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Journalism and the First Amendment, 2006.
A look at the issue concerning the oppression of the free flow of information from a political, governmental and sociological perspective.
1,801 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ongoing legal issue regarding the right of journalists to protect their sources verses the government's right to know the name of the source in order to investigate a crime. The paper analyzes this issue from a governmental, political and sociological point of view by examining the case of Judith Miller, a journalist for the "New York Times", who refused to reveal the name of her sources even though it meant she would have to serve time in jail. The paper concludes that Miller's decision to refuse to reveal her sources was the right one and the best one for society. The paper also asserts that it is indeed frightening to think of all that might be perpetrated by the government and other organizations if the free flow of information to news reporters is allowed to be squelched by Supreme Court decisions such as the one made by the Supreme Court in the case of Judith Miller.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Incident/Event
Judicial Action to Change the Restraint Placed on the Flow
of Information within Society
Social Science Perspectives of this Issue
Integrated Analysis and Conclusion
Discussion
From the Paper
"It was reported in the Washington Post that Journalist for New York Times Judith Miller would be jailed for refusing to release her sources. The confidential conversations were with government sources. A federal appeals court ruled that the journalist must reveal sources or be jailed for contempt. Miller chose to be jailed. On July 1, 2005 the Washington Post reported that Time magazine had decided it would comply and 'hand over the notes of a reporter threatened with jail for refusing to cooperate with an investigation into the unmasking of a CIA operative....Time relented just days after the U.S. Supreme Court rejected appeals from its White House correspondent Matt Cooper and New York Times reporter Judith Miller, who have been locked in an eight-month battle with the government to protect their confidential sources." (Milton, 2005) The report further states. "The case represents one of the most serious legal clashes between the media and the government since the Pentagon Papers case more than 30 years ago." (Milton, 2005)"
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"Committing Journalism", 2002.
Explores the First Amendment through journalism by reviewing "Committing Journalism: The Prison Writings of Red Hog" by Dannie Martin and Peter Sussman.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a book review on "Committing Journalism: The Prison Writings of Red Hog" by authors Dannie Martin and Peter Sussman. This book is remarkable in that it is a collection of essays by Dannie Martin, a prison inmate and Peter Sussman, his editor. In total, fifty essays written on all aspects of the federal prison system are found within this book and cover a wide range of topics from racism to AIDS to the prison societies. "Committing Journalism" also describes the First Amendment problems that occurred when Martin and Sussman attempted to publish these essays in the San Francisco Chronicle.
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Computer Journalism, 1998.
An analysis of how computer journalism will be benefit society.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this report is to show how computer journalism will be more of an asset to journalism and society. It looks at how computer journalism is better than other news sources, will create more jobs, will affect the community, and will affect entertainment such as sports and movies. The discussion is constructed as follows: journalism in the present & the future, computer journalism in the present, newspapers that are already using computer journalism, how databases help stories become more efficient, why CD-ROM is a needed tool, the future, how computer journalism increases opportunity and creates new jobs and reaches the community, effects on entertainment, and advertising.
From the Paper
"Newspapers have always been efficient in delivering the news but have faced set-backs that leave the public unsatisfied. Surveys show that ?only 38 percent of the public rely on the newspaper.., while 72 percent point to television for news? (Dennis 677). Editors realize the need for drastic change and have already adopted new ways to deliver the news more efficiently. For example, databases are now ??recognized as a tool, if not a staple? (Webb 1) for good journalism. CD-ROMS (On-line databases) are also being used frequently by Newspapers; because of the dramatic drop-off in the price for ROMS, from $10,000 to $4,000 in the last decade, the media has been quick to take advantage. These two new resources hope to push back the newspaper on top of the news industry."
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John C. Merrill's "Professionalization of Journalism", 2005.
This paper reviews John C. Merrill's "Professionalization of Journalism", which argues the appropriateness of professionalizing the career of journalism.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although journalism has some characteristics of a profession, it cannot be considered a profession because (1) journalists do not have a direct relationship with their clientele, (2) there are no entrance requirements, (3) journalists do not follow a prescribed code of ethics nor a standard way in which they behave and (4) journalists do not possess one specialized body of knowledge but rather command many disciplines. The author points out that if journalist came from only one shared common knowledge, this would restrict the perspectives, conduct and values of their profession. The paper relates that Merrill believes that, while the professionalization of journalism does deter amateurish practices, it nevertheless creates university journalism programs that squash creativity and inquisitiveness.
