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The Japanese-American Bio-pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
An insight into the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry and the availability of drugs in each country.
20,023 words (approx. 80.1 pages), 44 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry represents an ongoing international effort between the two top pharmaceutical markets in the world. It looks at why a number of pharmaceutical products that are currently available to U.S. residents are unavailable to Japanese consumers and how from a humanitarian perspective, this discrepancy denies access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs to the Japanese population. It proposes a study to evaluate how the United States and Japan can work collaboratively to optimize the availability of ethical pharmaceuticals so that every American and Japanese citizen is permitted free access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs.
Outline
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapters
1.Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Importance of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Limitations and Delimitations
2.Review of the Literature
1990 to 1996
1997 to 2002
3.Methodology
Research Design
The Hypothesis
Special Tests
Statistical Procedures Used
Data Gathering
Population Descriptions
4. Results
Statement of the Results
Tables
Charts
Figures
Statistical Findings
5.Summary
Conclusions
Supporting Findings
Contradicting Findings
Recommendations
Additional Research
Implications for Revising the Current Body of Knowledge
Change in Related Practices
Appendices
From the Paper
"Regardless of the strategic tools that are utilized for a meaningful entry into U.S. markets as well as growth, Japanese firms must increasingly rely on local staff. Depending on local staff to manage their business, and providing those managers with sufficient opportunities and incentives, is a management challenge that Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers have yet to overcome, especially in the United States. This will require a modification of management methods throughout the firm, including domestic headquarters. Such changes will be slow and will be resisted; we expect the issue of bicultural management to be a struggle for most Japanese pharmaceutical firms throughout the 1990s. This ?people issue? also involves a number of organizational matters that many of these firms are now attempting to manage."
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Pharmaceutical Industry, 2006.
This paper discusses how the pharmaceutical industry affects the U.S. economy.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the global growth of the pharmaceutical industry and at the important part it plays in the U.S. economy. The writer notes that the United States accounts for 46 percent of the world's pharmaceutical market. The writer discusses the volume and cost of prescriptions dispensed in the United States.
The fact that the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most dynamic and largest sectors in the U.S. economy is examined in this paper. Further, the writer looks at the biotechnology and research fields in this regard. The writer concludes by looking at the growth in employment within the pharmaceutical industry.
From the Paper
"In 1995, the total retail cost of the prescriptions dispensed in the United States advanced 13.9 percent to $64.6 billion, and in terms of prescription volume, the retail market grew 8.3 percent with 1,235,708,000 and 912,565,000 new and refill prescriptions, respectively, dispensed. The pharmaceutical industry continues to look for innovative ways to reach new customers, for according to the Task Force for Compliance of the National Pharmaceutical Council, "noncompliant patients cost the U.S. economy an estimated $100 billion yearly in lost productivity and extra medical costs, not to mention lost product sales." To target the problem of under use, the industry implements disease management programs, as well as patient-focused education and promotional programs."
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Sales Revenues and Profits in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of changes in sales revenues and profits in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry from 1980-2000. It includes several original graphs based on relevant statistics.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how changes in sales revenues and profits in the pharmaceutical industry are related to the business cycle with regards to the gross domestic product, consumer price index, and unemployment rate from 1980-2000. The following guidelines were followed: 1) analysis of the pharmaceutical industry and finding revenues and profits from the period of 1980-2000; 2) how revenues and profits in the industry varied over the period 1980-2000; 3) how the business cycle behaved over the period of 1980-2000; 4) variations in revenues and profits with swings in the business cycle and the juxtaposition of industry revenues and profits against the business cycle;and 5) strategies recommended for firms in the industry dealing with the business cycle. A summary is provided in the conclusion. Several original graphs are also included.
