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John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2002.
An examination of the premises that Locke bases his theory upon.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Examines premises that Locke bases his theory upon. Law of God and Civil laws. Belief in superior power of God. Why man's laws can be changed, but not God's. Natural law and the state of nature. Locke's theory of property & property rights. Rule of common reason & equity. Discusses how Locke's 17th Century theory can be applied, or not applied, to the complex modern world.
From the Paper
"John Locke's Theory of Natural Law
Natural law, as Locke saw it, was something above and beyond laws made by Man. "He is quite confident that civil laws do not necessarily oblige the individual conscience, but he maintains there is a law of God which forbids 'disturbance or dissolution of governments'" (Laslett, 1999, p. 35). It is interesting to note that this sort of "natural" law's premises were founded on the belief in the superior power of God, and that God, literally as well as figuratively, created governments that rule, and laws that regulated that rule. It may be obvious, then, that America's Pledge of Allegiance, refers to "one nation under God"- which seems a direct descendant of the idea of natural laws as developed in the seventeenth century, a hundred years before the idea of an American democracy became fact."
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John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2001.
An analysis of philosopher and politician John Locke's Theory of Natural Law and how this contributed to the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at this philosophy whereby Locke?s perception of mankind was an extremely optimistic one, and he viewed natural law and the state of nature as being where all men are naturally moral and reasonable, and are born free, equal and possessing the inalienable rights to protect their life, their freedom, and their property.
From the Paper
""Nature is a state of perfect equality amongst all men. In this state, no one man has more power or jurisdiction than any other man." (Locke 1690)
John Locke (1632 - 1704) was a qualified physician and a respected Oxford academic, in addition to being one of several political philosophers who focused on the theories of natural rights and natural law during the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Locke?s theory of natural law, and of the aims and purposes of government, were detailed in his work, ?Two Treatises of Government? (1690), and proved to be influential, not only in Britain, but across the world, especially in America, where his views formed the foundation of the Declaration of Independence and the American system of government."
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Theories of John Locke, 2002.
A discussion of Locke's theories of property, taxation and the state of nature.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theories of the 17th century English political and social philosopher, John Locke, and the effects his ideas had on political events. Locke's theories of property, taxation and the state of nature as they pertain to the individual are explored. Two significant events said to have been influenced by Locke's theories, the "Declaration of Independence" and the "Declaration of the Rights of Man" are discussed.
From the Paper
"According to John Locke, the 17th century English political and social philosopher, although the entire earth and all its riches have been gifted by God to all men (and as such are the common property of the entire mankind), every individual has a ?property? in his own ?person.? Thus the origin of all ?property? is in each ?person? himself. This ?property? of the individual is the labor that he puts into his work during his lifetime. It is Locke?s contention that nobody has any right to such labor but himself. He believed that every individual takes some part of the common ?gift? that God has given to all mankind in the form of the earth?s resources, and by adding to that resource by his own labor an individual makes that resource into his own ?property.? And just as no one has any right to take away a man?s labor, no one has any right to take away this ?property? from an individual, either."
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Locke's Theory of Resistance Rights, 2002.
Examines political philosopher, John Locke's theory of resistance rights and how they relate to rebellion.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
As with so much of John Locke's political thought, his theory of resistance rights and its link to rebellion has evoked much controversy. The topic of this paper is precisely this dissention between Locke, who attacked absolutism and some of his opponents such as Hobbes who advocated it as the only feasible means of controlling the volatile and potentially dangerous masses. The objective here is to set out Locke's ideas on government and resistance and then to follow it up with the counter arguments against him.
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The Role of Property in Locke's Theory of Government, 2006.
A discussion regarding John Locke's theory of social contract.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how John Locke made a major contribution to the evolution of thinking about government. Along with two other major thinkers, he was the originator of the theory of social contract, which in turn laid a foundation for modern notions of democracy. This paper shows that the role of property was central in Locke's history of the social contract, and that in turn it was also central in his version of government.
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John Locke, 2005.
This paper discusses John Locke's theory on politics and the establishment of government.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke (1632-1704), English philosopher and social scientist, founded the school of empiricism and applied empirical analysis to ethics, politics and religion, was the guiding light for the founding fathers of the United States during the American Revolution; and his thoughts on politics and government are incorporated in the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. The author points out that, in the present day, post-socialist world, Locke's liberalism is more relevant than ever since there is once again a danger in Western societies to move in a direction in which social justice and compassion for the weak, civil liberty and the rights of minorities are being put on the back-burner. The paper relates that Locke's views about politics and the government are still relevant and have stood the test of time three hundred years after his death when several other political theories such as Socialism have fallen by the wayside because of the balance of his ideas.
