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Issues of Causation and Remoteness, 2008.
A case study analysis of the tort of negligence with regards to causation and remoteness.
3,116 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues of causation and remoteness in a tort of negligence claim. It provides a case study of a man who offers to fly a group to Disneyland in a private jet and breaches his duty of care when he drinks some alcohol in an effort to calm his nerves. The paper discusses the details of the case from a legal perspective and discusses the issues that arise.
From the Paper
"As it is unclear whether her arm could have been saved had Rachel been sent to see the consultant earlier we cannot apply the "but for" test. The delay in treatment may have reduced Rachel's chance of a full recovery; however, for such an argument to succeed it needs to be proved on the balance of probabilities to at least 51%. If a loss chance was recognised by Abby's failure to recognise the injury in time to treat it, then Abby would be liable. In the case of Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority it was discovered that if the 13 year old boy who fell from a tree, was correctly diagnosed sooner he would have had a 25% of making a full recovery, but the delay in treatment meant that he lost this 25% chance and suffered avascular necrosis. However, it was held in the House of Lords that this 25% loss of chance does not prove the case to the necessary balance of probabilities that a civil action must be found. The Court of Appeal's 'quantification' of damages was wrong, as the obstacle of causation had not been overcome. In this scenario therefore, for Abby to be considered liable, it would need to be proved that had Rachel's injury been discovered sooner she would have had a 51% chance or more of making a full recovery."
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Nonreductive Physicalism and Mental Causation, 2004.
A philosophy paper, which argues that nonreductive physicalism gives rise to the very problem of mental causation that physicalism was intended to solve in the first place.
5,480 words (approx. 21.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by exploring different theories of mind, including dualism, reductivism, and nonreductive physicalism. It then summarizes the mental causation problem as expressed by Jaegwon Kim. Thereafter, the paper puts forth the argument that nonreductive physicalism gives rise to the very problem of mental causation that physicalism was intended to solve in the first place. The paper explores the contemporary nonreductivist difficulties related to mental causation, and the standard solution that nonreductivists have proposed to overcome these difficulties.
Table of Contents:
Dualism vs. Physicalism
Nonreductivism and Physical Realization
The Problem of Mental Causation
The Assumptions and Kim?s Causal Exclusion Argument
The Causal Exclusion Argument and the Nonreductivist Responses
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"To sum up everything so far, Descartes? difficulties in explaining the notion of mental causation arose from his ontological definitions of the mental and the physical: the duality of mental and material substances. And, it seems that the current mainstream physicalism, the ?non-reductive physicalism?, runs into parallel difficulties on account of its commitments to the duality of mental and physical properties. Non-reductive physicalism argues that mental states are not identical with particular physical states. Then, the problem for this position is: are the mental properties responsible for their effects in the physical world? This raises a dilemma: if the mental properties are responsible for the effects, then either the causal closure of the physical domain is violated or the effects are overdetermined. And, neither of these is acceptable to non-reductive physicalists. On the other hand, if the mental properties of the cause are not responsible for its effects, then epiphenomalism is true: the mental makes no causal difference."
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Web of Causation, 2006.
This paper discusses epidemiological implications in light of the web of causation model.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This epidemiological paper represents a brief discussion on the web of causation. Definitions of epidemiology, causation and association are provided, as is a historical retrospective of how the web of causation developed. Model concepts are compared as is their relevance to community health, citing female health issues, coronary heart disease and commenting on "Healthy People 2000." The paper concludes with the web of causation as it relates to nursing practice. The paper cites current literature.
From the Paper
"Epidemiology is a unique area of healthcare study in that it does not diagnose. Epidemiology represents the integration between social and natural sciences, but unlike many disciplines places greater emphasis on biological implications for population based findings (Vinels, 2003). This paper will discuss epidemiological implications in light of the web of causation model. After an initial review of relevant definitions, the web of causation conceptual model will be reviewed from an historical perspective. Components of the model will be defined along with a discussion of how this model applies to community health. Finally, the relevance the web of causation holds for nursing will conclude the paper. As appropriate for any technical discussion, definitions of key terms are provided."
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Mental Causation, 2004.
The philosophy paper explores the mental causation problem, as expressed by Jaegwon Kim in his books.
1,652 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Mental Causation is one of the central problems in the philosophy of mind concerned with the causal role of the mind in the physical world. Traditionally, the problem of mental causation has been that of understanding how a mental substance, thought to be immaterial, could interact with the body, a physical substance. Many philosophers today reject substantival, immaterial minds, but the problem of mental causation has not gone away. This paper explores the problem of Causal Exclusion as the main problem of mental causation that arises from the nonreductive materialist framework.
