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Japanese-American Internment, 2007.
An ethnographic survey of Japanese-American internment during the Second World War.
4,400 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II by comparing this action with the freedom experienced by German-Americans during the same period. The author questions the inherent racism of Americans that enabled such an occurrence to be legally sanctioned, while German-Americans lived their lives freely, although Hitler and Germany were also enemies of America during World War II. The paper then presents a detailed background of the Japanese immigrant experience in America, contrasting this with the American ideal of freedom and the reality of racism. The experiences of African and Native-Americans are also considered. The paper then describes the actual Japanese internment, which was unprecedented event in American history. The paper further states how the Internment still has an effect on the psyche of the Japanese-American population today. The author concludes that the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War was one of the great tragedies of American history.
Outline:
Introduction
Background: The Japanese Experience in America
Prejudice Unleashed: The Internment Experience
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Naturally, the situation was worse the further removed from the Anglo-Saxon ideal a group might chance to be. After the Civil War, the newly reunited nation demanded a huge supply of cheap labor to build its rapidly expanding railroad network. In the West, this labor was provided, to a large extent, by settlers from Japan and China. Labor Contractors, generally Japanese or Chinese themselves actively recruited these workers and brought them to America. They helped to lay the foundations of America's industrial prosperity. White American racial attitudes combined with a nationwide railroad strike in 1877 to create the necessary conditions for a crackdown on Asian immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was soon followed by other, stricter acts, in 1892, 1902, and 1904. And as White America saw little, if any difference, between Japanese and any other Asians, the anti-Chinese immigration laws were followed by a Japanese Exclusion Act in 1907. By 1924, the United States had imposed an almost total ban on all immigration from East Asia, ..."
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The Japanese Internment Camp, 2006.
An overview of the conditions and lasting impact of the Japanese internment in America during World War II.
2,154 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some background of the Japanese internment of World War II and the impact that the internment had on the American-Japanese population as well as the Japanese nation as a whole. The paper puts particular emphasis on the internees of the Minidoka Camp of South Central Idaho.
From the Paper
"To fully understand the relocation of Japanese Americans one must understand how these people first came to this foreign land, and how later as they prospered, they came to be the recipients of racial prejudice from their white neighbors. The Japanese first came to America seeking their fortunes. Many worked as itinerate laborers with Californian fruit and Hawaiian sugar cane. As they continued to live in their new land, however, they eventually became businessmen, fishermen, and farmers themselves. In fact, by 1940 the Japanese Americans, despite discriminatory laws, owned 4% of the farmland in California. In 1920, twenty years earlier, they had already brought in 10% of California's agricultural production. "
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Japanese-American Internment, 2002.
A review of the book by Roger Daniels, "Prisoners Without Trials", illustrating the topic of the Japanese-American internment camps.
972 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the issue of Japanese-American internment camps, through a review of Roger Daniels' book, "Prisoners Without Trials". The paper discusses the argument that the internment was justified at the time, due to the Japanese-Americans posing a security threat to the United States. This claim is explained as a poor excuse for racism, discrimination and political interest, on the part of the government. The paper continues to describe how the same government eventually admits that the internment was unjustified. The book is portrayed as clearly presenting the background and facts of this episode of racism and placing it in its historical context.
From the Paper
"The argument that the interment was justified because Japanese Americans posed a threat to the security of the United States ignores the fact that Italian Americans and German Americans were not rounded up and placed in internment camps. This was true despite the fact that Germany and Italy were enemies in World War II along with Japan. The racism of the American government and the people who allowed internment to occur is evident in such a discriminatory decision, for of the three enemies in World War II, only the Japanese stood out in appearance from other Americans. Had Germany and Italy been located in Asia, or Africa, meaning that German Americans and Italian Americans would have appeared "foreign" to Americans, it is likely that German Americans and Italian Americans would have been locked up in internment camps as well."
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Japanese Internment, 2004.