From the Paper
"One expert suggests the modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 19th century with the discovery of highly active medicinal compounds that could most efficiently be manufactured on a large scale. As these compounds replaced herbal medicines of earlier times, the occurrence and severity of such diseases as pernicious anemia, rheumatic fever, typhoid fever, lobar pneumonia, poliomyelitis, syphilis, and tuberculosis were greatly reduced. Pharmaceutical industry research has greatly aided medical progress; of the 66 most valuable drugs introduced since aspirin in 1899, 57 were discovered and then produced in industrial laboratories (Atherton, 2002). Today, the pharmaceutical industry is comprised of the processes, operations, and organizations engaged in development and manufacture of drugs and medications (Atherton, 2002). In the U.S., the pharmaceutical industry is followed by the Standard & Poor 500 (S&P 500)."
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Quality Initiatives in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
An analysis of the enormous demands placed on the pharmaceutical industry by the public and government agencies.
2,980 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the pharmaceutical industry's role as one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the United States. It illustrates the tremendous pressure the pharmaceutical industry is under, to meet the increasing demands for their product and maintain the quality standards of the regulatory agencies. The writer explains why it is in the best interest of the industry to attempt to maintain the high standards placed on them.
From the Paper
"According the US Business Reporter (2002), annual spending on prescription drugs is expanding at close to 14% on and annual basis. Several companies and drugs have led this increase, particularly Warner-Lambert's Lipitor, Eli Lilly's Zyprexa, Monsanto/ Pfizer's Celebrex, and Merck's Vioxx (US Business Reporter, 2002). The same article notes that the pharmaceutical industry typically operates on a 14-15% profit margin. This makes the pharmaceutical industry one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the Untied States."
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International Pharmaceutical Industry, 2004.
A general analysis of the pharmaceutical industry, using the company, Merck & Co., Inc., as a case in study.
882 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly performs a general analysis of the international trends of the pharmaceutical industry in terms of global or local issues. It looks at the strategies of the leading company, Merck & Co., Inc., and reviews the governmental policies toward the pharmaceutical industry.
From the Paper
"Merck & Co., Inc. announced in a recent report that they had made submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) PROQUAD, which is a vaccine for children. The composition of the vaccine is a cocktail like mixture of the chickenpox, measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Also expected by Merck for submission is 'muraglitazar' which is the "first-in-class 'dual PPAR agonist for Type 2 diabetes treatment in collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb."(Merck & Co, Inc. 2004)"
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Qualified Personnel in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
A paper which shows how medically qualified personnel can add value to the pharmaceutical industry.
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
By examining several examples, the paper shows how medically trained personnel play a key role in bridging the gap between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical industry. It shows that as well as the medical knowledge, the ethics and patient focus of a medically trained professional also adds value to the industry and to health and patient care in general.
From the Paper
"This is also valuable working in the opposite direction. Medically qualified personnel can communicate the needs of the medical community to the pharmaceutical industry, for example if a new drug is needed for a certain condition. If a strong need is communicated, the pharmaceutical can put research funding into searching for a suitable new drug. Based on the commercial nature of the pharmaceutical industry, it is logical that pharmaceutical companies will work to develop products if they know there is a market for them. This helps both the medical industry, the pharmaceutical industry and ultimately, the public and the patient as well."
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Crimes in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2004.
A review of rampant crime in the pharmaceutical industry and a discussion of the reasons behind the temptation.
2,541 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing an overview of a history of crime in the pharmaceutical industry. It then analyzes the phenomenon of corporate crime in the industry and common types of crimes. Further discussed is crime in university laboratories and an analysis of the motives for these crimes.
From the Paper
"Despite common belief, pharmaceutical companies choose most of the drugs that are prescribed, not doctors. This creates many opportunities for crime and bad business practices in the pharmaceutical industry. For example, celecoxib, the largely promoted COX-2 drug for arthritis, sold over $1 billion before a single study was published in a medical journal comparing it to similar drugs."
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The Evolution Of Marketing In The Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
Discussion of the history of the pharmaceutical industry.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical marketing has evolved over the recent years. This paper discusses its evolution in the background of birth and growth of pharmaceutical industry.
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Quality Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2004.