From the Paper
"Another preliminary remark is that there are, in fact, several different problems of mental causation instead of a single problem. One much discussed problem concerns Davidson?s Anomalous monism (according to which, there are no strict causal laws about psychological phenomena such that no ?mental to mental? or ?mental to physical? laws can be formulated): If there are no strict laws connecting mental states to physical states, how can mental states be causally relevant? Another much discussed problem concerns specifically the externalist views of the mind according to which mental states cannot be identified only with reference to the states in the head. If mental states depend on factors outside the head, i.e. extrinsic properties, how can they affect behavior? In Kim?s words: ?How can extrinsic, relational properties be causally efficacious in behavior production?? (Chalmers, 173)"
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Crime Causation, 2007.
A discussion on crime causation with a focus on serial killer Albert Fish.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the criminal activities and background of Albert Fish, self-confessed molester of more than 400 children during a 20 year duration. It discusses the various theoretical schools of crime causation (biological, psychological and sociological) and attempts to use them to explain Fish's criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"To discover what makes a serial killer function, it is necessary to look at their past, particularly their teenage years. Studies have shown that almost all serial killers come from dysfunctional backgrounds involving sexual or physical abuse, drugs or alcoholism and their related problems. Some traits of a serial killer include a feeling of resentment towards society, sexual frustrations the inability to be social and a wild imagination that drags them into a fantasy world. The three most frequently reported behaviors included day dreaming, compulsive masturbation and isolation. (uplink.com) Daydreaming, which happens due to an over active imagination, leads the way into the general fantasy world that the serial killer being to live in to protect himself with the isolation is faced with. "
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Hume's Views on Causation and Induction, 2002.
Summarizes David Hume's views on the philosophical problems of causation and inductive reasoning.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
As a skeptic, David Hume argued against taking for granted cause and effect relationships as well as induction. The paper points out the reliance of the physical sciences on induction and Hume's philosophical separation of cause from effect, as well as the importance of the necessity relation and concludes that, although hard to stomach, Hume's skepticism is a necessary component of our philosophical explorations.
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Correlation is not Causation, 2002.
An analysis of the arguments and agendas of the IQ-Race Controversy.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay will analyze the history of the IQ-Race controversy with a view to questioning both the function of IQ as a predictive factor, and the validity of associations between IQ scores and racial origins. It will be argued that, from a layman's perspective, the sheer number of uncontrolled variables in such associations seem to undermine the theory that IQ is closely associated with race. Thus, general correlations between IQ scores and racial origins do not signify a causal relationship between the two.
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"Remotely Global", 2005.
An anthropological review of Charles Piot's book, "Remotely Global".
1,787 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the critically acclaimed ethnography, "Remotely Global" by Charles Piot. The paper provides an incite into the author's own analysis of the Kabre people whom he lived with and observed. The paper shows how Piot calls upon every aspect of Kabre culture to illustrate his point that the Kabre have been constantly shaped and molded by colonial contexts and that the Kabre play an active role in shaping this notion of modernity.
From the Paper
"Charles Piot's ethnography, Remotely Global, is a provocative anthropological narrative that defies stereotypes and deviates from the norm. Piot accomplishes this and more, all the while adhering to a post-modern approach that argues for an alternative modernity. He condemns previous Eurocentric concepts of individualist social theory, theories like Structural-Functionalism, Practice Theory, Marxism, etc. that misconstrue Africa and the West. Remotely Global examines the Kabre diaspora, while his fieldwork largely took place in northern Togo, namely Kuwde. It is the Kabre who he feels exemplify this alternative modernity for which he is such a compelling advocate. Through detailed analyses of these peoples, a harsh critique of orientalism, and accompanying support for the debate his book seeks to wage, his ethnographic work is brought to fruition."
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Remote Security Access for Networking, 2002.
A study in the security of accessing networks remotely.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss available methods to secure a network so people can access it remotely. The paper describes the network administrators? challenge of securing an enterprise network from hackers. The author writes that with software and hardware innovations, consultants and companies specializing in enterprise security, showing up practically everyday, network security is attainable.
From the Paper
"When the first public access networks were installed in Berkley, California in the mid 1970s, the principle was to provide people the means to share information. Restricting access to a remote computer system or protecting it was an unimaginable concept."
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Remote Sensing, 2005.
An overview of Old World and New World remote sensing.
766 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how remote sensing can be broken down to New World and Old World. It looks at how New World involves aerial photography from artificial satellites and how Old World involves procedures like electromagnetic and resistivity surveying.
From the Paper
"The world emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. There are many sources of energy and the most important one is the sun. Satellites mostly portray the land with respect to the electromagnetic spectrum. There can be two types of sensing active and passive sensing. Active sensing involves the satellite to send waveforms that interact with certain parts of the land (including water) and give off different waveforms in the spectrum. The passive sensing involves just reading the waveforms from different sources (like the sun) and portraying them. One advantage of active sensing as opposed to passive is that measurements can be recorded anytime where in passive it has to be done when the naturally occurring energy is available."
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Telemedicine and Remotely Located Advanced Healthcare Para-professionals, 2002.
An examination of whether Telemedicine will improve the quality of health care and its delivery for remotely located advanced health care para-professionals.