This paper offers an analysis of the forced relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the forced relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The paper includes a discussion of those who favored and those who opposed the action.
From the Paper
"Similar to the fear and paranoia directed at Arab-Americans after the terrorist attacks of September, fear and paranoia erupted in American society after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in December. The US government took swift action after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Any immigrants arriving in America from Japan were officially classified as enemy aliens. As fear mounted that Japanese citizens of the US would undermine the US war effort, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued the Executive Order."
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Japanese-American Internment Camps, 2007.
Discusses the Japanese-Americans internment camps run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Department of Justice, during World War II.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the three Japanese-Americans internment camps run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, part of the Department of Justice, during World War II, were different from the ten relocation camps operated by the War Relocation Authority. The author relates that, although the vast majority of the internees were Japanese, the internees, who were called "enemy aliens", also included "potentially dangerous" Germans and a few Italians. The paper stresses that this interment represents race discrimination because the internees did not commit any crime other than belonging to an ethnic group, which was condemned at that time.
From the Paper
"These Americans blurred the identities of these rather different groups. The Japanese government, after going through a forced opening of their economy, modernized speedily. And unlike other countries which had let the Europeans and Americans conquest them and reap economic gains, Japan fought against these and develop militarily and industrially that it could not be touched. As evidences of its military power, we have the Sino-Japanese War, where China was conquered; we also have Japan humiliating Russia by destroying the Russian Baltic Fleet at Port Arthur."
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Japanese-Americans and Internment Camps, 2002.
A look at the Japanese internment camps during WWII in America.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This ten-page paper looks at the treatment of the Japanese Americans prior to and during the second world war. Also looking at the regimental Combat Team known as the 422nd and 100th battalions and their courageous successes during the Second World War.
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Japanese-American Internment in the U.S., 1978.
This paper discusses Japanese-American Internment in the U.S. from 1942 To 1946: The Santa Anita Assembly Center, Manzanar Relocation Center, origins and functions, legalities,security vs. racism question and Japanese-American loss of rights and propert
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to analyze the origins and functions of the Santa Anita Assembly Center and the Manzanar Relocation Center as used in the internment of Japanese-Americans from 1942 to 1946.
Three months after Pearl Harbor, General DeWitt, Commanding General of the Western Defense Command, designated Military Area 1 as including the three Pacific coastal states and the southern half of Arizona. Japanese aliens were to be excluded from this area. A period of voluntary evacuation began:
On March 30, three thousand people of Japanese ancestry were ordered to evacuate the Terminal Island area in Los Angeles Harbor by April 5 and
move to the assembly center at Santa Anita.. ... "
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Japanese American Internment Camps, 2006.
Details the events before, during and after the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II.
1,946 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
Both the United States and Canadian World War II era leadership participated in the internment of Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans in an effort to ensure national security. This paper reviews the historical events surrounding the Japanese internment camps of World War II. The paper also examines how Americans learned from their mistakes after this incident.
From the Paper
"Daily life in these camps was not as difficult or harsh as the work camps of Europe, however the overall happiness, prosperity, and functionality of these Japanese Americans was compromised. These people were forced to live in intimidating circumstances, behind barbed wire fences and surrounded by armed guards (Satsuki, 15). A significant percentage of those interned died from simple illnesses and injury due to inadequate or nonexistent medical care. Internees were shot for allegedly disobeying orders or trying to run away. The conditions were so unpleasant that President Roosevelt himself referred to these locations as "concentration camps" (Gallavan, and Roberts). These camps are filled with overzealous American military personnel who encouraged riots and incited unrest within the facilities."
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WWII Japanese Internment, 2002.
