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Irrational Forces, 2007.
A discussion of how human behavior appears to be guided by irrational forces in Euripides' "Medea" and in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night."
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates how, throughout "The Twelfth Night," we see how the characters are the prey of irrational forces when we look at the series of mistaken identities. The paper also shows how in "Medea" the irrational takes on a more radical form and drives the character on a series of terrible murders. The paper demonstrates how in both the Shakespearean comedy and the Greek tragedy, human behavior is seriously influenced by the irrational forces. The paper portrays how these forces take on different forms, from love to jealousy and the desire of revenge and how they always make use of devices to attain their purposes.
From the Paper
"Shakespeare blends in his play everything that can be an exponent of the irrational: the play is filled with cases of mistaken identity, with gender as well as identity disguises, with pun-making about reality, and with the play of fools and clowns who interfere in the action of the play at every step. The beginning of the play itself is very suggestive: Viola and her twin brother Sebastian are shipwrecked, and lose each other's trace on the shore of a fictive country with the name of Illyria, an obvious pun as, Hartmann observes, composed "out of Ill and liar/lyre" . Thus the play itself begins with a land whose name hints to lying and farce-making, and also with a shipwreck, another manifestation of destiny or of another irrational force."
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Rational vs. Irrational Thinking, 2002.
An examination of individual decision making as an irrational thought process.
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Nietzsche and Freud both believed that individuals make decisions based on irrational thought processes. It looks at how Nietzsche recognized irrational thought as natural and normal, and believed that decisions are driven based on the instinctual nature of man to be irrational. It shows how Nietzsche in fact, strongly supported the idea that the instinctual mind of man should be allowed to reign free, so that man can be free and live life to it?s fullest without restriction. It also analyzes how Freud believed that therapy and psychoanalysis could achieve a more wholesome and rational decision making process. He felt that society as a whole would benefit from more reasonable and rational thinking, and believed he could teach men to overcome their base and irrational impulses.
From the Paper
"Nietzsche also promoted the concept of nihilism. He stated that there is no morality that could be derived from God or Nature, because ?God is dead? and that the old values of truth were lost and not valid (Kreis, 2000). This idea is the foundation for nihilism, the belief that ?values are baseless, and that nothing can be known or communicated.? (Lexico, 2003). He supported the idea that all previous theories of value and morality should be rejected to make room for future improvement. However, he did feel that man could create his own values and overcome mediocrity by becoming his own master and being true to himself and no other (Kreis, 2000). This was very common among supporters of nihilism, the belief that the rejection of old values could lead to the creation of a new self and civilization, one that adhered to it?s natural instincts and irrational nature."
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Irrational Patient Rights, 2008.
This paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional. The paper explores the arguments for and against the rights of irrational patients and brings several case studies to light. The paper reveals that the health care professional is bound to treat irrational patients who cannot be held accountable for their actions. The paper therefore shows that if there is no other family member or responsible party available, the health care professional must make some difficult and demanding choices, for if they do not, they could put themselves and their facility at risk of court action and liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Argument
Counterargument
Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Patient's rights are a critical concern in the health care profession today, and few will argue that a competent patient has the right to free will and to choose what happens to their own body. Some patients with religious convictions may choose to refuse certain treatments, such as abortion, and some patients from other cultures may refuse certain types of treatment that do not agree with their cultural beliefs. However, anyone who consciously desires treatment should be treated by the health care professional."
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Poe, Reason and the Irrational, 2007.
This paper discusses the work of Edgar Allan Poe's as it relates to reason and the irrational.
8,527 words (approx. 34.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 180.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that a significant literary tradition exists questioning the defining characteristics of madness, as not deviant behavior but behavior associated with brilliance. The writer then points out that discussions of the literary interpretation of madness as a form of brilliant understanding, is expressed through the works of Edgar Allan Poe so effectively that even his interpretation of the mundane as horrible, can be called into mind on the issue of analogous representations. The writer maintains that when speaking of Poe and his contribution to literature one expert expressed that the analogous idea of the mundane as filled with horror was not based upon the reality of the object but on its interpretation by the individual character and therefore his or her readers.
