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"Judgement at Nuremberg", 2006.
An historical review of the 1961 film "Judgement at Nuremberg".
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the historical veracity of the 1961 movie "Judgment at Nuremberg", a fictionalized account of the post-World War II Nuremberg Trials. The film focuses on an actual trial of judges who carried out the laws promulgated by the Nazi State. The paper provides an extremely detailed outline of the movie's plot development, delving into an analysis of the characters and their actions and motivations. The paper concludes by examining how the movie parallels -- and deviates from -- history.
From the Paper
"Assigned to the trial as Chief Judge is Dan Haywood (Spencer Tracy), a low profile justice, who by his own admission, was not the original or subsequent choice. The prosecutor is Col. Tad Lansing (Richard Widmark) an "army man" who vows to convict the four ex-German Judges. Defending the accused is Hans Rolfe (Maximilian Schell) who must convince the court that the defendants were acting only for the love of their country. Among the defendants are respected Judge Ernst Janning (Burt Lancaster) who has written several books on law accepted the world over. Lawson accuses the defendants of signing orders for the sterilization of innocent men and the execution of those who opposed to the Reich and the extermination of the Jews. He puts Rudolph Peterson (Montgomery Clift) on the stand as a victim of sterilization. Rolfe manages to expose the pitiful Peterson as mentally challenged. Later Irene Hoffman (Judy Garland) is put on the stand to explain her alleged affair at the age of 16 with an elderly Jew. As his coup de grace, Lawson shows a film depicting the horrors of German concentration camps.
In between the sessions, Judge Haywood strikes up a friendship with Madame Bertholt (Marlene Dietrich) the widow of a former German general, in whose former home the judge is staying. In spite of their differences they begin to grow fond of each other."
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Nuremberg Laws vs. Jim Crow Laws, 2008.
A comparison of the practical differences between the Nuremberg Laws in Germany and the Jim Crow Laws in the United States and the racism upon which each of these legal systems was based.
8,467 words (approx. 33.9 pages), 46 sources, APA, $ 179.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Nuremberg Laws in Germany with the Jim Crow Laws in the United States. It discusses each of these areas of racial regulation in turn and then further examines the subtle distinctions and clear practical differences between the dangerous racism upon which each of these legal systems was based. The paper includes APA style footnotes but does not include a bibliography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Jim Crow Laws in the United States and Nuremberg Laws in Germany
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Similarities in Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws' Regulation of Interracial Relationships and Underlying Legislative Intent
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Contrast within in the Nuremberg and Jim Crow Laws on Interracial Relationships
Segregation in Education: Further Parallels in the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
Segregation in Education: Contrasting Aspects of the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: Similar Laws and Practices Causing "Civil Death" of African-Americans in the United States and Jews in Nazi Germany
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: The Final Solution and the Purely Aryan State, and Further Examples of Where Nuremberg and Jim Crow Differ
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This huge disparity can be best explained by referring back to one of the most predominant differences in the purposes of the racially hierarchical systems in place in each country. The Jim Crow laws were passed because Southern state lawmakers were struggling to protect and preserve the white supremacy that they had always lived with, and prevent African-American advancement as a necessary part of this objective. Yet in Germany, the Nazi party's goal was always the total extermination of all undesirables, including Jews, and the legislative deprivation of citizenship was at least in some respects merely a means to that end. Finally, to go along with this fundamental difference, there is one last similarity between the racial laws of these countries: the painful memories of both the Holocaust and the Jim Crow era, and all of the violations of rights, liberties and freedoms that comprised both of these experiences, are certainly still fresh in the recollection of all nations involved, and are still highly prominent historical issues today even as those who lived through these events are increasingly no longer with us."
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The Nuremberg Trails, 2007.
A discussion on the Nuremberg trials and the International Criminal Court (ICC).
2,223 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the impact of the Nuremberg trials on the United States and the US attitude towards human rights violations. The paper examines the influence of the Nuremberg trials as it relates to the development of the Declaration of Human Rights. The paper further examines the International Criminal Court (ICC/Rome Treaty), including the U. S. involvement in the ICC and why the U.S. initially supported it. The writer proposes that the U.S. has been hypocritical in not supporting the ICC, and explores the use of torture at Guantanamo, and Abu Ghraib.
From the Paper
"The author further explains that during 1944 when it was evident that the War would soon be over President Roosevelt requested that the War Department develop a strategy for bring those responsible for war crimes to justice (Linder 2000). Prior to the plan created by the War department the Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau had developed a strategy that entailed shooting the Nazi leaders that were responsible for these crimes and forcing other that were involved to live in exile in various places around the world (Linder 2000)."
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The Nuremberg Trials, 2007.
A comparison of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Nuremberg trials.
1,073 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the connection between the Declaration of Human Rights, the ICC and the Nuremberg trials. The research presented throughout this review is significant to the existing body of knowledge about this subject because it demonstrates the progression of various international laws. The paper discusses how the Nuremberg trials which laid the foundation for the Declaration of Human Rights and the International Criminal Court. The paper addresses the hypocrisy of the United States for not supporting the formation of the ICC.