6,405 words (approx. 25.6 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This in-depth study explores the implication of implementation of Telemedicine as a professional genre. It shows what the installation of Telemedicine means to other scientists wanting to take this field further. The study analyzes the context of financial and medical systems and Telemedicine?s implication on Medicare. The author of the study recommends that the medical centers focus on the resulting benefits it can provide not only to the rural population but also the urban ones. Hence, to increase the spread and receptiveness of Telemedicine usefulness, organizations must promote it to the society as a whole.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Study
Purpose
Methodology
Statement of Problem/Question to be Researched
Statement of The Problem
Introduction
Background of The Problem
Survey: The Literature
The History of Telemedicine
Telemedicine Application
Telemedicine Technology
Current Applications of Telemedicine
Teleconferencing-Based Systems
Cost Effectiveness vs. System Effectiveness
Barriers to The Use of Telemedicine
Quality of Care
Research Design and Collection of Information and/or Data
Analysis of Data or Information or Research Results
Conclusion
VII. Bibliography
From the Paper
"Telemedicine is perhaps one of the fastest growing revolutionary technologies after computer-based patient records. According to a recent study, telemedicine, in all likelihood worth billions of precious health care dollars along with replacing 5 % of hospital stays, 5 % of nursing home care and another 20 % of home health visits. (Dakins 1995)
The primary advantage that can be acquired through the field of telemedicine is that it allows patients and doctors to interact at a rapid speed mainly by way of computers and patient video cameras. To put it simply, physical distance between a doctor and a patient is greatly reduced as this interactive method of finding health practitioners brings the former to the patients thereby giving them a wide variety of doctors and surgeons to choose from [First Mayo Telemedicine Symposium, 1993].
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Remote Sensing and Soil Moisture Content, 1999.
Examines definition, purpose, effectiveness, technology, applications, measurement, satellites and experiments.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 31 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
"Introduction: Remote Sensing and Clay (Soil Moisture Content)
Remote sensing is defined as the acquisition of information about the condition and/or state of a target by a sensor that is not in direct physical contact with it.
From the Paper
"Introduction: Remote Sensing and Clay (Soil Moisture Content)
Remote sensing is defined as the acquisition of information about the condition and/or state of a target by a sensor that is not in direct physical contact with it. This information is normally transmitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation (emr); hence it is a non-destructive, silent technology. The source of this energy may be 'active' or 'passive.'
The relationship between the 'source' signal interacting with a target and the 'received' signal being sensed provides information about the earth's surface and is used in remote sensing to characterize the surface. The information about an object is of 2 kinds: (1) it relates to the objects morphology (size, shape, and texture) from the way it is illuminated and shadowed by its relationship to the source of light and; (2) the ..."
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Remote Alerting System, 2004.
A discussion on solutions and preventative devices against burglary.
6,900 words (approx. 27.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the need for a remote alert system and proposes a system that uses wireless cameras, motion sensors and custom software to call a mobile phone and notify the user of an intruder in the home. It also offers other possible applications of the system.
From the Paper
"Burglary is one of the most common crimes committed in the United Kingdom but it can be one of the most difficult to prosecute. Burglars are rarely seen by others due to the nature of the crime itself and intercepting ..."
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Remote Sensing Technology, 1997.
Role in weather forecasting. Examines the use of satellites and uses in measurement & interpretation of weather patterns. Looks at the El Nino phenomena and Southern Oscillation.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"EMOTE SENSING AND WEATHER FORECASTING
Introduction
This research reviews the use of remote sensing technology in the forecasting of weather. The emphasis in this review is on the applications of satellite technology to the sensing processes for weather forecasting, although other remote sensing technology, such as advanced radars, also are used in weather forecasting. Since 1960, there has been a continuous record of improvement in sensing systems (Smith, et al., 1986, p. 455). Television cameras of the early polar-orbiting satellites have been ?joined by precision multispectral imaging radiometers in recent satellites? (Smith, et al., 1986, p. 455). Radiometrically accurate imaging capabilities permits applications to spread from meteorology and cloud pictures to oceanography.."
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Community Health Nursing, 2005.
A discussion regarding the web of causation in relation to caring for the elderly.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the web of causation and how it is related to health care. It further discusses the concepts of the web of causation model and the elements involved in developing a problematic approach to issues through the use of the web of causation. The paper then takes a look at how the web of causation can be applied to nursing when it is in relation to the elderly at risk for falling.
From the Paper
" The web of causation is a scientific tool used to study all elements contributing to a specific event or illness in order to develop an approach toward a resolution to the problem. As Parascandola and Weed (2001) explain, "the web is not intended^ to be a theory or to provide causal explanations, but merely to act as a metaphor for the idea that causal pathways are complex and interconnected" (p. 905). The model was developed so that every facet of a concern could be studied to provide the most effective treatment, resolution, or approach to a variety of nursing situations. To fully comprehend factors related to an issue the problem must first be identified, as well as those elements of the problem directly related to the problem, and elements indirectly related to the problem."
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