From the Paper
"The original definition of profession is one who professes. Since then, it has come to mean an occupation to which one belongs and about which one is knowledgeable. Moreover, one also claims complete domain over the discipline. In other words, a member of a profession declares that because he is educated in that area, he has more authority in such matters than do nonmembers. As such, this specialist has absolute control over the services he provides to others. Professions consist of homogenous groups of individuals. A professional is described as being trustworthy, objective, and inquisitive regarding his profession. Additionally, a professional seeks solidarity with colleagues and protection from the judgment of outsiders. Entrance to a profession is subject to satisfactory completion of prescribed requirements."
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The Balanced Budget Constitutional Amendment, 2002.
Discusses the motives behind adopting a constitutional amendment that requires a balanced budget and some of the problems associated with the amendment.
899 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons behind Congress's proposal for a Constitutional amendment that would require a balanced budget and the groups that supported the proposal. The paper also looks at the groups that opposed the proposal and their arguments against it. The paper concludes with a counter proposal that is intended to address the concerns of those both for and against the proposed amendment.
From the Paper
"Deficit spending in the eighties, coupled with two Gulf Wars and a slowing economy, have escalated the borrowing and spending of this country for nearly two decades straight. As the federal deficit grows, those within government can not help but heed the warning signs. With no end in sight, many inside the beltway have proposed initiatives for capping federal spending. The most notable of these, and perhaps most drastic, is the adoption of a Constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget. Proponents believe a balanced budget is necessary for the continued prosperity of the nation. They also believe budget oversights can be avoided when the President and lawmakers are held accountable for where they direct money."
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First Amendment Rights and Pragmatic Solutions, 2001.
A comparison between the First Amendment rights and courts' pragmatic approach to the Amendment.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 0 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at six applications in order to compare the First Amendment rights to free speech to the courts' pragmatic approach to First Amendment issues.
From the Paper
"When it comes to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution the courts are often caught between a rock and a hard place. If the courts protect the right of the First Amendment there are sometimes substantial consequences that could have been avoided by suppression. If the court rules to protect the interests of many and rules against freedom of speech then it finds itself in violation of the constitution. It is a balancing system in which the court is constantly weighing the good of all against the nature of the first amendment. It is a battle that will continue as long as we are a nation that abides by the constitution, which also allows us to request court intervention and mediation regarding the amendment."
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Journalism, 2004.
An overview of the theories of journalism, through a review of the Hutchinson report.
2,853 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Hutchinson report concerning journalism and contends that perhaps the only thing to be learned from the theories about journalism is that they are just that: theories. The paper claims that journalists are seen as terribly influential, or totally ineffective, depending on the position of the observer. It points out that the notion of truth does not enter into either the theories or the practice; in fact, accuracy is the intent of good journalism, apparently, but it is subordinate to choice. The paper assesses that journalism can be explained very simply in the end, without need of a Hutchinson report. The paper defines journalism as any response to any event, filtered through whatever person tells the story, as well as the attitudes of those who receive it.
From the Paper
"However, in explaining why journalism is more than reportage, which is what the foregoing describes, the Hutchinson Commission also recognized that values were important as well. In fact, it went so far as to say that "societal values need to be 'presented' to and 'clarified' for the public (Baker, 1998, Highbeam Web site). As Baker notes, that immediately turns media into educator, and not only that, but as educator of the existing norms of a society. The U.S. media, for one, adopted "codes of performance, which urge the media to respect accepted values and to portray the traditional virtues" (Baker, 1998). Baker also contends that this idea was the precursor, observable already in the 1940s, to the trend that got fully underway in the 1990s of media consolidation and concentration, or as it was called, the "long trend toward media monopolies" (Baker, 1998). "
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Gay Marriage Amendment, 2008.
This paper argues against an amendment to ban gay marriage in the United States.
1,358 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Congress should not adopt a resolution calling for an amendment to the United States Constitution to ban same-sex marriages. The writer maintains that such an amendment is not necessary to address any real problem and would cause problems. Further, the writer argues that this is a political ploy. In addition, the writer maintains that such an amendment would jeopardize the separation of church and state. The writer concludes that the Federal Marriage Amendment is not needed practically, may cause unexpected problems, is a cynical political ploy, undercuts the judiciary, would jeopardize the separation of church and state and should not be adopted.