From the Paper
"As a result of the Nuremberg trials and the holocausts the United Nations believed it necessary to establish the Declaration of Human Rights. The literature review explores that different articles established by the declaration. The literature review emphasizes the articles that discuss that human rights are for everyone regardless of race, sex or religion. This point is significant because the declaration of human rights was actually established before America established its own civil rights laws. The review also emphasizes that slavery and servitude should not be the condition of any human being. This article was designed to dissuade governments/institutions from instituting policies by which people are subjected to servitude or slavery."
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The Nuremberg Trials, 2004.
An overview and discussion of the long-term impact of the Nuremberg trials for Nazi war crimes against humanity.
1,788 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, after World War II, judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States tried twenty-two Nazi leaders, primarily Holocaust perpetrators, for crimes against humanity, violating long-established rules of war, and waging aggressive war, and how these trials would eventually become known as the ?Nuremberg Trials.? It looks at how many have argued that the long-term impact of these trials is that they were able to establish a stigma against governments that engage in genocide. It also discusses how the greatest lasting impact of the Nuremberg Trials is that, in the some 100-plus civil wars since 1945, no international body had been convened to try aggressor nations or individuals accused of war crimes.
From the Paper
"If we look back at Nazi war crimes, we may note that despite the reluctance of nations to unite in common cause and move swiftly toward a lasting road against aggression, the hope of a more lasting peace is likely to serve as a deterrent for all future warring factions. This was essentially the best that many judges and UN officials could hope for
as Nuremberg?s brightest promise. The world had a problem of what to do about the Nazi regime that had presided over the extermination of some six million Jews and deaths of millions of others with no basis in military necessity. Never before in history had the victors tried the vanquished for crimes committed during a war. Though, never in history
had the perpetrators been involved in a plot of such a mass destruction of the human populace."
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Film: "Judgment at Nuremberg", 2007.
This paper argues the broader implications of Stanley Kramer's 1961 film "Judgment at Nuremberg" not only in the context of its original release at the height of the Cold War but also in the milieu of the 21st century War on Terror.
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that "Judgment at Nuremberg" is remarkable for its willingness to consider the collective guilt of the German people and, even more troubling, of people from other countries. The author points out that the power of this film lies in the complexity with which it represents such issues as responsibility, accountability and guilt in the context of a Hollywood social problem film and within the conventions of courtroom drama. The paper concludes that the film also reflected the events of the early 1960s, at the time "Judgment at Nuremberg" was made, which included the trial of Eichmann in Jerusalem and the enduring injustices in the United States that would become the Civil Rights struggles. The author believes that this film still has implications in the 21st century social, legal and political debates over the treatment of terror suspects in the War on Terror and the extent to which elected representatives should be held accountable.
From the Paper
"From a theatrical perspective, the casting of prominent Hollywood stars on both sides of this question is significant. It can be cynically said, as critic Pauline Kael quoted in her review, that this film is "an All-Star Concentration Camp Drama" given the number of stars involved. However, the casting of such an "heroic" leading man as Burt Lancaster as a prominent German leader can be read as a theatrical "sign" to the audience from the outset of the drama that "judgment" in this film will be more complex than if the Germans were stereotypical villains."
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"Rush to Judgement", 2002.
This paper reviews Mark Lane's book, "Rush to Judgement".
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Mark Lane's "Rush to Judgement" which analyzes the investigation of the events surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The book questions the work done by Warren Commission. The author illustrates how Lane presents a unique perspective in discussing the assassination and the murders of police officer J.D. Tippit and Lee Harvey Oswald, which he believes are critical to get the full picture.
From the Paper
"The book seeks to connect the preconceptions of the Commission members with the conclusions of the Commission. Instead of pursuing the investigation of the crimes, the Commission fails to thoroughly question witnesses and stops questioning whenever a witness begins to present testimony not consistent with the conclusion that the Commission wanted. Lane shows that many questions remain and many possible areas of further analysis remain after the Commission finished its work concluding that there was a single assassin and he was Lee Harvey Oswald. The lack of completeness in the investigation leaves open the possibility of a conspiracy."
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Social Judgement Theory, 2002.
Examines the social judgement theory developed to explain philosophical approaches to questions of social justice.
2,012 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines the social judgement theory. It begins by providing a definition of the theory and the background to its development. It explains that among the problems to which such a theory can be addressed are those concerning the distribution of wealth, property rights, socialization of vital industries and business ethics. It looks at the theory's four principles and then discusses its application.
From the Paper
"The key to Social Judgment Theory is that an attitude change on a specific issue results from judgments on related issues. A person's attitude cannot be observed by using traditional research methods, and this is why the social judgment theory was developed (Sherif et al., 1967, 112). Judgements are measured using the ordered alternatives questionnaire established by Sherif and Hovland, and this questionnaire requires that the participant rate a list of statements as being acceptable, objectionable, or neither acceptable nor objectionable. The results from the questionnaire serve to measure an individual's latitudes of acceptance, rejection, and noncommitment (O'Keefe 1990, 31)."
