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Japan, Crime & Justice System, 1997.
Examines crime rates, types & guns (compared to U.S.), gangs, drugs, police, courts, prisons, rehabilitation and cultural factors (religion, politics, social control).
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 34 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"JAPAN AND THE JAPANESE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Introduction
This research examines the practice of criminal justice in Japan. The findings of this examination are presented in three major discussions?Japanese society and culture, crime in Japan, and the Japanese criminal justice system.
Japanese Society and Culture
Background information on Japanese society and culture is provided as a basis for understanding the functions of criminal justice in the country. Information is presented within the contexts of (1) population and religion, (2) the political system, and (3) culture and social controls.
Population and Religion
Japan is an Asian island nation whose 122 .."
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Chinese Media Reportage on Crime, Justice and America, 2006.
An analysis of the the media coverage in China on topics such as crime and justice.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Chinese reportage appearing in English online editions which address matters of crime and justice in the People's Republic of China, and secondly, in the United States. One sees efforts to convince the reader that the PRC offers a fair and effective criminal justice system. One also notices how the United States is presented as an unlawful and unjust country, and that these topic areas are closely related in terms of the wanted impression upon the reader.
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Juvenile Justice Systems, 2001.
Compares system in the U.S. & in Japan. Contrasts crime rates, interventions, strategies, effectiveness. 3 Tables.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 15 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
In the United States, the public and politicians alike perceive a significant and frightening increase in youth crime and violence; concerns about the capacity of the juvenile justice system to rehabilitate chronic and violent youthful offenders while simultaneously protecting public safety accompany the growing fear of youth crime (Feld, 1999). In Japan, where the juvenile justice system has been characterized as incorporating Franco-Germano-American ingredients (Kitamura, 1993), juvenile crime is substantially less than in the United States. The official murder rates per 100,000 population in Japan, and the official theft rates in that country are one-sixth and one-fourth those of the United States, respectively; similarly, juvenile..."
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Youth Crimes and the Criminal Justice System, 2002.
An examination of the way that the criminal justice system treats youth crimes and why this might need to change.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the criminal justice system has long treated the young differently from adults, but community attitudes have changed in recent years so that this policy is in question. It discusses the concerns about youthful violence and how this has led to calls for a change in the criminal justice system in order to increase the punishment possible for certain young offenders, especially those involved in violence.
From the Paper
"Other statistics are even more frightening. Webber cites the Children's Defense Fund, which estimates that an American child is arrested for a violent crime every 5 minutes and is killed by guns every 2 hours. Nine in 10 young murder victims in the industrialized world are Americans. Between 1979 and 1991, nearly 50,000 American children were killed by guns, which is more than the number of Americans killed in Vietnam in 25 years. An American child is 15 times more likely to be killed by gunfire in the United States than a child living in Northern Ireland. More than half the people arrested for murder in the United States in 1991 were under age 25, and juvenile arrests for murder and non?negligent manslaughter rose 93 percent between 1982 and 1991. It is more and more common for young people to kill each other, and 55 percent of juvenile homicides in 1995 involved friends and acquaintances (Webber)."
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Race, Crime and Justice, 2005.
Addresses questions relating to racism and justice in the United States.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at three questions of racism and justice in the United States. The paper discusses the concept of restorative justice as penal alternatives, racial profiling and the tendency for non-white youths to have more police interaction than whites, and the increased incidences of violence and police brutality towards non-white juveniles.
From the Paper
"The concept of restorative justice is one that focuses on mediation between the perpetrator of a crime, the victim and the impact of the crime on the community. There are a wide variety of processes that this form of justice can take, but all of them "are based upon recognition that the offender, victim, and community are deeply interdependent when it comes to community safety" (Clear & Karp, 1999, p. 103). Restorative justice is a radical departure from the idea of dealing with crime and victimization. It does not seek to "punish" a "criminal," but instead tries to focus on the impact of every individual's behavior on the community."
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Crime, Justice, Law and Politics, 2006.
Looks at the misconceptions about crime and how they affect policy making.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the misconceptions about crime and how they affect policy making. It looks at myths believed widely by the American public, and the trends in crime in America over the last 30 years. It shows a rise in violent crime, but an overall drop in crime numbers.
