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Islamic History, 2005.
An examination of the most appropriate way to approach Islamic history.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay explores the four major schools of thought in Western scholarly circles used in reconstructing Islamic history from the primary sources the Qur'an, akhbar and hadith. The essay opens with descriptions, in chronological order, of each of the four schools. Finally, it ends by concluding which of the schools is most appropriate for the process of reconstructing Islamic history.
From the Paper
"Approaching Islamic History: Choosing the Appropriate Methodology In the past three hundred years of serious scholarship on Islamic history, four major schools of methodological thought have emerged. In chronological order these are the Descriptive Approach, Source Critical Approach, Traditional Critical Approach and Skeptical Approach. Scholars of Islamic studies since the 1890s have not succeeded in establishing generally recognized methodologies and criteria for distinguishing historical material that rest on firm and objective foundations. Individual historians are known to switch methodologies in the course of their career. This paper will argue that the Traditional Critical Approach is the best approach to take, when bearing in mind some of the discourses from the Skeptical Approach."
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Islamic Art History, 2005.
A study the influence of Roman Frescos on Islamic Art History.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the comparison and contrasting artistic designs involved in both Roman and Umayyad fresco paintings are analyzed. It explains that the earlier Roman designs played a great part in influencing the Islamic peoples to use figural drawing and various decorative natural or organic themes. Much of this is seen within the context of the examples used in the paper, which conveys a large-scale influence of Roman Villa-styled fresco application and artistic design on various Umayyad palaces.
From the Paper
"This art study will examine how the Roman Fresco had influenced the Umayyad perspective on murals and fresco work in their mosaic design and symbolic meanings within these works. By providing examples from the various Umayyad frescoes that now exist in various levels of decay, one can realize how Roman frescoes had a major impact on how these latter works of art were achieved. In essence, this paper is to describe the influences that Roman frescos/wall painting had on Islamic fresco/ mosaic & wall-paintings in art history. The Umayyad choice of Syria as their power base had enormous effects on later Islamic art, as craftsmen from all over gathered together to learn compete and work on Islamic projects. The Umayyad art design was enhanced by the ideas and traditions of imperial Rome, incorporating ..."
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On The History Of Islam, 2002.
This junior level paper on sources on The History Of Islam focuses on the problems and threats imposed by many controversial sources on Islam.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This junior level paper on sources On The History Of Islam focuses on the problems and threats imposed by many controversial sources on Islam. This paper also reviews some of the false acquisitions made by these sources, which are set to ruin the image of Islam toward the modern world. This paper also gives an analysis of the history and events of Islam before and after its establishment.
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The Nation of Islam: Are They Islamic?, 2002.
Compares the Nation of Islam with traditional Islam.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Nation of Islam as a social movement and tests whether its traditions and roots are really found in traditional Islam.
From the Paper
"The presence of God (Allah) is another and maybe the most critical difference between the Nation of Islam and traditional Muslims. The Nation of Islam was founded in the 1930?s by a man named W. Fard Muhammad. Fard Muhammad believed he was sent to wake ?the black nation to the full range of the black man?s possibilities in a world temporarily dominated by the blue eyed devils.?(5) It is the Nation of Islam who has since said, ? We Believe that Allah appeared in the Person of Master W. Fard Muhammad, July, 1930; the long awaited ?Messiah? of the Christians and the ?Mahdi? of the Muslims.?(6) Fard Muhammad taught that the African American culture was unique and separate from that of ?the Caucasian devils.?(7)
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Political Islam and Islamic Fundamentalism, 2002.
This essay describes how and when Islam made an impact as a political ideal as well as its repercussions leading up to today.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper elaborates on Islam and its religious politcal history for the past 100 years, including the later part of this century. It offers some insights into what may have given rise to what is now known today as Islamic fundamentalism.
From the Paper
"While the roots of political Islam can be traced back to the time of Mohammed, the real impact of Islam as a political ideal came about with the Iranian revolution and the Ayatollah Khomeini. The new brand of political Islam that Khomeini brought to Iran was a new, more militant Islam than the world had previously been exposed to. During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Islam was spread as the ideal religion, however, there was room for both branches of Islam, Sunni and Shiite, to practice. There was also a place for Christians and Jews, although it was on the second class level. However, Khomeini?s brand of religious zealotry was harsh and dictatorially strict."
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History of Orientalism, 2006.
This in-depth paper examines the culture and history of eastern Islam, also known as Orientalism.