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Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 2002.
An analysis of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper examines the Nuremberg trial, and discusses the crimes, the evidence the prosecution presented, the justification or defense offered by the defendants, whether the prosecution proved its case, and why.
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The Nuremberg Laws, 2004.
A discussion on the impact of Nuremberg laws.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper surveys the passage and impact of the Nuremberg Laws in Germany in 1935. It explains that these laws lead to greater persecution of Jewish people, and deprived them of their natural rights.
From the Paper
"For example in May the German government passed a law prohibiting Jews from joining the army. And that summer anti-Jewish propaganda appeared in Nazi German shops and restaurants Racial Policy of Nazi Germany. It was not a major surprise therefore when on September Hitler announced two Nuremberg Laws titled the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour at an annual Nazi rally ..."
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The Nuremberg Trials, 2007.
This paper examines the legal aspects of the Nuremberg Trials.
1,504 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Nuremberg Trials by questioning several legal aspects of the proceedings. The author argues that the Allies exceeded the laws of the time in their quest to punish Nazis for what they saw as unacceptable ways to conduct war. The paper concludes that the Trials also did not serve a deterrent purpose, rather they demonstrated the difficulty of using law to deal with unpredictable and unexpected behavior.
Outline:
Introduction
Allied Positions
Defendants' Views
Justice of Injustice?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Nuremberg Trials took place in Nuremberg, Germany from 1945 to 1949, following the end of World War II. They were the culmination of efforts by the victorious allies to address actions taken by the Nazis during World War II that most of the Allies believed went well beyond the boundaries of acceptable practice of warfare. However, the Allies themselves exceeded the laws of the time in their quest to punish Nazis for what they saw as unacceptable ways to conduct war."
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The Nuremberg Trials, 2002.
An analysis of the Nuremberg Trials and how they left a legacy of injustice.
1,148 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the details of the post-World War II trials of Nazi officials. It concludes that while these individuals certainly deserved punishment, the manner in which the trials were conducted violated many international standards of justice.
From the Paper
"Documentation reveals that many Germans who were peaceful and kind citizens before 1933, participated in acts of genocide for nearly twelve years and then became quiet, good people again afterwards. It has been theorized that a psychological break occurred during this time. Another personality emerged from the human psyche, summoned by the Nazi leadership. When the war was over, this evil nature disappeared as quickly as it had been created. Therefore, it cannot be claimed that executing Nazi war criminals was a matter of safety. They posed no real danger upon the war's conclusion."
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Kafka's 'Judgement' - The role of the Friend in Russia., 2000.
An analysis of how the seemingly unimportant friend in Russia is used by Georg and his father in their power struggle, in the short story 'Das Urteil' (the judgement.)
3,630 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
The writer explores this character friend in Russia. It shows that this hardly a character at all - we do not know his name, nor do we meet him - but he is a device through which Kafka reveals the true character of Georg Bendemann and accounts for the sentence of death which his father passes on him. Georg rejoices in his friends failures and uses them to underline his own successes, and by not inviting his friend to his wedding, he does not allow him to share in his own happiness. Other subtexts of the father's attitude to his son are explored, such as possible Freudian interpretations.
From the Paper
" Nameless, he is given only the bare bones of a personality, and appears in two differing incarnations, both as Georg's "childhood friend" , and the "son after my own heart" described by Bendemann senior. As such, he cannot be said to play an active role in the relationship between the father and son. He becomes instead a token, used by each to their own ends. Through the ways in which each character interprets the friend in Russia, and uses the image of this friend as a weapon, Kafka reveals the personalities of the protagonists, and exposes the relationship between them."
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Post World War II - The Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials, 2000.
Looks at the effect these trials had on international law.
9,010 words (approx. 36.0 pages), 46 sources, $ 187.95
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Abstract
This paper examines both the Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Trials following World War II and it?s impact on international law. It begins with a history of the development of international law up until World War II. It then recounts the events that led up to both trials followed by a description of the charter of both trials. Next is a recount of the three top defendants in both trials followed by the general argument put forth by the defense attorneys. After this there is a section on the impact of the trials on international law followed by a argumentative section on why the trials were ?victor?s justice?. The concluding section focuses on the Rwanda and Yugoslavia tribunals and an outlook for the future.
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Judgements In Cases: Conceptualism vs. Realism., 2002.
Highlights the two schools of thought regarding the manner in which judges actually make their legal rulings and how they should make their legal rulings.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Most all rules of law are at least indirectly hinged to the existence of a fair, impartial, and efficient judiciary. Perhaps more than all of them, however, is the tenet that 'all persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law'. This particular rule of law rests almost solely on the discipline of the judiciary and has raised the important question of how, precisely, judges make their decisions. Boundless theories concerning themselves with questions about how judges decide cases and how they should decide cases have filled the minds of legal scholars for centuries. Of these theories, two schools of thought have generally competed for their allegiance. This paper will highlight the essence of these normative theories and attempt to distinguish the most accurate conceptualisation.
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