Discusses the element of racism which led to the Americans interning Japanese during the Second World War.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that some of the actions of the United States were just as morally corrupt as those of the Axis powers during WWII. Similar to the Nazi?s imprisonment of Jews in Europe, the U.S. government imprisoned Japanese Americans on the West Coast. The paper argues that the internment of Japanese was more of an act of racism than actual perceived threat. The author of the paper is of the opinion that the internment of Japanese in 1942 was a decision motivated by race rather than defensive strategy. It chronicles the events leading up to the internment, the presence of racism before and after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and concludes by comparing the imprisonment of Japanese in America with the current war on terrorism.
From the Paper
"Racism against the Japanese people living in the U.S. was not a result of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, but rather something that had been built up over time. The media and government for decades before the onset of World War II targeted Japanese and Chinese. California, in particular, passed laws and approved regulations aimed at slowing Japanese immigration into the state (Daniels 10). As early as 1905, California politicians and media were denouncing the Japanese as ?undesirable,? and ?transient? (Daniels 10)."
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Japanese Internment, 2007.
This paper discusses the internment of Japanese-Americans following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
3,215 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led U.S. government officials to believe that West Coast Japanese residents, especially the Issei and the Nisei population, helped plan the attack. The writer points out that in response, these officials, including U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle, Los Angeles Congressman Leland Ford, and California Attorney General Earl Warren, called for the internment of first-generation Issei people and the second generation, American-born Nisei people in camps where they would spend the rest of the period of World War II. The writer notes that the intent was to prevent them from committing further acts of disloyalty to the U.S. The writer then discusses that, acting on their recommendation, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, which evacuated almost 120,000 West Coast residents of Japanese descent from their homes to 10 government War Relocation Authority camps in the West, South and Southwest areas. The writer discusses the treatment of the Japanese internees and looks at the impact of and reactions to the internment.
From the Paper
"The internment caused them further and deeper losses and sufferings. The internees lost their jobs, social networks, and education as well as work opportunities for being separated from the mainstream of life. The bitterness they felt towards the American government but could not direct to it was instead directed towards one another. There were conflicts between pro-Japanese and pro-American groups. As a result, hundreds of Nisei students who attended schools, like the College of Oberlin in Ohio, left the camps. Some Christian churches helped by taking Nisei people to work for them in the South and Midwest. Around a thousand joined the US military forces as part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Four internees coursed their grievances through the courts and challenged the constitutionality of the relocation order. Their petitions were initially denied. But in December, 1944, the US Supreme Court found the petition of Mitsuye Endo as meritorious and decided that her detention violated her civil rights. In January, 1945, the War Department rescinded the evacuation orders and arranged for the release of the internees."
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Japanese Internment, 2007.
An analysis of the events leading up to and following the internment of Japanese-Americans in America in 1942.
934 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the internment of Americans of Japanese descent in America in the wake of the attack at Pearl Harbor. The paper discusses the actions that the American government took against Japanese-Americans during World War Two and concludes with how the government in 1990 acknowledged the injustices that were performed and attempted to compensate the families of those Japanese-Americans who were affected.
From the Paper
"While today some Americans of Japanese descent criticize those who were interred for not showing any resistance, the fact was that the government actions could be quite terrifying. They raided Japanese homes, often without search warrants, under wartime rules that suspended some civil liberties, with some writers describing it as a "reign of terror" (Daniels, p. 206). On page 207, Daniels describes such a search of a home when only a young, teenaged girl was home. They went through the house upturning mattresses and emptying drawers, and then questioned the young girl. Since they found nothing, they did not arrest her, but such actions spread tremendous fear through Japanese-American communities."
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Japanese Internment Camps, 2004.
Examines the camps set up to imprison Japanese nationals in the U.S.A. during WWII.
2,317 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about the internment camps for the Japanese that were set up and implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The internment of Japanese-Americans was drastic and shocking, but it was supported by the majority of non-Japanese Americans. It was a decision that left a bruise on the psyche of the nation, however. The writer explores the history leading up to the decision and the decision itself. The paper includes photographs and a timeline of events leading up to and including the internment camps.