3,071 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper defines the term Orientalism, which comes from the Latin word oriens, as the rising sun, which generally implies, 'the East.' This paper focuses on the culture, religion, art and history of Orientalism. This paper explores the European view of Islam throughout history. The writer explains that during the birth of Christianity and Islam there was a distinct difference between European Christian cultures and those of East and North Africa, which are detailed at length in this paper. During the Middle Ages the European Christians denounced the Islamic people as the enemies of Christendom, due to their lack of knowledge of Eastern culture. This paper discusses how the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century viewed the Eastern culture as being superior to that of the Christian west. This paper illustrates that Islamic societies were praised for their religious tolerance when compared with Christian west. This paper also delves into those who opposed the Orientalist culture, such as James Mill, who believed that Eastern civilizations were stagnant and corrupt and Karl Marx who believed that Eastern methods of production were static. Christian evangelists further maligned Eastern traditions as superstitious nonsense. This paper also examines the rich artistic history of the Oriental culture. Depictions of Islamic Moors were found in Medieval and Renaissance art, but it wasn't until the 19th century that Orientalism became recognized in the arts. This paper also details the outspoken views and opinions of political activist and author Edward Said.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Orientalism
History of Orientalism
Orientalism in the Arts
History of Orientalism in the Arts
Edward Said and Orientalism
References
From the Paper
"Photography was still in its infancy and did not allow for the capture of the sunlight, the colors and the mood in which a painter could. With the iconoclastic nature of Islam, and the forbidding of the depiction of the prophet Muhammad, there was little representational art in Islam. Most of their artwork was centered on pattern and design. For this reason, the Muslim world had very little visual record of their history, including the people and the cities that existed prior to modern photography. Today, still, the best visual record of exotic cities like Cairo or Damascus, prior to the advent of modern photography, exists in 19th century paintings by Europeans and Americans. In the mid to late 19th century, painters from every country in Europe and from across the oceans in America, came to the East."
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Islam and Democracy: A Summation of Islamic Scholarship, 2005.
A discussion on the correlation between Islam and democracy.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper tries to determine the compatibility of Islam and democracy. It compares the works of three Muslim authors in the West, John L. Esposito, Ahmad Moussalli, and Abdulaziz Sachedina. It explains that the main objective for this comparative analysis is to gain a better understanding of how Western Muslim scholars conceptualize and utilize the concept of democracy in an Islamic framework.
From the Paper
"In order to determine the compatibility of Islam and democracy, I have compared the works of three Muslim authors in the West, John L. Esposito, Ahmad Moussalli, and Abdulaziz Sachedina. My main objective for this comparative analysis is to gain a better understanding of how Western Muslim scholars conceptualize and utilize the concept of democracy in an Islamic framework. In Islam and Democracy, John L. Esposito offers his readers the opportunity to acquire a better understanding of how democratic thought and practices can be incorporated into Islamic politics by examining the scope of democratic practices inherent within Islam, and discussing how the secular and the religious forms inform and reinforce the political discourse of democracy. In terms of how Islam can be incorporated in ..."
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"Gender Equality in Iranian History", 2008.
A review of "Gender Equality in Iranian History - from Pre-Islamic Times to the Present (2006)" by Minoo Derayeh.
2,099 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the book "Gender Equality in Iranian History - from Pre-Islamic Times to the Present (2006)" by Minoo Derayeh is written in a methodical, clear manner, explaining how Iranian society and women's experience altered sharply with the 1979 Islamic Revolution. It looks at how the book can be considered an effective guide that promises an account of a radical departure from centuries of pre-Islamic and Muslim women's history.
From the Paper
"The fourth chapter on modernity and tradition notes a number of issues concerning Sunni vs. Shiite Islam, how the hijab was adopted or ignored in Iranian society, as time went on, the veil in Iran explained as a custom that indicated class membership in the beginning - a reality that Western feminists often miss, in a preoccupation with covering the head as somehow indicative of oppression, even though Western women wore hats two generations ago in religious settings or as signs of respectability. On a more amusing note, such scholars need to live in warm climates without covering the head to sense the aesthetic and practical appeal of the veil, the plight of the Iranian poor woman unable to cover herself plain. Much later, the veil became attached to Islamic ideology, a pre-Islamic convention attributed to female religiosity and modesty by the regime of 1979. "
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The Rise of Islam, 2002.
A discussion of the rise and spread of Islam over three periods of history.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay identifies different factors that influenced the rise and spread of Islam. As the prevalence of Islam covers over one and half a millenium, this essay picks up three periods of history, which witnessed critical stages of Islam. The essay traces that trade and statehood played a dominant role in the spread of Islam until the Middle Ages, but in the face of the impact of the West, it continues to thrive with resilience.
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An Analysis of Muhammad and the Arab World, 2002.