From the Paper
"Further, Chapman finds strong practical arguments for gay marriage. It will not increase unfettered sex. Sex, fettered or unfettered at one's preference, is easily and abundantly available. Given liberal divorce laws, many children already live outside the idealized mom-and-daddy family, and others are suffering because their parents do not divorce when they should. If children are better off when their parents marry, and adults generally build more stable relationships in which to raise children if they commit themselves to marriage, how are the children of gay couples better off if their parents barred from marrying? Proponents of the Federal Marriage Amendment leave these questions frustratingly unaddressed."
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Constitutional Amendment, 2005.
A look at two proposals for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution regarding the definition of marriage.
903 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Federal Marriage Amendment, represents a repudiation of the rights and freedoms already granted to all citizens in the Constitution because its intended purpose is to deny gays and lesbians the right to a legal marriage. The paper contends that a better amendment regarding the institution of marriage would be the Amendment for Total Equality because it would guarantee to all citizens the legal rights and benefits of marriage and seeks to prevent and, ultimately, eliminate legal discrimination against homosexuals.
From the Paper
"The definition of civil marriage is currently defined by state law. According to the Federalist principles underlying the creation of the union, individual states have the right to define the legal parameters of marriage: "the state is free to set limits to the circumstances in which marriage may be permitted, and judicial interpretation thereof," ("Federal Marriage Amendment" 2004). The federal government cannot offer a blanket definition of marriage. However, a proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States: H.J. Res 56, would place universal parameters on the definition of the social institution. Also called the Federal Marriage Amendment, the proposal reads: "Marriage in the United States shall consist only of the union of a man and a woman. Neither this Constitution or the constitution of any State, nor state or federal law, shall be construed to require that marital status or the legal incidents thereof be conferred upon unmarried couples or groups," ("Federal Marriage Amendment" Section One, cited by Longley 2004). Support for H.J. Res 56 is relatively strong. Its proponents seek primarily to prevent gays and lesbians from being able to legally marry."
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Interrogations and the Sixth Amendment, 2005.
A look at the implications that the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution has for legal interrogations.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the Sixth Amendment. More specifically, the paper discusses interrogations and the Sixth Amendment, while addressing why a statement is sometimes inadmissible under the Sixth Amendment, despite the fact that Miranda did not apply or was complied with. It also questions when the Sixth Amendment attaches, how it is violated, and what precautions are necessary.
From the Paper
"The Sixth Amendment is very intricate. Often, a statement is inadmissible in court for the smallest of reasons, such as an officer forgetting to administer the Miranda rights to a suspect, or not getting a lawyer fast enough when a suspect becomes "the accused." A suspect should not be able to incriminate himself by compulsory questioning, and often this happened, and so, judges took on and defined the Sixth Amendment so suspects and police departments both had more rights. Even when Miranda is complied with, there are other situations that can hinder Sixth Amendment rights, such has having an attorney present, and not questioning a suspect until an attorney is present. In addition, even though Miranda has been correctly administered, law enforcement personnel can threaten, coerce, or frighten a suspect into self-incriminating themselves, and this would make the information inadmissible in court. Even if the suspect voluntarily gives information, if they have not specifically waived their rights, they cannot incriminate themselves, and the evidence will not stand. This is why law enforcement personnel must be completely aware of the Sixth Amendment and all its' implications."
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Radio Journalism, 2002.
A look at why the radio journalism industry has experienced a slight deterioration in the past 30 years.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses why radio journalism has been adversely affected somewhat by the advent of new technology in the field of communication. The writer also comments on the changing definition of what radio journalism encompasses. This paper endeavours to explore what these factors and trends are that have led to the degeneration of radio journalism, as well as what the future of radio journalism might entail.
From the Paper
?Prior to conducting this undertaking, a brief timeline of events needs to be given in order to understand the degeneration of radio journalism through the gradual descent in popularity of its chief vehicle. In 1873, Maxwell publishes the theory of radio waves, which leads to the broadcast of voice and music in the U.S. in 1906. This development is capitalized on when DeForest starts broadcasting radio music on a regular basis in 1907. In 1909, the first broadcast talk was held and the topic was on women?s right to vote. In 1912, the U.S. government passes a law to regulate radio stations (http://www.ibiblio.org/jpurnalism/jhistory/, 7). In the 1920s, radio starts to compete with print media, such as newspapers and magazines (Emery, Emery & Roberts, 1996, 5). In the 1930s, the golden age of radio begins. However, by 1948, the general population start demanding television (http://www.ibiblio.org/jpurnalism/jhistory/, 8-10), and the golden age of radio ends as it starts to compete with television, and then later other technological inventions in communication and entertainment, for a share in the consumer market.?