Outline:
Introduction
Morality
Intuition and Reason
The Death of Reason
Power
Supernatural
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The defining characteristics, of madness in the literary and cultural determinism present in Poe's 19th century and now our 21st century worlds are associated not with the inability of an individual to function, within a normal scope of human cultural existence but with his inability to function within such a context while still knowing so much more than the average man. The individual, whom the norm expresses as possessed of madness has both superior reasoning and increased knowledge, including greater knowledge than the leaders of average men, who are in and of themselves leaders, likely to be average as well, as a product of their ability to possess power among those whose admiration is based on normalcy and who constantly seek the clues of congruence to determine their trust in another and self. Poe expresses this idea masterfully in Marginalia, when he expresses that seeking the brilliant in the historical would require one to discount the great and look for those who were condemned to death or who died in obscurity within the walls of an asylum or prison."
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Rational Choices in Irrational Lives, 2004.
A discussion as to what extent rational choice can be observed in everyday life.
4,015 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the resurgent rise in social psychology of the questioning of rational choice in everyday life. It argues that rational choice can explain everyday behaviour only to the extent that the behaviour(s) under consideration can be said to flow from reasoned deliberation. The paper reviews conceptions of rationality; examines the concept of behaviour in and finally discusses the limits to which rational choice can be used to explain behaviour in everyday life.
Table of Contents:
Rationality and Rational Choice
A Question of Behaviour
Individual Behaviour
Group Behaviour
Spontaneous Behaviour
Premeditated Behaviour
Rational Choices, Everyday
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Questions of the extent to which rational choice can explain behaviour in everyday life are arguably ones of relatively recent creation. Aristotle arguably took for granted the fact that rational choices explained actions or behaviour. In book seven of his Nicomachean Ethics he clearly delineates that goals come from character, which he deems the non-rational part of humans, while action and the choices of ways to proceed toward those goals, ones choice of action or behaviour, flow from the intellect - the rational part of individuals. The Enlightenment thinkers developed his position and more than held to his commitment to rationality. The primacy they accorded reason, and humanity's ability to reason, played a great part in the formation of the Enlightenment ideal of rationality."
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The Irrationality of Human Emotions, 2002.
A debate on whether emotions can be considered irrational.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay is a discussion concerning the question, "Are emotions irrational?" The author of this essay admits that emotions can be irrational, but that the individual assessment and understanding of emotional responses relies upon objective and educated perspectives.
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The Irrationality of Theism, 2001.
This is a counter paper about the belief in God.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The author argues that theism is irrational. Human behaviour, however, is not always based on reason, and the fact that an enormous number of people unquestioningly believe in the existence of God seems to support this. Therefore, the theists? beliefs must be based on something other than rationality. This basis is faith.
From the Paper
"Belief in the existence of God is irrational. Ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments can all be proven to be logically flawed. In addition, the existence of evil is incompatible with the existence of a Judeo-Christian God. Faith, then, is the basis upon which a belief in God must rest."
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The Reasons Why Organizations Act Irrationally, 2002.
An analysis of the difficulties entailed in the view that formal organizations are characterized by the rational pursuit of organizational goals.
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
Rationality in the pursuit of goals is ensured on the one hand by rewarding departments that stick closer to the organizational goal with a larger budget, and by punishing departments that do not, with a smaller budget. Secondly, rationality is achieved by controlling the people working in the organization either by measuring their output (output control) by supervising them (process control) or by selecting, employing or training people in such a way that they believe in the mission and the overall objectives of the organization (clan control). Thirdly, reward systems are put in place, which remunerate people for helping to achieve the organizational goals. Examples of these are executive bonuses and stock options. It is widely believed, that through these measures it is possible to align the human resources of the organization with the organization's goals and thus ensure a rational pursuit of the goals that have been set. Thus an organization that has the appropriate systems in place is assumed to be characterized by the rational pursuit of organizational goals.