From the Paper
"Misconceptions about crime rates can seriously affect the decisions of legislative bodies when enacting crime control policies. Without accurate figures and comparisons they cannot make an informed judgement about which crimes occur most frequently and where .."
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Juvenile Crime and Justice, 2000.
Summarizes and examines three articles on delinquency and relates their ideas to theories in "Juvenuile Justice" by J. Whitehead & S. Lab.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine three articles dealing with crime and delinquency. The plan of the research will be to provide a summary of each of the articles and then to relate what the articles themselves say, as appropriate, to certain theories of delinquency and crime discussed in Whitehead and Lab's text Juvenile Justice: An Introduction, with a view toward providing an interpretation and opinion of them.
Schwartz, Ira M., Rendon, Jose A., and Hsieh, Chang-Ming. "Is Child Maltreatment a Leading Cause of Delinquency?" Child Welfare 73 (September 1994): 639-655.
This article is a forceful criticism of the public-policy focus on juvenile justice as the remedy for and appropriate response to delinquency and juvenile crime, by way of a criticism of..."
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Criminal Justice - Crime & Punishment, 2008.
A descriptive perception of the concept of crime and punishment, social control, and defined concepts of justice.
1,646 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper states that only the human species is known to inflict pain purely for retribution. The fact that justice and punishment for rule violations are evident in animals, and that different human cultures have defined justice, crime, and punishment in myriad, and often in mutually contradictory terms, suggests the need to establish objective principles for concepts of justice that are indeed just. The paper concludes that "justice" incorporates objective rules without basis, which reflect the strength to impose the will of the of those more powerful in society, over the less powerful. The paper also states that crime and punishment are exclusive to human societies, notwithstanding our current relative inability to administer those concepts uniformly and justly, in most human society.
Outline:
A Survey of Cultural Variation of Crime and Punishment Throughout History
Toward the Objective Standard of Justifiable Criminal Definitions and Punishment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In particular, purposeful actions on the part of society or dominant group of leaders to address unwanted behaviors or actions of the individual is apparent among many animal species, such as in relation to violations of established social and pair-bonding relationships and hierarchy of access to food and other natural resources (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In certain primates, for example, group members risk both physical retaliation and elements of social exclusion if they are discovered by other group members to have hidden or failed to share resources by not disclosing its existence or location."
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"Justice, Crime and Ethics", 2006.
An overview of this book by Belinda Rodger McCarthy, et. al.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
"Justice, Crime and Ethics" (B. Rodgers McCarthy, et. al., 2005) centers on the law, the criminal justice system, policing, the courts and all the complex issues that surround the various careers in criminal justice. The paper explains how each section of the text examines a particular part of the system, from an introduction to the peacemaking process, all the way through to policing, the courts, corrections, crime control, and even potential future issues. The paper also explains why this book is not a typical text book.
From the Paper
"The case studies at the end of each chapter also make the reader think quite deeply about these issues, and answer questions in their own mind so they know where they stand on these important and complex issues. It is clear that the criminal justice system is not perfect, and the text gives some good information on what may be done to combat some of the problems with the criminal justice system, and how it may be overhauled in the future. It also uses a crystal ball of sorts to look into the future to see what it holds for the system and those who choose it as a career."
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Organized Crime, Hate Crime, and Ritualistic Crimes, 2006.
A paper examining police responsibility in investigating hate crimes, organized crime, and ritualistic crimes.
1,767 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hate crimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime
Hate Crime
Ritual Crimes
Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
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HRM systems in Japan and Germany, 2001.
A comparative analysis of the Human Resource Management (HRM)systems in Japan and Germany
4,390 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 20 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the human resource systems in both Japan and Germany using the analytical framework put forward by Beer et al in 1984. Differences and similarities on such aspects as culture, management, labour relations and other such institutions will be investigated. Evidence for arguments and theories will be provided throughout the essay.
From the paper:
"Increased interest in international human resource management has led to the classification of its processes and influences. One particular classification or framework is that of the Map of Human Resource Territory, later adopting the name of the Harvard Model, which was designed by Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Mills and Walton in 1984. This model is useful as it accepts that there are differing approaches to the employment relationship. Indeed Porter (1970) argues that the model has potential for comparative analysis. The Harvard model illustrates that there are a variety of "stakeholders" in an organisation including shareholders, various groups of employees, the government and the community. It recognises the legitimate interests of these various groups and that the creation of HRM strategies should recognise these interests and combine them as much possible into the strategy of the business. Indeed the Harvard model is fundamentally both prescriptive and analytical. It is important to bear in mind however that the ideas put forward by the model are arguably based on the American culture. This is important to remember when using the model as an analytical framework to compare other countries."
