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Japan's Economic Miracle, 2002.
An analysis of the causes and effects of Japan's post-WWII economic expansion.
1,142 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Following WWII, Japan transformed itself from an island of ruins to one of the most powerful economic powerhouses in the world. This paper attempts to understand how this transition took place and the consequences of the transition on Japanese society.
From the Paper
"By the end of World War II, Japan's economy lay in ruin. By 1973, it was the third largest in the world. This transformation is heralded as arguably the greatest economic achievement of the twentieth century, and with due reason. However, it also carried with it destructive social and moral consequences that deeply affected the fragile post-war Japanese society. Thus, the "economic miracle" of Japan could be aptly termed both a blessing and a curse, a path to redemption, and, at the same time, a decent to a frightening level of greed, corruption, and perceptible moral degeneration."
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The Japanese Economic Miracle, 2001.
A look at Japan's economic growth following World War II.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the dynamics and underlying causes of the Japanese economic revival that has occurred since the end of World War II, looking both at its economic components (such as the shift from agricultural to high-tech sectors) as well as the demographic and cultural elements that are just as important for understanding the Japanese economy.
From the Paper
"The Japanese economic miracle is complex and can only be explained by looking to political, cultural, and economic reasons. It rests on the government?s taking responsibility for social welfare, vocational training, and education. It rests on the responsibility taken by both consumers and producers for economic prosperity. It rests on the government?s decision to concentrate on high-quality and high-technology products designed for domestic and foreign consumption and on the government?s building stable, economically advanced trading partners to replace the Asian markets to which inexpensive textiles had been
sent earlier. A number of factors have greatly aided Japan?s economic resurgence that began in the 1950s and has continued since then, among them (ironically) the complete destruction of the nation?s industrial base by the war. This meant that Japan's new factories, using the latest developments in technology, were often more efficient than those of their foreign competitors. With the addition of a youthful and well-educated workforce, a high domestic savings rate that provided ample capital, and an activist government and bureaucracy that provided guidance, support, and subsidies, the ingredients were in place for rapid and sustained economic growth."
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The Economic Miracle in Asia Pacific, 2006.
An examination of the historical, political, economic and social context upon which economic development in the Asia Pacific is based.
5,375 words (approx. 21.5 pages), 29 sources, APA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
The essay is a systematic synthesis of the literature on economic history and political science that explains the East Asian miracle. It argues that state intervention has been a fundamental tenet of the great transformation of societies and economies in the East and Southeast Asian countries. The paper takes several case studies in East and Southeast Asia in comparative perspective to show the similarities and differences of the development experiences in the region.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context Setting: Asia Pacific in Global and Regional Perspectives
The East Asian Miracle in Theoretical Perspectives: Market-friendly and Developmental State Explanations
Relevant Themes on the East Asian Economic Miracle: Agricultural transformations in East Asia and the role of industrial policy in Asia Pacific
Agricultural Transformation in East Asian Countries
The State and Industrial Policy: Comparing East and Southeast Asia
Conclusions
Appendix
From the Paper
"The Asia Pacific has been the most dynamic region in the world with countries sustaining growth rates from 3 - 7% for decades, reducing absolute and relative poverty, and undergoing structural changes in demographic, economic and political terms. While area specialists do not claim a single model to be followed by the developing world, it is worthy to study the common conditions, policy choices, and challenges that these countries have faced. The East Asian Miracle indeed challenges scholars and policy makers to think beyond the standard Western model of development based on blind liberalization, deregulation, and privatization. Bearing in mind the nuances and commonalities across the region, there are lessons to be drawn if only to better understand the trajectory the region is currently taking."
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Italian Economic Miracle, 2003.
This paper discusses the economic development of post-war Italy in the First Republic period.
2,816 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the inter-relating economical and political factors which led to the tremendous progress in Italy from 1953 to 1963. It discusses how the key factors were a pro-American government ready to enter the Marshall plan, the internal and foreign investments and the high competitively of the industries. Italy's economy progressed following completely Keynes ideas.