From the Paper
"He was considered one of the top military police officers in the nation at the time. He was largely responsible for making sure there was peace and order in the military areas of the nation, which included the military camps that the Japanese were being brought to. Gullion was considered an expert in legal affairs as well when it came to the actions of the military. He had serious concerns about the legal ability to lock up civilians who had done nothing wrong. He argued that the military could not get away with interfering in civilian lives."
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A Military Necessity: the Japanese American Internment, 2006.
An examination of the interment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, due to military necessity, 120,000 Japanese Americans were unjustly interned in 1942, permanently scarring America, and creating a future precedence. The paper argues that this was an unjustified response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Surprisingly, the paper points out, many of the internees proved that they were able to make the best of a bad situation. Furthermore, despite the unfair treatment, a select few Japanese Americans were still willing to fight for their country and eventually became part of the most decorated unit in American history, the "Purple Heart Battalion". The paper concludes that this story proves that even in the face in adversity, people can do great things.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Journey to the Internment camps
Living Conditions
Leisure
Education
Release and Reparations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Education was another serious concern among the camps. Schools had to be set up quickly, and materials were in short supply. Most schools opened around October, an unusual month compared to normal schools. In Wyoming, "A block of barracks was set aside for use as classrooms. Books did not arrive until December and then only in limited numbers. If a student had homework, he or she had to check out the textbook for the evening. Paper and pencils were also in short supply. The chalkboard was a piece of plywood painted black. Students sat on benches, and though some teachers had a table, others used boxes for desks. Students who sat in the front of the classroom near the potbellied stoves roasted, while those who sat in the back wore coats to keep from freezing. The open ceilings made for continuous distractions as the noise from one classroom invaded adjacent rooms." Other camps had it even worse though, holding classes in dinning halls, which proved to be both noisy and crowded. Teachers were also extremely hard to come by, but were appreciated when they did. Students were eager to learn and naturally cooperative. Later in the years, real schools began to appear complete with libraries, auditoriums, and even wood shops. To make things even better, "Graduates from the high schools in the relocation centers who qualified for colleges and universities, went to these schools in the mid-west and east coast states, usually on full scholarships. By the end of the war, many of these "students" were ready to graduate with college degrees and enter the job market at the same time the returning service men were just getting ready to enter college." So many people received college degrees that many camps were even able hold reunions for the students."
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Japanese Internment in WWII, 1996.
Background, sociopolitical conditions & moral & legal argument against putting Japanese in camps in U.S. as threat to security.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"During World War II, the United States interned Japanese residents of the Western states in internment camps such as that at Manzanar in California. The reason was indicated in Executive Order 9066, signed in 1942 by President Roosevelt to give authority to the War Department to define military areas in the western states and to exclude anyone who might be seen as threatening the war effort (Houston and Houston xi-xii). Japanese living in the Western states were seen as potential subversives and were summarily removed to camps to prevent this. The camps operated until after the surrender of Japan, though the U.S. Supreme Court ruled at the end of 1944 that loyal citizens could not be held in detention camps against their will (Houston and Houston, 1973, xii). The United States was wrong to place any Japanese who had not committed any offense into these..."
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Internment of Japanese Americans, 2004.
This paper discusses the American policy in forcibly relocating Japanese Americans during World War II.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 18 sources, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This article examines the causes and consequences of Executive Order 9066 during World War II that incarcerated Japanese Americans, as well as Japanese residents. The writer argues that the American policy in forcibly relocating Japanese Americans to the hinterland was tragically flawed, but post-war redress made some amends for the injustice involved.
From the Paper
"This research paper summarizes the principal causes and consequences of the massive exclusion and evacuation of Japanese Americans (J.A.s) during World War II from the West Coast and their relocation to remote internment camps in the interior. J.A.s were forcibly removed transported and incarcerated by the United States Government. Approximately two-thirds of them were Nisei persons of Japanese descent who were born in America and therefore were American citizens and the remainder Issei J.A.s who were immigrants from Japan ... "
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