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Wrongful Dismissal and the First Amendment, 2002.
An in-depth study of the abuse of the individual right in the American First Amendment.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the fact the history shows that uncertainties of a fragile First Amendment during times of crisis are well founded, as seen in the post September 11th era. It defines and provides a history of the First Amendment. It uses numerous legal cases to support its claims. The paper describes the Five Freedoms. The author states that the First Amendment right of free association has been rigorously compromised, particularly for those connected with Muslim organizations that the government believes supports anti-American causes.
Table of Contents
History and the First Amendment
Free Expression on Private Property
Hate Speech
Clear and Present Danger
The Problem of ''Symbolic Speech.''
Conclusion
Reference:
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The most basic element of freedom of expression is the right of freedom of speech. The right to freedom of speech allows individuals to utter them without interference or constraint by the government. The Supreme Court requires the government to provide extensive justification for the interference with the right of free speech where it attempts to normalize the content of the speech. A less rigorous test is applied for content-neutral legislation. The Supreme Court has also recognized that the government may proscribe some speech that may cause a breach of the peace or cause violence. The right to free speech includes other mediums of expression that communicates a message."
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Victims? Rights Constitutional Amendment, 2004.
A look at arguments for and against the victims? rights Constitutional amendment.
1,101 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the how Senate Judiciary Committee passed the victims? rights Constitutional amendment, which would give crime victims the right to be notified, present and heard at critical stages throughout their case. It examines how advocates for the amendment believe it encompasses four basic ideas: that all victims should be treated with the same dignity and given the same information as the accused criminal; how victims are notified when rapists or abusers are let out of jail or prison; how no one can profit from crime, and any monies should go to the victims and their families; and finally, how nationwide victims will be allowed to make victim impact statements before final sentencing. It also discusses how the amendment has encountered much opposition from nonprofit groups and prosecutors and judges who believe that granting victims the right to a speedy trial may put pressure on prosecution to try the case before it is ready.
From the Paper
"The amendment also denies defendants due process rights, due process rights protect the innocent from arrest and imprisonment. They do not exist to protect the guilty criminals from punishment. One basic due process right is the right to be afforded an impartial trial. However, when you have victims pleading to the jury to return a guilty verdict, you can easily see that someone innocent could easily be denied the due process of the law (aclu.org). The result of this miscarriage of justice is innocent people being wrongfully convicted for crimes they did not commit (Wallace)."
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The Fourth Amendment, 2005.
This paper discusses the nature and authority of the Fourth Amendment.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution under the Bill of Rights. The author points out that this amendment prohibits unlawful searches and seizures on the part of the government and is aimed at protecting the security and privacy of individual citizens from government intrusions. The paper reviews the amendment and suggests some contemporary challenges to its authority.
From the Paper
"Anyone who has ever watched any of the number of courtroom dramas broadcast on television these days will have heard of the Fourth Amendment. For lawyers, it seems to be a phrase tossed around with ease with the likes of probable cause and unlawful search and seizure. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution constitutes one of the most important elements of the modern American justice system, but is one part that is not so well understood by the general populace. Additionally, the increasing number of electronic crimes via computers and the Internet has made the Fourth Amendment even more difficult to understand and appropriately apply for citizens and lawmakers alike."
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Equal Rights Amendment, 2004.
A look at the impact of the Equal Rights Amendment on women's rights.
942 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Equal Rights Amendment, which was first introduced to Congress in 1923, still eludes women, despite the simple words that comprise the entirety of the proposed amendment. It looks at how, throughout history, a quagmire of social, political, and economic forces have prevented ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment and how we now appear to be closer than ever before to providing full constitutional protection for women.
From the Paper
"Abortion rights are still hotly contested, but retribution against equal rights for women appears to be diminishing. In United States v. Virginia in 1996, the Supreme Court held that the all-male admission policy of the Virginia Military Institute violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. If the Equal Rights Amendment was to come back up for a vote this year, it would certainly stand the best chance of passing in U.S. history and would likely be adopted by a more progressive society than has existed in the past. And, after all, only three more states are needed to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment."
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