Presents a literature review relating to the issue of total quality management (TQM) in the pharmaceutical industry.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are considered part of the quality control system for companies producing pharmaceutical products. GMP principles aim to ensure the regular production for products that conform to the health standards required from regulatory bodies. GMP provides the general basics to determine the minimum acceptable requirements for the production at good products, covering all the activities related to the production process. This paper hypothesizes that, although ISO 9000 certification, which is the world-wide quality management and quality assurance standard, is not required for pharmaceutical companies, only those with a company culture mature and ethical enough to implement TQM successfully will be able to successfully implement GMP (industry-specific standard). There has been a great deal of confusion concerning whether being in compliance with the pharmaceutical GMP would successfully lead to obtaining ISO certification with minimum changes and costs, or whether achieving ISO certification is going to be a long and expensive road. This paper hypothesizes that the ultimate success of a company?s ISO program will not depend solely on how well-defined its quality system is, but rather its commitment to maintaining GMP.
From the Paper
"In general, this is mainly because the companies have not taken seriously enough the fact that TQM involves a cultural change for the organization. It creates a shift in power between boss and employee. Many managers, especially those who were inadequately trained, have seen employees as accessories to their jobs - as people to be told what to do. People who are disempowered often fail to take initiative in identifying process or sub-component faults. According to the laws of human nature, employees treated this way will leave a great deal of work to be handled by management. According to the theories of TQM, managers have to learn to support, encourage and listen."
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The Pharmaceutical Industry, 2005.
This paper discusses the economics of the pharmaceutical industry.
3,130 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the intellectual property embodied in a drug is an extremely valuable asset for a pharmaceutical company, and its continued protection is directly related to the company's long-term success or failure. The author points out that Pfizer, the leading pharmaceutical company, has three main business practices and goals, which have overcome successfully the uncertainty in drug development and competitive pressures: (1) Extraordinary portfolio management practices, (2) security of daily management of resources and (3) profitable research and development. The paper relates that, in 1984 Congress passed of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, which weakened patent law for pharmaceuticals making it easier for generic copies to enter the market.
Table of Contents
Intellectual Property
Risk and Resource Management
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration (Hatch-Waxman) Act
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Amendments to the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
From the Paper
"As a result, a high average level of intellectual property protection is economically beneficial. The benefits of strong intellectual property protection are greater in the pharmaceutical industry than they are in other industries, because pharmaceutical firms rely more on patents to protect intellectual property than firms in other industries. When a drug becomes generic as the result of a lost patent, the price goes down, although the demand may remain the same. A less costly drug decreases profits for a pharmaceutical company, which in turn would use the additional profits to invest in their risk and development fund to search for new medicines and cures. Patent law gives pharmaceutical researchers the basic incentive to conduct research and discover new cures."
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Pfizer, Inc. and the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2005.
This paper is a risk analysis of Pfizer, Inc. and the pharmaceutical industry including its direct competitors: Bayer AG, Merck & Co., Novartis AG, Abbott Labs and Eli Lilly.
2,175 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Pfizer and all five of its direct competitors essentially face many of the same risks such as the tendency for the marketplace to discourage the use of new medicines because of their higher costs. The author points out that the safety of products and proper usage by consumers are always concerns as demonstrated by the problems facing Bayer and Merck and, now, potentially, by Pfizer with Celebrex. The paper concludes that Pfizer is unique from its competitors and remains the leading pharmaceutical company because of its effective risk and resource management of the company's extraordinary portfolio management practices, security of the day-to-day management of resources and its research and development.
From the Paper
"The third goal, corporate social responsibility, means putting people and communities first and preserving and protecting the environment. It also means being sensitive to the needs of Pfizer's colleagues, and evaluating the company from a critical point of view. Over the past four years, Pfizer has almost tripled in size, from about 45,000 colleagues worldwide to over 122,000. In 2003, Pfizer created a global corporate citizenship coordinating team. The goal of this group is to help unify Pfizer's approach to corporate citizenship across many countries and cultures, through membership in organizations that promote responsible business practices internationally. Some of the initiatives that have been explored are the reduction of carbon monoxide emissions and supplying global energy through cleaner sources. This final goal is a symbol of Pfizer's commitment to strengthen leadership and become more responsive."
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ISO 9000, TQM and the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2005.
An analysis of the impact of corporate culture on quality system implementation efficiency in the pharmaceutical industry.
