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Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the French Revolution, 2004.
Examines the influence Jean-Jacques Rousseau had on the French Revolution and social concepts we adhere to until this day.
2,374 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the political and social concepts that Rousseau wrote about in his famous work, "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men ". The paper looks at how Rousseau's writings may have helped bring about the French Revolution, the American Revolution, and even the modern feminist movement. The paper also discusses how much of Rousseau's writings continue to have relevance and influence on society today and draws comparisons between John Locke's writings and Rousseau's writings.
From the Paper
"It is ironic that the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau can be considered feminist in nature; Marie Antoinette was tried for treason and guillotined four years after the French Revolution erupted, becoming perhaps the most famous woman of the ?old order? in history. She had been guilty of the excesses of the French Court at the time of the French Revolution, even though historians note that she had tried, in the final years of her husband?s reign, to mend her extravagant ways and appear more often as a doting mother, simply dressed and coiffed."
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Rousseau and Burke: The French Revolution, 2006.
A study of Edmund Burke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, proponents of the French revolution.
2,611 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at two proponents of the French revolution, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke, their background, their achievements and their views on the revolution. Rousseau and Burke both supported the revolution, but for different reasons. This paper discusses their similarities and their differences.
Contents:
Rousseau
Burke
Conclusions
From the Paper
"According to Rousseau, society's negative effect on generally good men focuses on society's mutation of "amour de soi," a positive self-love, into "amour-propre," or pride. Rousseau argued that amour de soi generates the instinctive human desire for self-preservation, in conjunction with the uniquely human power of reason. To differentiate, amour-propre is not natural but artificial and forces man to compare himself to others, thus creating unwarranted fear and allowing men to take pleasure in the pain or weakness of others. Revolution for Rousseau, however, as an essential force to combat the negative influences of society stems from amour de soi, so it is pure in Rousseau's eyes.
In his work "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" Rousseau touched on a different angle associated with revolution. Rousseau asserted that the arts and sciences had not been a boon at all to mankind, because both studies were advanced not in response to human needs but as the result of pride and vanity - amour proper. Also, the opportunities arts and sciences engendered for idleness and luxury led directly and continue to lead directly to the corruption of man. Rousseau wrote in "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" that the evolution of knowledge had rendered governments increasingly powerful and had destroyed individual liberty. Rousseau determined that corporeal progress had actually undermined the possibility of sincere friendship, replacing it with jealousy, fear and suspicion - more evidence of amour proper."
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Rousseau and the French Revolution, 2003.
An examination of Rousseau's work and the French Revolution.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the first French Revolution. It analyzes some of the theory of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and shows how some of his arguments were similar to those of the revolutionaries. However, it also shows how, after the revolution, the French revolutionaries departed from Rousseau's political theory.
From the Paper
"Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an important political philosopher whose works rose to prominence during the French Revolution. The commoners of France (or the Third Estate, as they were called) would revolt against policies that First and Second Estate. Many argue that the philosophies of those who would rise to power during the French Revolution of 1789 were based on the Rousseau?s philosophy. Although Rousseau?s arguments for sovereignty of the people were an important part of the French Revolution of 1789, a careful look at the political thought and history behind the first French Revolution also shows a radical departure from Rousseau?s political theory."
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Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2007.
This paper examines the social contract theory of Jean Jacques Rousseau.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Jean Jacques Rousseau was essentially against any social order that curtailed personal freedom or natural liberty. The paper explains his beliefs of allowing the public to choose the person who would implement laws while the system would work on the principle of general will. The paper relates that Rousseau's social contract theory shaped modern political thought and is still commonly cited when democracy and rights are discussed.
From the Paper
"Political upheaval in the 19th century France was caused as much by political discourse as by active insurgence. Jean Jacques Rousseau's theory of social contract or rather his rejection of the same occupied an important place in the political discourse of the time. It was not starkly different than previously held beliefs but definitely encompassed some original concepts including the idea of general will and the elusive lawgiver. Rousseau's rejection of social contract was grounded in the premise that by contracting with a man or assembly of men, individuals are forced to part with some of their natural liberty. In other words while he knew that freedom was compromised to an extent with social contracts were entered into, he maintained that the relinquished freedom should be social freedom and not natural freedom."
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?The Social Contract? by Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2004.
This paper discusses how Jean Jacques Rousseau addresses the problem of political obligation and individual freedom in ?The Social Contract?.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in ?The Social Contract?, Jean Jacques Rousseau clarifies the idea of the social contract and the way the state should work together with its subjects to create a perfect and peaceful society. The author points out that Rousseau?s opening statement that ?Man is born free? is intriguing because, according to the rest of the section, this statement is not true; a child is obliged to be in bondage to its parents until it can leave the home on its own. The paper contends that, until lessons from the past can be recognized, books like ?The Social Contract? will have academic value only; practical applicability is entirely dependent upon the human ability to recognize lessons, to adjust, and to evolve accordingly.
