizen involvement in the justice process. The paper clearly shows the evidence that approaches to justice in our modern Western society are ineffective. The paper explains how the criminal justice system ignores the public's role in addressing crime, and thus alienates the community. The paper concludes that future approaches to justice should revolve around a restorative system as opposed to a criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction: The General Public and the Criminal Justice System
Why the Public Seems to Have Low Levels of Confidence and Trust
in the Justice System
The Extent to Which Community Residents Participate in Justice
Initiatives
The Potential and the Limits of Restorative Justice as a Mechanism
For Increasing Community and Citizens' Involvement in the Justice Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Evidence shows that public confidence and trust in the criminal justice system is low. In Canada, a recent survey revealed that most citizens were dissatisfied with the government's response to crime, even though they found no fault with the police themselves (p. 64). It appears to be the criminal justice system itself that dissatisfies the public. Canadian citizens are dissatisfied with the performance of the criminal court, the prison system, and, in particular, the parole system (ibid). The same findings tend to be replicated in studies of other Western countries, such as the U.S. and Europe (p. 65)."
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Constitution Comparison, 2002.
A compare and contrast analysis of the U.S. Constitution with the Indiana Constitution.
826 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between the constitution of the United States of America and the constitution of the State of Indiana. One is a federal constitution that encompasses the general backbone of the legislative, judicial and federal system of the nation and the other abides by the general constitution along with running a constitution of it?s own for the stability and prosperity of it?s own populous. It examines the differences and similarities in structure and organization, how both constitutions respect and protect the right of its civilians and the different views on civil rights.
From the Paper
"The sphere that marks the end of the US constitution and the beginning of the Indiana constitution is when the general principles and articles that apply to the whole country end and a more microscopic view to the general principles are developed to suit the temperament of the people. For e.g. according to the Indiana constitution (Article 1 section 3),?That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences: That no man shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of Worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent: That no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience: And that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious societies, or modes of worship; and no religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office of trust or profit.?. While the same right of practicing one?s religion and the rituals in it were conservatively disregarded by the American Supreme Court when in 1990 it ruled against two American Indians who religiously smoked peyote. The American perspective on many issues has been noted to be conservative."
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Restorative and Retributive Justice, 2004.
An analysis of the differences between restorative and retributive justice and their impact on the American justice system.
3,058 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how different theories of justice prevail at different times and how two of these can be termed restorative justice and retributive justice. It looks at how, stated simply, restorative justice emphasizes rehabilitation, while retributive justice emphasizes punishment. It attempts to show how the conflict between these two theories marks much of the history of American justice and continues to shape penal policies today.
Outline
Introduction
Punishment and Crime
Restorative Justice
Retributive Justice
Current Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Punishment in itself is a problem and has been since the beginning of human society. Some people today see punishment as a vestige of the human past that should have been left behind when human beings came out of caves and formed a social order. These people feel that today we should substitute measures that do not involve cruelty to our fellow man. Others believe in punishment as a retributive instrument and feel that punishment can be used against anyone who breaks the laws of God or Man. Packer (1968) writes: "I think both are wrong, although the danger of the moment is that we will overuse the criminal sanction, not that we will abandon it" (p. 3)."
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Justice in "Republic", 2002.
Examines the resemblance between justice in the individual and justice in the city in Plato's "Republic".
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
It is clear that for Plato the parallel between the individual and the city was much more than a simple question of resemblance or a useful illustration or metaphor for his text. Rather, as this paper will argue, making the association between the two allowed him to not only justify the rule of his ideal city by philosopher kings, but also to illustrate the social and political power dynamics of his ideal city.
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Justice in Drama, 2003.
Examines the conflict between human justice and justice of the gods in three works.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces an analysis of this theme in Sophocles's "Oedipus Rex", Euripides's "Hippolytus", and Shakespeare's "Hamlet". It examines characters who follow preordained paths.
From the Paper
"Justice in drama is generally divided into two sorts-human justice and the justice of the gods-and often the two are presented as being in conflict. This can be seen in different ways in the works of Sophocles, Euripides, and William Shakespeare."
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Classical Rock and Popular Prophecy, 2005.
A paper discussing the influence of classical music on rock music and why rock music is the classical music of the future.
2,873 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the contention that pop music is tomorrow's classical music within the context of rock/classical music collaborations since the early 1950s. The paper makes the point that pop is as certainly the classical music of tomorrow as classical music is the spirit of rock today.
From the Paper
"Long before the official birth of Rock and Roll, the incorporation of old classics into a new sound was a common practice among trendsetters and musical rebels alike. Classical music is certainly not the only genre of music to be reinvented in meaning and sound, but the choice of Classical pieces is a popular one because of the impact on listeners. Classical pieces are almost universally recognized as familiar to an audience, whether they are able to make a distinct identification of the piece, or if it is simply a vague sense of deja vu influenced by the historical music. "Thus even the early days of ragtime and vaudeville produced their own variations on the classics, though we have few recordings. From the 1920s through the 1940s, James Price Johnson, Jelly Roll Morton, and Fats Waller 'jazzed up' the classics, alongside the Big Band versions of Paul Whiteman, Duke Ellington, Harry James, Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, Les Brown... Many composers of Broadway shows also appropriated classical melodies." (Duxberry, "Nexus...") Pre-Rock Classical interpretations did not stir nearly the amount of controversy that would be seen in later years. The fervent nature of Rock and the moral/political rebellion associated with the genre, perhaps coupled with the passionate dedication of Rock musicians that equals that of the greatest Classical virtuosos, has been fuel for the fires of disapproval."