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The Criminal Justice System, Society and Crime, 2008.
An investigation into the correlations between race and crime, as well as the discrimination that occurs when classification of crimes and its perpetrators come into account.
2,840 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper explains and clarifies the perceptions of crime by gender and race in the belief that in crime, white males will likely fare better in the Criminal Justice system than minorities and women. The paper affirms that there is a need for further research regarding perceptions about men and women of various races regarding how they view crime by minority groups. The paper further states that there is a need to investigate why these perceptions have not been studied extensively over the past decade.
From the Paper
"Other research, which has been conducted utilized a sample used for studying white-collar criminal careers. This research identified the broad range of white-collar crimes and criminals prosecuted in American federal courts. Researchers benefited form this method by, careful sampling techniques and rich data collected in their study. However, in the same token, researchers added detailed information on the number, timing, and types of other criminal events attributed to these offenders both before and after the offense that was the focus of the previous Yale study."
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Criminal Justice: White-Collar Crime, 2008.
An overview of various types of white-collar crime.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses issues of white-collar crime: waste in the oil industry, the U.S. government sabotaging the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), corporate fraud and the sentencing of white-collar criminals.
Table of Contents:
Focus on the Waste Oil Industry
The U.S. Government Sabotaging OSHA
Investigation and Effects of Corporate Fraud
Sentences for White-Collar Criminals
From the Paper
"The number of victims, including crimes with high shareholder losses, is closely related to how offenders are sentenced; perceived intent and responsibility of shareholders frequently plays out dramatically in the media. Media attention may be the cause or the result of stricter punishments for crimes with multiple victims. Despite a few of these high profile cases, including large media frenzies like Enron, white-colar crime is Weissmann and Block (2007) report found that the average federal sentence for fraud in 2005 was a relatively slim 23.6 months in prison."
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Justice System For Juvenile Crime, 2002.
Discusses the pros and cons of a separate juvenile system.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Discusses the pros and cons of a separate juvenile system. Arguments and opinions on whether age should determine an individual's guilt and criminality. Contends that children who break the law should be treated differently from adults. The roots of juvenile justice as a concept in America. Public attitudes. Age and criminal intent.
From the Paper
"This paper is a discussion of the pros and cons of having a separate system of justice to deal with juvenile crime. Since the first courts were established to provide for different ways of dealing with youthful offenders, American society has gone through alternating waves in its opinions about whether age should determine an individual=s culpability and what the primary purpose of juvenile justice should be. Research has tried to find out whether more severe penalties or the assignment of certain crimes to adult courts, despite the age of the perpetrator, have any effects on the frequency or the rate of recidivism of especially violent crimes, with mixed results. The system as it exists treats younger offenders inconsistently, often depriving them of rights which are routinely part of the adult system. Most experts agree that juvenile justice in ..."
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Natural Crime vs. Legal Crime, 2007.
This paper compares and contrasts the concepts of "natural crime" and "legal crime", using each of the crime classifications on the FBI's crime index.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the seven classifications of crime listed in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The paper determines which crimes might be considered "mala in se", crimes that are inherently dangerous or "mala prohibita", crimes not inherently wrong, but are considered criminal because their prohibition is necessary to regulate the general welfare. The paper asserts that the crimes in which human life is lost, in threat of being lost or violated in any way, should be considered "mala in se." The paper posits that crimes in which property or belongings are lost or taking away, should be considered "mala prohibita" because property is less valuable than human life.
From the Paper
"Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, as defined in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, is the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another. (www.fbi.gov) There are some homicides that are reduced to a lesser crime because there was no intent evident in the act. The intent to kill is where the defendant consciously desired to cause death or where the defendant intended to cause great bodily harm. There are other crimes of murder that are justified or excusable. An example of this is if an intruder entered a home with a gun, the occupants could murder the intruder and not be charged with a homicide. The occupants could argue that they were protecting their family from being murdered by the intruder."
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