From the Paper
"Italian miracle is one of the issues that characterized the economic history of the peninsula. The aftermath of the second world war constituted an elevated tax of inflation leading to a massive rate of unemployment. In 1948, Italy was a nation majorly based on agriculture, which made up 50% of the job placements. The miracle was to develop gradually over the years thanks to the Marshall plan, the internal investments in Europe, and the DC? reforms; it would have brought industrial modernization and privatization. In Italy the key players for the contribution of the economical boosting belonged to the DC centrist party, which made of the nation a capitalist leader in a Europe where the effects of the war were still noticeable. Italy was a country divided between North and South; the North as the ?headquarter? of the major Italian industries, and the South, where general conditions were precarious. The years between the 1948 and 1954 could be considered as the period of the ?riformismo democristiano? or DC reformism. Once completed the reconstruction, Italy was finally introduced in the international markets. The process was slow, due to the market imbalance taking place in all of Europe. The full achievement of the monetary stability was to be reached only in 1958. During this period the consequence of the 1929 crisis, which was financial protectionism, was surpassed. War saved the United States from the production crisis, becoming a dominant economic power. Now, the American duty was to consolidate a market regain in Europe through the Marshall Plan and a system of international trade among European nations and USA. The road for adaptation to these new conditions, was unsteady; Europe is dependent on America. In fact, in 1948, 1950 and 1953 the USA faced moments of recession, provoked by a difficulty in converting from the arms industry and the Korean war. The European economies were strengthening with the exception of France and Great Britain. Meanwhile, the DC aimed to enact a series of measures to redistribute the income and the productive forces in the areas with the highest necessity. Such measures were the Riforma Agraria, Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, along with the major figures Vanoni and the founding of ENI."
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China: The Economic Miracle, 2008.
A discussion of China's growing role in the world economy and the mechanisms behind this growth.
2,427 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a description of the Chinese economy and presents the main statistics that illustrate its growth. The paper looks at the macroeconomic measures responsible for this transformation and examines three main challenges facing the economy. The paper also discusses recommendations that would ensure a healthy economic growth in China and prevent any potential meltdown. The paper concludes that there is no sign that China's economic growth will change in the foreseeable future.
Outline:
Description of the Chinese Economy
Main Statistics
Macroeconomic Measures that Brought About This Transformation
Chinese Main Challenges
Steps to Follow
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Over the past 25 years, since the start of the first economic reforms that were to take China into the rank of the most important economies in the world, the Chinese economic growth averaged an annual 9.5 % . Further more, this trend is likely to continue in the future as well, given some of the current indicators and the constant development of both the market and the economy. According to current trends, China "could become the largest exporter in the world by the beginning of the next decade" .
"According to different sources , the Chinese economy grew by an astonishing 10.7 % (according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), as quoted in the source mentioned), reaching 20.94 trillion yuan ($2.68 trillion). With these figures, the Chinese economy had already overtaken the British economy as the world's fourth biggest in term of GDP. Further more, the Chinese economy is growing closer and closer to the German economy, currently ranked third, but with a slow growth (2.2 % in 2006)."
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The Four Tigers and Japan: An Economic Model?, 2006.
A review of the economic models of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the and contrasts the East Asian miracle economies of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. It further weighs the commonalities between these national economies in order to determine whether there is an economic model that can be transferred to other societies. The conclusion this paper reaches, is that there is not, as the differences are too great and even the commonalities are obsolete in the new global economy.
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Economic Miracle: Japan, 2007.
This paper discusses Japan as an enduring economic miracle in the world.
2,546 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the revival of the Japanese economy following World War II. The writer discusses how, after Japan's surrender in WWII, it was faced with a shattered economy, but has since managed to become the second largest market economy in the world. The writer notes that this was achieved by a set of developments, which included high rates of personal savings and private-sector facilities investment, a labor force with a strong work ethic, a sufficient supply of cheap oil, innovative technology, and effective government intervention in private-sector industries.