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Women in the Criminal Justice System, 2004.
An analysis of women in the criminal justice system from female offenders to female criminal justice professionals.
1,402 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the treatment of women and girls in the criminal justice system. The paper evaluates the recommendations of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Task Force on Women regarding female offenders, female crime victims, and female criminal justice professionals. The paper describes the nature of the changes that have been taking place regarding gender bias and inequality within the justice system.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system provides training to police and law enforcement agencies, prosecutors and judges (Legal Defense and Education Fund 2004). The New York State Police Academy, for example, trains its criminal justice professionals through a week-long Sex Offense Seminar. They are taught how to investigate sex crimes; collect evidence from crime scenes; interview suspects, surviving victims and other witnesses; obtain expert testimony; gather and present forensic evidence; screen for drug-facilitated sexual assault and similar crimes; observe Departmental protocol for crime investigations; recognize trauma syndrome and the surviving victim's emotional needs and rights; and coordinate with crisis programs, health care personnel and related agencies (LDEF)."
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Vigilante Justice, 2005.
A paper on vigilante justice, one of the most controversial issues in today's criminal justice system.
1,714 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author examines the topic of vigilante justice, defines and presents the history of the issue, looks at current examples of vigilante justice and shows how the courts have ruled on previous cases of vigilante justice.
From the Paper
"Although many people may be confused with the term "vigilante," I believe that after learning a little about the term they will be able to personally relate to the topic. According to a scholarly article found at http://faculty.ncwc.edu, the word vigilante goes back to Spanish origin and means "watchman or "guard." Usually when it is said that someone is taking part in vigilante activity, it means that they are taking the law into their own hands. After completing my research, I have found that this is probably the most commonly used definition when defining vigilante activity. I feel this is an incomplete definition that does not cover many other aspects of the concept. To add to this misrepresentation, most people who have an opinion of the topic are only able to warn of the consequences or dangers of vigilantism without understanding or explaining why it occurs. Out of all my criminology classes I have completed over the last two and a half years, I have only attended one which discussed the issue openly and appropriately. So it is easy to see why people have little knowledge of the issue when we as criminology majors rarely discuss the issue in detail."
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Juvenile Justice Systems, 2004.
This paper describes and evaluates England's and Canada's juvenile justice systems.
2,920 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that England and Canada appear to have juvenile justice systems similar to the system in the U.S. The author points out that, under the Youthful Offenders Act of 1854, England's Juvenile Justice System was created separate from the adult system. The paper relates that the Canada's juvenile justice system has gone through three different phases throughout the 20th century; the Juvenile Justice Act of 1908 defined the age of juvenile delinquency from 7 to either 17 or 18, depending on the province; in the 1960s and 1970s, Canada protected children by legal rights, especially constitutional rights; and, in 1995, an act amended the Young Offenders Act to focus on a multidisciplinary approach focused on why young people commit crimes and on rehabilitation.
Table of Contents
England's Juvenile Justice System
Prevention
The Persistent Young Offender
Overview of Youth Court
Summary
Canada's Juvenile Justice System
Canada's Youth Court
Summary
From the Paper
"Over the past few decades England has been trying to deal with an increasing crime rate. Property offenses have been increasing dramatically, which is creating a big concern for the public as well as those that work in the system. Throughout the past decade, the British have put a great deal of focus on dealing with a desire to divert more young people away from the formal adjudicatory process, while also developing a plan that deals with the most serious and persistent young offenders. Several Acts have been enacted to attempt to facilitate the administration and delivery of both objectives; they include the Criminal Justice Act (1991), the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (1994), the Crime and Disorder Act (1998), and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999)."
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Community-based Incarceration and Criminal Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the media's role in criminal justice issues and a look at community-based alternatives to incarceration.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
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Meaning of Justice, 2007.
This paper examines the meaning and the connotations of justice.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what exactly justice means and how it applies to a criminal justice professional. The writer explains that justice, as such, refers to a sense of fairness and impartiality, an even-handedness, righteousness, and also objectivity and independence in making up one's opinions. Further, the writer notes that justice is the concept which must predominate when laws are being made, and for a layman, justice would mean that he would be safe and secure in the knowledge that he would be protected adequately by the law, and by the sense of justice that the law must uphold, no matter what. The writer concludes that although justice may have several different connotations, the bottom line is that the criminal has to be punished, and the victim awarded respite and retribution for the crime that he has suffered.
From the Paper
"When one wished to search for the true meaning to justice, one must first decide the method that he wished to use to search for it, because this would provide a rational answer to the problem. The meaning of justice can perhaps be taken therefore, from its use in legal theory, and thereafter, combining it with a concept of ethics. For a criminal justice professional, he would study social control, penal law, criminal procedures, social law, evidence, criminology, victimology, and various other components of the justice system. Each area of study is equally important, and unless all the areas are given equal justice, the professional would not be able to practice law in all fairness. He must be able to implement as many types of justice as are humanly possible in this world, and concentrate on being fair and just in all his judgments of criminal and social behavior."
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