This essay examines and analyzes Muhammad?s influence in the founding of the Islamic Empire. It also describes patterns and draws conclusions on the four historical phases of Islamic history that followed his death, up to the mid-20th century.
3,530 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the path of the prophet Muhammad. It traces his life, teachings and the history surrounding Islam and Arab History.
Muhammad is rightly recognized as one of the most influential persons in history. His strong character and the astute political and spiritual leadership he provided helped shape an amazing age of human progress and unify most of the Arab world with a creed that has lasted over a thousand years.
From the paper:
"In addition to arriving at a time when political and religious weaknesses were present in the Middle East, Muhammad was also able to capitalize on the need for linguistic unity during this period of history. There was no dominant language used throughout the Arabian Peninsula, only various dialects of Arabic, but Muhammad brought a common language forth through Islam. While not requiring citizens of his expanding empire to become Muslims, he did insist that the Quran and God?s messages had been given to him in the Arabic language. The Quran was the first book to written in Arabic and Muslims believed it was the language in which it had been revealed; thus it had a huge impact on Islamic history and the cultural growth in the empire.
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Islamic Art, 2007.
An examination of Islamic exhibits into Islamic ancient music, art and dance.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Islamic art, music and dance. It presents these three aspects of Islamic art in the form of an exhibition and details the history and practices of each art form. It begins by discussing five Islamic musical instruments, then goes on to discuss Islamic views on dance and finally looks at the different cultural influences that contribute to Islamic art.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Music
Dance
Art
From the Paper
"Muslims have had different views about dancing. Throughout Islam history, there have been times of greater acceptance or rejection of dance. Some believed there should be no dancing. To others, folk dancing between the same sex is acceptable, but not between mixed couples. Also, some see dancing as a way to become closer to Allah. Sa'adi, a Persian poet wrote about a band of travelers who came upon a boy who danced beautifully. Everyone was amazed by his talents, except a man who complained that dancing was wrong. However, his camel lifted his feet in dance and threw the rider to the ground. Those around said that even God's creatures could enjoy the dance, so why not he?"
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Islamic Banking - Religion as an Excuse, 2006.
This paper explains the differences between Islamic banking and conventional banking. It argues politically, as opposed to economically, that both systems are the same.
3,225 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that the emergence of Islamic banking is an example of how religion has become subservient to economic needs, and more specifically, how Islam has become subservient to capitalism. The paper explains that although advocates claim that Islamic banking is distinctive from interest rate banking, such methods are merely window dressing - a way for the banks to legitimize themselves. The writer explains that in Shariah, Islamic law, people are prohibited from charging and receiving interest. The paper draws parallels between conventional banking systems and the new modes of so-called interest-free banking. The paper states that Islamic banks have been mimicking conventional banks, pushing for short-term, low-risk investments that are similar in quantity and risk to those obtained by other conventional banks. The writer explains that the methods used to evade interest prohibition include mislabeling interest under the false pretense of administrative costs and delegating puppet banks to alleviate responsibility from Islamic institutions. The writer challenges the advocates of this system who claim that it is Shariah-compliant. In summation, the writer states that it is evident that in the current Islamic system, Islamic beliefs have taken a second place to the capitalist system. Table of Contents: Introduction Lack of Sources for Islamic Banking Same Method, Different Name Murabaha is Not Profit Sharing Using Puppet Banks The Ulama Power Vacuum Advocates Conclusion Bibliography
From the Paper
"During the 80s, Muslim countries such as Sudan, Iran and Pakistan underwent the growth of Islamic banking due to an oil boom and the need for Muslim communities to establish a unique economic presence in the new international economic order (Pipes, 1982:45; cf. ICO: 1982). By 1995, 144 public and private banking institutions had been established claiming to practice a??Islamic bankinga?? (Shaik, 1997:118). However, this paper will argue that Islamic banking is conventional banking in disguise. Islamists have merely used the former to bypass religious restrictions to meet their capitalistic needs in a manner that is compliant, and sometimes even not compliant, to interpretations of the Shariah. Such assertions can be supported by examining characteristics of the current Islamic banking system. Nazih N. Ayubi has written about religion being subservient to the state. In this particular case, the evolution of Islamic banking has become an example of Islam being subservient to capitalism."
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Islamic Mysticism, 2006.
This well-researched paper provides a comprehensive overview of early Islamic mysticism as well as a detailed analysis of its continued impact on today's Muslim society.