From the Paper
"The factors that made Japan an enduring economic miracle were categorized into its government, a protected economy and external assistance. During the Meiji era, the centralized government moved into the fiscal and military side. It first improved the railways and the postal services, which, in turn, helped the shipping industry. It likewise boosted the development of rural industries. Then the Meiji government established model industries, such as textile and glass, which stimulated the industrialization process. The Liberal Democratic Party stirred private businesses until the government made it a national priority to raise the national economy. The Ministry for International Trade and Industry or MITI was a government association, which fixed production targets, future economic plans and handled all of Japan's economic problems."
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Japanese Post-World War II Economic Development, 2002.
A look at the cultural advantages of Japan's post-war economic miracle.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 16 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that some elements of pre-World War II Japanese culture proved to be advantages to the processes of economic reconstruction as they took hold in the first decades after 1945. If the Japanese recovery is looked at in terms of class and economy only, the Japanese defeat in World War II signaled a complete break from the imperial ethos, which had dominated national culture and contributed to practically every aspect of Japanese cultural and economic life. When Japanese post-war economic development is explored in ways which include cultural advantages, however, the so-called "miracle" of reconstruction begins to seem somewhat more predictable.
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Japan's Ecomony, 2002.
Looks at what stood behind the post-WWII Japanese economic miracle and the reasons why these factors led the Japanese economy into a slump in later years.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In an effort to make some sense of the confusion, this paper will look at a variety of factors behind Japan's cycle of success to depression, ranging from Japanese management techniques to the unique roles played by government development agencies, such as the renowned Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). In the final analysis, it seems clear that these institutions surely did play an important role in creating a successful Japan. However, the very forces that before worked to strengthen the economic position of the country ultimately led to its demise. Export orientation and domestic protection spelled success in booming post-war years; but they now reveal an inflexible economy, inefficient industries, sloppy habits, and portend a long and severe economic crisis.
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The World Bank?s Report on ?The East Asian Miracle?, 2001.
This paper summarizes the various views taken by the World Bank on Asian economic development before the crisis, and how the effects of the Asian crisis threw the Bank's judgement.into doubt.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines reasons for the East Asian economic crisis during 1997 and 1998. The World Bank report of 1993 praises many of the practices that ultimately led to the crisis. Currencies, stock markets, 'crony capitalism' and financiers are examined. The paper argues that both economic and cultural reasons are ultimately to blame for the economic crisis.
From the Paper
"In recent decades international financial institutions, most notably the World Bank, have held up East Asia as a capitalist miracle, a role model for the rest of the world to follow. The Newly Industrialising Countries (NIC's) took off during the 1970's and included countries from around the world. But is was almost exclusively the NIC's of Asia who maintained their high growth rates through the 1980's and 1990's. While the South American NIC's were left behind in the debt crisis of the early 1980's, the Asian 'Tigers' continued to surge ahead. South Korea, for example, maintained a manufacturing growth rate of nearly 9% a year during the 1980's, while exports grew by 10% a year (Hadjor: 1992). Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore also enjoyed such success, and they were soon joined by other Asian countries such as Malaysia and Thailand. By 1987 the combined manufacturing exports of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore totalled about half of all third world exports compared with 6% for Mexico and Brazil combined (ibid). The World Bank firmly believed that the experience of the Asian tigers constituted a viable model for other Third World countries. In 1993, the Bank published its seminal work 'The East Asian Miracle' as a guide to how the Tigers had been so successful. But disaster hit the East Asian region in 1997/98 when the economies in that part of the world took a massive beating from what became the 'Asian Crisis'. Suddenly the World Bank report and hopes for the region looked decidedly inaccurate. Here we will summarise the various views taken by the World Bank on Asian economic development before the crisis hit, together with how the effects of the Asian Crisis threw into doubt the Banks judgement."
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"The European Miracle", 2002.
A study of the ecological economy and the history of Europe using E.L. Jones' "The European Miracle".
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
A book report about E.L. Jones' work on the historical economy of Europe, "The European Miracle". It explains the author's view of the European and Asian economies during the medieval, renaissance, and early modern eras, until the end of the Industrial Revolution. The book focuses on the ecological conditions (geography, weather, etc.) that made it possible for Europe to develop a technology-centered, multistate trade economy, as opposed to Asia's paradigmatic agrarian unified economy.