From the Paper
"Rousseau makes a strong argument in his first book when he states, ?One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they.? (Book I; ch.i). This is applicable to current society, which is more often than not subject to some or other less than laudable human trait such as greed or addiction. People are slaves to money, drugs, success or any other of a maze of possible enslavements. This was also true in Rousseau?s time, and he recognized that human beings are in bondage since birth."
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 2004.
An analysis of Jean-Jacques Rousseau - realist, liberal or critical theorist.
1,491 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what Jean-Jacques Rousseau's real philosophical identity is. The paper examines Rousseau's theories. It defines classic realism, traditional liberalism and critical theory. The paper questions whether Rousseau's views follow those of classic realism or whether they are written in the critical theory genre. It also explores whether Rousseau is a liberal in the traditional sense and whether his views follow that thread throughout his extensive works.
From the Paper
"Rousseau's theories in this assigned essay are somewhat conflicting from time to time, but it is clear his views can safely be placed in the genre of liberalism. He steps "out of the lecture room" and sees "wretched nations groaning beneath of yoke of iron." Mankind is "ground down by a handful of oppressors." That last quote certainly shows Rousseau's great concern for the less fortunate and the politically powerless citizens; and when he says "ground down by a handful of oppressors" readers can easily see those oppressors are not governing with the consent of the governed."
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The Philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1985.
This paper is a critical analysis of two of the major works of 18th Century French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "The Social Contract" and "A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality": The individual in social relations, emphasizing political realm, na
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 7 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This study will provide a critical analysis of two of the major works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.
The study will concentrate on these two works in order to isolate for investigation the essential steps in Rousseau?s reasoning about the individual in his social relations, especially with regard to the realm of political thought and practice.
As we shall see, A Discourse contains a portrait of how social conditions create for men a basic dilemma for the establishment and exercise of their individual identities. A Discourse in that sense serves as a preliminary portrait of the fundamental problem of society, which is addressed more fully in The Social Contract. In the latter work, Rousseau describes ... "
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 2007.
An analysis of the modernity of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political thought.
2,956 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the themes, concepts and approaches of Rousseau which distinguish him as a modern political thinker. It is divided in three parts: the first, dealing with Rousseau's conceptualization of the state; the second, dealing about his conceptualization of man and the third deals with his approach in formulating his assumptions. All of the above are discussed and compared with classical and medieval conceptualizations to form the sense of modernity found in Rousseau's works.
Outline:
Introduction
A New Concern for the Origin of the State and Inequality
The Savage Man of Rousseau
The Approach of the Heart
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One theme of discussion initiated by modern political philosophers is that of the inquiry in the origin of the state. Rousseau himself was one of them who made such an inquiry. He thought of a social contract aiming to explain how the state came about. The Social Contract formulated by Rousseau is grounded on an individual's own will. It is divided into four books, the first of which addresses the questions of the nature of political society, the second of those of the nature of sovereignty, the third the institutions of the government, and the fourth, extraordinary structures designed to keep the government from being corrupted (Strong, 1994, p. 79). It is not surprising to find liberty as the focal point of his arguments, for if you look into his life, you'll see that he himself had a phobia against any kind of restraint or authority (Neill, 1949, p. 167). He also argued that civil societies came into existence as individuals pledged themselves to live together as members of a single political community."
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Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2007.
A look at how Jean Jacques Rousseau and his version of the social contract characterize what modern and modernity is.
3,889 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three concepts in the political philosophy of Rousseau. Firstly, the concept of the state of nature and inequality according to Rousseau is discussed. Secondly, the paper looks at the transition to the civil state and lastly, it discusses the notion of Rousseau's proposed government. The paper further demonstrates how these three parts are the main components of Rousseau's thoughts on what we may call modern or modernity.
Outline:
Introduction
State of Nature and Inequality
Towards the Civil State
Government
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The government for Rousseau must be proportionally stronger than the people; therefore, it must not be very strong and neither very weak in its relation to the people. It must be just proportionally strong. The basis of the size of the state is one of his main principles in classifying the governments, since "the number of the supreme magistrates should be in inverse ratio to that of the citizens, it follows that in general, democratic government is suitable to small states, aristocracy to those of moderate size, and monarchy to large ones"(Social Contract, Book III, p. 58) therefore, the perfect type of government need not be a conformity to a single notion of a perfect government, because "all governments are not of the same nature" (Social Contract, Book III, p. 72). There could be a different and unique type of government suited for a particular state. Thus, not only may different governments be good for different peoples, but for the same people at different times. (Social Contract, Book III, p. 51) and each of his described governments is the best in certain areas, and worst in others (Social Contract, Book III, p. 58)."
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Adam Smith and Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2002.
Examines these philosophers' views on public education and its role in the Enlightenment.