Table of Contents
Political Theories
Political Liberalism: Refutation of Hobbes
Natural Rights
Social Contract
Nature of Government: Separation of Powers
Views on Tax by the Government
The Right to Revolt
Agreeing with John Locke
From the Paper
"His theory about the establishment of government appeared at a time in Western history when a transition from the standard monarchial form of government to a more representative form of government was taking place. It was a crucial period. If John Locke's liberal ideas about the sovereignty of the people and their right to place their trust in a government for advancing their interests through a 'social contract' (and their right to change it if the trust was breached) had not been put across with the force of empirical logic, there was every chance that authoritarianism would have become the norm in Western societies. In the seventeenth century Europe, it was only John Locke's genius that managed to stop the formidable political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes in its tracks: the philosophy that advocated absolutism and concentration of power, albeit in a group of people (the legislature) rather than in an individual-- the monarch."
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John Locke, 2004.
This paper discusses John Locke?s theory that every object has primary and secondary qualities.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Locke maintained that every object consisted of primary attributes, which remain static regardless of who the perceiver is and how good or bad the circumstances or conditions are, and secondary attributes, which are those things that we get from the object, including the feelings we derive. The author points out that critics believe that the line Locke has drawn between the two categories is too fragile and vague to be seen clearly, and thus the two kinds of qualities often seem to merge and encroach upon each other?s territory. The paper concludes that Locke?s theory then suffers from some basic weaknesses, but is based on valid premises that there are, in fact, two different types of qualities of any object.
From the Paper
"Primary qualities are thus ?Those qualities of an object in the external world which are thought to be characteristic of the object as it is in itself, and thus whether anyone is aware of the object or not. Locke lists extension [an object?s occupying space or three-dimensionality, hence its size], shape, motion or rest, solidity or impenetrability, and number as primary qualities of an object. Primary qualities of an object are said to be those, which are measurable. Thus, we can measure the length, width, and height, of a desk, and can also measure how much it weighs.?"
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John Locke and Politics, 2004.
A look at the contributions of English philosopher, John Locke, to political philosophy.
1,239 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how John Locke?s theory of politics was greatly influenced by the period dealing with consolidation of power in England, a time when King William was beginning to challenge the domination of Europe by King Louis XIV of France. It discusses John Lock's theory of government and property rights, which were the cornerstone of his book, "Treaties of Government".
Introduction
John Locke?s Philosophy on Government and Property
My Reflections on Locke?s Theory of Government and Property Rights
Locke?s Property Rights Vs. Pursuit of Happiness
From the Paper
"There were also conflicts between Protestants, Anglicans and Catholics. These difficulties eventually led to a civil war in England {1640s}. King Charles I was defeated in the war and there were intellectual debates about what type of government and institutions should be in place. The debates also focused on such other issues as the abolishment of the monarchy, the Anglican Church and the House of Lords. The establishment of Oliver Cromwell?s Protectorate, which ended with Cromwell?s death in 1650, followed this period."
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Natural Law and America's Legal System, 2007.
An analysis of how natural law impacts the legal system in the United States.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of how natural law impacts the American legal system. The paper provides a general overview of natural law and then explores how natural law applies to the current legal system in the United States. It argues that the natural law helps to drive the current system and describes how this is true.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Natural Law
Natural Law and the American Legal System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Natural law in its most simple form, is the unwritten law of mankind. It is a concept of principle morals and values that are, or at least should be shared by all of mankind because of the central goodness of their concept. (Horowitz, 2000)"
"Natural law is therefore distinguished from -- and provides a standard for -- positive law, the formal legal enactments of a particular society (Dolhenty, 2004)."
One example of this is the belief that killing is wrong. There are few humans or societies on earth that would disagree with the basic tenet that the murder of another person without reason is wrong. (Green, 2005) It takes a loved one from a family, it removes financial support from children, it takes someone out of society that may have moved on to contribute great things and if one is Christian, then the act of murder is something that God does not allow. It is not up to man to determine who lives or dies, it is God's choice and to kill is to try and play God."
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John Locke, 2007.
A discussion on the theories of Enlightenment thinker, John Locke and their continued use today.
1,928 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life of John Locke who was foremost among the Enlightenment thinkers who introduced beliefs in the natural law and the universal order, as well as a scientific approach to political and social issues. The paper briefly discusses some of Locke' theories and describes the impact and influence that these theories had at the time, as well as how they are still followed today.