17,897 words (approx. 71.6 pages), 41 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The total quality movement has one core idea: Products and services must achieve the highest attainable quality; in fact, nothing less will do. As a result, the two past decades or so have seen the rise of a philosophy aimed at maximizing organizational quality. The use of existing world standards for quality control, such as the standards in the ISO 9000 series, can help organizations achieve these goals, but there are some constraints to the process that must be resolved before the maximum benefits of such approaches can be realized. These comprehensive and extensive standards are differentiated by generic product categories and sectors and provide general quality control principles for all manner of products and services. This paper hypothesizes that the ultimate success of a company's ISO program will not depend solely on how well defined its quality system is, but rather its commitment to maintaining GMP. The study is defined as exploratory in nature with aim to provide an insight into previous research on these topics. Chapter one provides an introduction and overview. Chapter two provides a comprehensive review of the scholarly and peer-reviewed literature; chapter three presents the study's methodology and data-gathering method, followed by a statistical analysis of the survey findings in Chapter Four. A summary of the research, conclusions and recommendations are provided in the concluding chapter.
Outline
Abstract
Key Word Definitions
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background and Overview
Importance of Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Methodology and Research Questions
Rationale
Summary
Chapter 2: Review of the Relevant Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-Gathering Methods and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendix A
From the Paper
"To accomplish this goal, a TQM system can direct a company's resources to operate in union with improved efficiency in satisfying customer needs and thus achieving higher profitability. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are regarded as a part of the Quality Control System for companies producing pharmaceutical products (Lorsch, 1986). GMP principles seek to ensure the regular production for products that confirm with the health standards required from regulatory bodies. GMP provides the general basics to determine the minimum acceptable requirements for the production at good products, covering all the activities related to the production process. There has been a great deal of confusion concerning whether being in compliance with the pharmaceutical GMP would successfully lead to obtaining ISO certification, with minimum changes and costs), or whether achieving ISO certification is going to be a long and expensive road."
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The Pharmaceutical Industry, 2005.
Examines whether prices of medicine in the United States should be regulated.
2,166 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the pharmaceutical industry and answers the question of whether the costs of pharmaceuticals in the United States are too high, and whether the cost of pharmaceuticals should be regulated. Further, this work attempts to answer the question of whether the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) is adequately protecting U.S. citizens from unsafe drugs and whether the U.S. Congress has been co-opted by the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, this work addresses the affordability of the new pharmaceutical benefit that was recently enacted under the Medicare Modernization Act.
Paper Outline:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Literature Review
Parallel Trading - Arbitrage of Pharmaceuticals
Case Study of Prescription Drug Movement by FDA and U.S. Customs
Medicaid's Prescription Plan - Passed April 2004
Putting Two and Two Together
Case Study in Relation to Costs-Markup by Medicare
Clinical Trials Report
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"A study was conducted by the Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Customs in 2001, tracking the movement of legal prescription drugs across seven of the U.S. borders crossings. Detected were 586 individuals carrying 1,120 drugs across borders in a four-hour period. Only half of these individuals were carrying valid prescriptions that were either U.S. or Mexican prescriptions. Politicians from Montgomery, Alabama and Springfield, Massachusetts also arbitrate drugs from Canada for their municipal employees and New England U.S. Department of Health and Human Services intends to provision 100,000 residents with arbitraged prescription medications. (Morais, 2004)"
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Pharmaceutical Company and Industry Analysis, 2001.
A company analysis of Merck & Company, INC., a pharmaceutical company.
5,390 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 30 sources, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes pharmaceutical company, Merck & Company, INC., . The author provides a company profile and examines a number of issues such as: product marketing, service marketing, manufacturing, values and motives of the company.
From the Paper
"The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest and most far reaching industries in our nation, and therefore is an industry that can neither be avoided nor ignored. The amount of money spent on healthcare is phenomenal ? representing 14 cents of every dollar of goods and services produced in the United States (Jhin, 1996). New drugs that emerged in the past decade proved to be extremely profitable, and with new advances in technology and faster drug approval rates, the outcome is clear ? more money plus better science equals more new drugs (Kleinke, 1998). "
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