6,328 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 147.95
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Abstract
The writer of this in-depth paper examines the culture of Islam and Islamic mysticism, which has been shaped by centuries of religious strife and controversy over the teachings of the prophet Mohammed. This paper proves through extensive research that Islamic mysticism has represented a conscious attempt to transcend the dogmatic facade of legal Islam by seeking to expand and maneuver in the relationship between God and man and by incorporating spiritual elements into Islam. This well-researched paper defines and explains the significance of Sufism in Islamic mysticism. Sufism, which is detailed at length in this paper, teaches that God can only be truly experienced by those who wait upon his call with a loving heart. Some of the works that were devoted to Sufism prove that it was actually not in conflict with the Islamic religious sciences, but rather served to complement and perfect them. This paper cites numerous experts on Islam, such as Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright and Edward Yarnold who contend that the spirituality of classical Islam is clearly found in Sufism. This paper also examines why a large number of Sufis around the world still continue to seek deeper spiritual experiences through the tenets first set down by Mohammed.
Table of Contents:
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
Sources of Knowledge of Early Islamic Mysticism
Early Islam and Mysticism
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The nature of the soul in this pre-physical state is a fundamental tenet of al-Junayd's early works. Prior to entering the body, the soul had already established a covenant with God; at this point, when God asked the true believer, "Am I your Lord?," the soul naturally answered, "Yes." As a direct result of this covenant, there was a mystical union established between the soul and God. It is this reestablishment of the mystical union, then, that is the primary goal of Islamic mysticism. According to Von Dehsen, "Al-Junayd classified adherents of tawhid into three categories, representing degrees of truth and knowledge. First, there are ordinary Muslims, who affirm God's oneness by reciting the traditional confession, 'There is no god, but Allah.' Next, there are theologians who apply reason to faith. Finally, there are Sufis who not only intellectually affirm God's oneness, but also experience it through mystical union." Al-Junayd sought to break down the barriers that separated mainstream Muslims from the Sufis, who often abandoned tradition and law in favor of their private experiences."
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The Impact of Global Telecommunications Improvements on Islamic Women, 1996.
An in-depth and thorough examination of the impact of technology and telecommunications advancements on the Arab world in general and on Islamic women in particular.
23,730 words (approx. 94.9 pages), 73 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This thesis examines the impact of telecommunications improvements on the Islamic people. Specifically, the impact of these improvements on Saudi Arabia, an Arab state, and Iran, a Persian state. Although not "anti-technology" or opposed to modernization, the people in Saudi Arabia and Iran are adapting to telecommunications improvements in a method that is in accordance with their core beliefs. The belief in Islam accounts for the "non-Western" model of implementing telecommunications improvements for the citizens of these two countries.
The underpinning of this thesis is that telecommunications improvements will impact the Islamic world no less than any other region of the world experiencing the same improvements. In the case of Saudi Arabia, the CDLR(Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights) is an influential organization using facsimile machines to impact the domestic political environment. Iran, growing as fast in telephone line installations and satellite services as their economic peers, is moving towards privatization in telecommunication systems. Furthermore, Iran is using its capabilities to influence Central Asian neighbors and spread their Shi'i Islam belief.
With the growth and availability of telecommunications services, it is inevitable that current technology will allow unique opportunities to gain and disseminate information. The international community is unlikely to find a viable method to control the proliferation of telecommunications around the globe. Therefore, each society or nation is its own regulator of improving telecommunications systems. Each society, to include the Islamic people, must rely on their culture to determine the degree telecommunications will penetrate the fabric of their society.
Table of contents
List of Tables and Charts
Introduction
Literature Review
Social and Cultural Structures of Islam
Muhhammad: The Messenger
Islamic Cultures-Revolutionary Aspects
The Historical Influence of the West
Information Infrastructures
Electronically Influencing the Globe
Regulation in an Information World
Cultural and Societal Considerations of
Accessible Information
Images of the Middle East Through Western
Media
Saudi Arabia: Modernization and Adaptation for an Arab State
The Peninsula Prior to the Nineteenth Century
Oil Wealth: Modernizing Saudi Arabia
The Gulf War and Fundamentalism
Post Gulf War Islamist Movement
Telecommunication Trends in Saudi Arabia
Iran: An Islamic Republic and Communication Improvements
Shi'i Islam
Modernization and the Influence of the West
Current Telecommunication Trends in the Islamic Republic
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Ranging from the dynamic to the mundane, the improvement of global information systems crosses cultures, languages, and generations. With the information communication sector growing at twice the rate of the rest of the economy, the globalization of information infrastructures has just begun. The global distribution of telephone circuitry, although not as prevalent as television sets, constitutes the largest interconnected global public communications network. Furthermore, the telephone companies, while at the forefront of media providers, are at the leading edge of the digitalization process as a result of experience in providing service and maintenance communication systems to millions of customers."
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