From the Paper
"John Locke was born in Wrington, Somerset, England on August 29, 1704 to John Locke and Agnes Keene, who were both Puritans (Uzgalis 2001). His father, after whom he was named, served as captain of cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces in the early part of the English Civil War. His family later moved to Pensford and Locke grew up in a rural Tudor house in Belluton. He attended the Westminster School in London in 1647 under Alexander Popham, a member of Parliament and his father's former commander. Then he was admitted at the Christ Church College at Oxford University, where he developed greater interest in modern philosophy, such as Rene Descartes', than the school's classical material. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1656, a master's degree in 1658 and a bachelor of medicine degree in 1674. He worked with renowned scientists and thinkers, like Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis, Robert Hooke and Richard Lower."
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Natural Law vs. Legal Positivism, 2006.
An argument that natural law is superior to legal positivism.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In an increasingly secular world natural law has frequently fallen under intense scrutiny. This paper, however, argues that natural law is superior to legal positivism and stands up well to three common criticism leveled against it; first that natural law is at least as subjective as any statute passed by legal positivists, second that natural law can impress a certain more absolutism and dogmatism upon the crafting and interpretation of the law which is inherently unhealthy in evolving societies, and thirdly that natural law is predicated upon faith and not upon reason as is the positive law tradition.
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John Locke's Philosophy of Government, 2007.
This paper examines the work of several critics in order to analyze the meaning of political power as presented by John Locke in his "The Second Treatise of Civil Government".
3,850 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke suggestion, in his "The Second Treatise of Civil Government", that establishing the rule of law without the use of force is not easy; however, Locke's discussion is clouded not only by vagueness but also by the fact that he "says too much". The author stresses that there is evidence that John Locke indeed supported the American colonies' drive for freedom. The paper relates that Locke points out specifically in his "Second Treatise" that taking property without the will and consent of the people is against both natural law and the fiduciary nature of civil authority.
Table of Contents:
The Limits and Functions of Government
Political Power
Hobbes on Sovereignty
Does Locke Trust People Too Much?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In fact, the British had repealed the Stamp Act after the colonies dumped tea in Boston harbor and otherwise rebelled against heavy-handed British rule; the colonies also objected to the very fact that they had come over to the new world seeking both religious freedom and a chance to get a new start economically. And from far away in England, came oppressive rule and taxation "without representation." Locke expressed - in his Letter on Toleration, which was "highly esteemed in New England" and which "the care of souls cannot belong to the civil magistrate," ..."
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Natural Law, 2006.
An overview of philosophical interpretations of natural law and the problems surrounding this issue.
1,411 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The concepts of natural law have been composed by a number of well-known philosophers. However, these multiple compositions have created a lot of problems in the context of the authenticity of the natural law. The paper reveals some of the fundamental problems related to the authenticity of natural law and provides a viable solution. The paper concludes that one can safely assume that correct interpretation of the natural laws lies in the guidelines of the Divine Law.
Paper Outline:
Statement of the Problem
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Collection of Data
Results
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"St. Thomas, though, thinks that the natural law is the gateway towards the natural reason of deciding what is good and what is not good or is evil. He also believes that the immoral action of an individual, such as burglary, without the knowledge of right and wrong does not justify him to be judged as a burglar. He can only be judged so if he knew the boundaries of right and wrong and decided to choose the wrong way anyway (Thomas Aquinas, 1947)."
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Philosopher John Locke, 2004.
This paper discusses the impact of John Locke's philosophy on the modern-day, North American governments of Canada and the U.S.
2,721 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by exploring John Locke's biography as means of providing a better understanding of why he developed the philosophies that he did. It continues by presenting his philosophies, views on government, obligation of revolution, state of nature, and man's reason for establishing government. Lastly, the paper discusses the influence of John Locke's philosophy on modern North America. Specific examples are drawn out from Canadian and American constitutional documents to show the impact that John Locke has had on North America.
From the Paper
"As long as people have been able to think and reason, all sorts of different ideas, philosophies, theories and arguments have circulated in society. Some have been good and many have been bad and useless. The good ones have remained known and respected in societies throughout generations and have unsurprisingly impacted the way people live and think. The theories of one particular philosopher by the name of John Locke have had an everlasting impact on modern day North American politics and government. This will be proven through the analysis of John Locke's biography, his political theories, and the influence of his philosophy on the nature of the rule of government in the U.S and Canada."
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Natural Law and Canada, 2005.
Examines how the natural law perspective has influenced Canadian laws and lawmakers.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
It is indisputable that the natural law perspective has had a powerful influence on Canadian laws and lawmakers. However, some theorists believe that in today's multicultural and diverse societies, natural law is no longer relevant. It is argued in this paper that this is not accurate, and that the natural law perspective continues to have a powerful influence on Canadian laws and lawmakers. It shows, however, that other perspectives also have an influence.
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