1,299 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
Adam Smith and Jean Jacques Rousseau were both influential philosophers whose views shaped political and social thought for years to come. Each had a viewpoint specific to their discipline; which were both similar and divergent. This paper examines the writings of these philosophers including "Discourse on the Inequalities of Men? (1734), and ?Social Contract? (1762) by Rousseau and "Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Education of Youth? by Smith to show how both believed it was the responsibility for the state to provide all citizens with education although they differ on their basic concept of what that education should be.
From the Paper
"Adam Smith never married, historians believe, due to a disappointment in love in his teenage years. As a result, he remained focused on education, read and studied extensively, and became a widely liked and respected professor. His pique with his less-motivated colleagues comes out in ?Wealth of Nations? as he notes that ?the endowments of schools and colleges have necessarily diminished more or less the necessity of application in the teachers ? salaries evidently derived from a fund altogether independent of their success and reputation in their particular profession.? He felt that, unless inspired by an excellent teacher, the students would be similarly disinclined to work on their education."
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "The Confessions", 1999.
Critiques the author's secular autobiography from a religious perspective of St. Augustine's "Confessions".
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This study will discuss the life of Jean-Jacques Rousseau as he examines it in his Confessions and in a way which St. Augustine would understand. The thrust of the study will be the religious component present in Augustine's own Confessions and absent from Rousseau.
From the Paper
"This study will discuss the life of Jean-Jacques Rousseau as he examines it in his Confessions and in a way which St. Augustine would understand. The thrust of the study will be the religious component present in Augustine's own Confessions and absent from Rousseau. Augustine would likely have read Rousseau's work, identified with his very human failings and longings, and suggested that the French revolutionary turn to God and Jesus Christ for the solace and serenity he obviously has not found in politics, writing, philosophy, and other wholly earth-bound pursuits.
In the middle of his Confessions, Rousseau stops to assess the first thirty years of his life, and to briefly preview for the reader the next thirty years, drawing a stark comparison between the two periods..."
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Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2004.
This paper discusses the paradoxes and contradictions in four of Rousseau's writings on the state of nature and natural man.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the "Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences", Rousseau introduces natural man as happy and unaffected by the cruelty of modem man; and, in the "Discourse on Inequality", he recounts the hypothetical transformation of natural man to civil man in terms of man's lessening dependence on nature as a critique of modem social inequalities. The author points out that, in the "Social Contract", Rousseau contradicts his earlier work by referring to the state of nature as brutish and arguing that the transformation from natural to civil man is a necessary progression; and, in "Emile", he advocates a return to the spontaneity of nature in education so that the pupil can become a natural man in society. The paper concludes that an inspection of Rousseau's work and at a selection of the critiques of his writings have fail to clarify not only Rousseau's position in relation to the state of nature and the natural man but also the result of man's transformation in terms of reality versus ideals.
From the Paper
"In the "Social Contract" (1762), Rousseau describes the relationship of man to society; he 'assumed the role of constructive philosopher and presented a theory of the state.' Here he contradicts his earlier work by claiming that the state of nature is, in fact, brutish and without law or morality. Natural man is prone to be in competition with his fellow men and in order to thrive, he must join together with other men; men who have joined together have formed society. The social contract is the agreement among men that sets the conditions for membership in society. According to Rousseau, the transition from the state of nature to civil society is a necessary step forward in the history of mankind."
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"Emile" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 2002.
A book review. The article looks at the contemporary significance of Rousseau's ideas about education and social responsibility. It views some of the current practices in the light of those ideas.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Rousseau's educational philosophy in "Emile" against the background of its period and from a contemporary perspective. The author believes that it may seem to us that his ideas are widly held nowadays, but in fact the modern education system does not practice or implement these notions.
From the Paper
"Rousseau stressed that a child's way of dealing and looking at the world is indeed a child's way and not that of a little adult. (90) According to the philosopher, rushing a child would produce immature fruits. When it comes to moral development, "one cannot advance too slowly nor consolidate oneself too well at each step." (99) While there is much debate over this subject and it may not be our intention, the reality is that we don't allow children to be children in society today. Through the media they are exposed to the adult world. In fact, considering that Rousseau thought it was best to take a child out of 18th century society altogether for his education, imagine then how corruptive he would have considered our own pervasive culture with its continual negative and avaricious influences. "Each age, each condition of life, has its suitable perfection, a sort of maturity proper to it." (158)"
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Jefferson, 1992.
A comparison of the views of the French and American leaders on social contract.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"This study will compare and contrast the views of Jean Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Jefferson on the social contract, including consideration of how the contract should be established, what kinds of freedom are guaranteed, and what the obligations of the members of the contract should be.
There are many substantial similarities in theme, content and intention in Rousseau's "The Origin of Civil Society" and Jefferson's "The Declaration of Independence." Before we note those, however, it would help to place the two works in context in order to see that there are differences between them.
In the first place, Rousseau's work is theoretical, whereas Jefferson's is practical and directly aimed at a specific set of circumstances. Certainly Rousseau was writing to influence the people and leaders of France in the middle of the 18th century..."
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