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"Miracle at Philadelphia", 2005.
A review of the book "Miracle at Philadelphia" by Catherine Bowen.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Catherine Bowen's 1966 book "Miracle at Philadelphia", a well received text that looks at the 1787 American constitutional convention. Among other things, it examines in brief the factors that allowed for the constitutional establishment of a single executive as well as the establishment of a bicameral legislative system. It also looks at what the founding fathers meant by federalism and why they chose a republican form of government over a more purely democratic one.
From the Paper
"The following paper will review Catherine Bowen's Miracle at Philadelphia. In particular, the paper will why the founding fathers created the constitution, the manner in which they did so and how they saw the people of the United States. In examining all of the above, the paper will review why America has a federal system and how our early leaders defined federalism; what function was/is served by the bi-cameral legislative system or single executive authority; what design lay behind creating a government with legislative, executive and judicial branches; why it is that America is a republic and not a democracy; why American leaders had cause to fear the original constitutional document; and, lastly, what the American constitution says about the nature of government and about the nature of human beings. "
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"Anatomy Of A Miracle", 1997.
Reviews Patti Waldmeir's book "Anatomy of a Miracle", which chronicles the fall of apartheid in South Africa. Discusses key personalities such as De Klerk, Mandela and Buthelezi.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 1 source, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Anatomy of a Miracle
Introduction
The story of South Africa and the end of apartheid is a complicated one. It is not clear, however, that Waldmeir is adequate to the task of explicating that complexity. Her credentials, as provided to us through the discussion in the prologue, seem sufficient. She has a background in journalism, acquaintance with the continent and country, and interest in the subject. However, there is also a lack of sophistication in her presentation of herself and the understanding of the actors in the South African drama. It is particularly surprising that she makes a character assessment of a revolutionary based on his demeanor, and the fact that he swam laps in a swimming pool. That seems more of a child's perception of reality than ..."
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The "Miracle" Alliance, 2007.
This paper examines the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact implemented by Germany and the USSR in 1939.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Nazi-Soviet Pact, looking into the dynamics that occurred during and after the pact had been signed by both Germany and the Soviet Union. The researcher posits that the miracle political partnership happened because of the common interests Hitler and Stalin had during the time the pact was signed. The paper discusses how immediately after each leader's objective was achieved, the pact ceased to exist, allowing both leaders to become openly hostile and aggressive to each other again. The last part of the analysis centers on the impact that the dissolution of the pact had on both countries, illustrating how the Soviet Union benefited more from this pact than its initiator, Germany.
From the Paper
"The Nazi-Soviet Pact states that both nations, Nazi Germany and Soviet Union, would pledge neutrality in the event that one or both nations became involved in war. Signed by leaders Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, the pact assured both Soviet Union and Germany the strength of their power in Europe, specifically in the Central and Eastern fronts, respectively. Though short-lived, the Nazi-Soviet Pact served its purpose for two years (between 1939 and 1941), allowing both countries to strengthen their power, expand their territory, and successfully promote their own political ideologies (Nazism for Hitler and Communism for Stalin)."
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The Miracle of the U.S. Constitution, 2007.
This paper discusses the difficulties involved in the formation of the U.S. Constitution.
1,732 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that American biographer, Catherine Drinker Bowen, calls the process of creating the US Constitution a miracle because of the many huge obstacles that had to be overcome during this process. The paper discusses Bowen's and other authors' details of the various oppositions, conflicts, debates, prejudices and other problems that had to be surmounted in order to form the new nation. The paper concludes that the US Constitution remains the heart of the American system and the guide for making decisions about legal, social, political, and economic matters.
From the Paper
"Bowen notes at the conclusion of her book that the Constitution was adopted in less than ten months "under the influence of local prejudices, opposite interests, popular arts, and even the threats of bold an desperate men," and that this was "a solitary event in the history of mankind" (Bowen, 1966, p. 310). What she writes in the body of her book are the details of the various oppositions, conflicts, debates, prejudices, and other problems that had to be overcome in order to form the new nation."
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