From the Paper
"The view that organisations are characterised by the rational pursuit of some specific goal, is very prominent in organisation theory and in management literature. Pioneered by Frederick Taylor in his Scientific Management theory, it assumes that there is one best way to achieve a specific goal. A large amount of management literature supports this approach by suggesting procedures by which this ?one best way? can be found. "
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Aggression And Violence, 2002.
Argues that violence and aggression are essential aspects of human nature.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Argues that violence and aggression are essential aspects of human nature. Views of philosophers. Hobbes' contention that human nature is a violent and destructive force. Need for a powerful government.. Danger of violence of human nature according to Locke. Freud's argument that people are ruled by powerful, irrational forces of aggression.
From the Paper
"This study will argue that aggression and violence are essential aspects of human nature. The ability to use physical force against another human being or an animal threatening one with harm is a necessity in self-preservation. In that sense, it is "essential," for existence is essential. At the same time, until it is proved that a gene is physically responsible for the "aggression and violence," it cannot be said beyond any doubt that those qualities are built into the human being or not. The question remains philosophical.
There is little doubt that some of the great philosophers believe that violence and aggression are an essential part of human nature. In fact, most social and political systems were and are designed specifically to prevent the chaos that would result if laws did not hinder human beings from expressing their ..."
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Argument for Anthropomorphic Environmental Ethics, 2002.
Discussion the feminist point of view regarding the connection between the oppression of nature and the oppression of women.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The mechanistic worldview, on the one hand, depicts nature as atomistic, passive, lifeless, and wholly devoid of purpose. Feminist critics of deep ecology's insistence that an anthropocentric worldview is the root cause of the ecological crisis agree that there are important connections between the oppression of nature and the oppression of women that the anthropocentric emphasis of deep ecology obscures. Nature itself is conceived of as feminine. The powerful metaphor of "Mother Nature" allows one to see women and nature as both nurturing and gentle as well as wild and unpredictable. The irrational forces of nature must be tamed by culture and the emotional nature of women must be constructively directed by the masculine force of rationality.
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Victor Frankenstein, 2004.
A discussion of the irrationality of the character of Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein".
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and, in particular, examines the irrational behavior of the protagonist, Victor Frankenstein. It looks at how Victor Frankenstein?s irrational behavior begins with his ambition, and what begins as a healthy curiosity about nature and science turns into an obsession that he cannot control. It analyzes the effect of this irrationality on the other characters in the story and shows how Frankenstein?s irrational behavior leads to the death of four innocent people and, eventually, his own demise.
From the Paper
"The next character to suffer from Frankenstein?s irrational behavior is Justine. She is accused of murder and Frankenstein is still unable to tell what he knows. This scene demonstrates the depth of Frankenstein?s irrational behavior. Even as he hears the judges condemning Justine, all he can do is leave the courtroom ?in agony? (69). This scene is amazing because it demonstrates Frankenstein?s selfish nature. He says, ?The tortures of the accused did not equal mine: she was sustained by innocence, but the fangs of remorse tore my bosom and would not forgo their hold? (69). Even as Justine confesses to a murder she did not commit, Frankenstein is not moved. He admits feeling despair, but not so much as to save the girl?s life."
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Israeli Settlement Movement, 1997.
Examines history of movement & argues that Israel's efforts to settle occupied territory are based on Zionist dogma, fundamentalist bigotry & irrational violence against Palestinian Arabs.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 12 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
The Israeli settlement movement is comprised of individuals who are racist and unwilling or able to compromise. The settlement movement began with Zionism and has progressed to become a movement filled with racial and religious overtones which claims it has superior historical and religious claims over the whole of ancient Canaan. The movement has become powerful by allying itself with the nationalist movement, and many rabbis. The movement takes advantage of the official Orthodox position of passivity and claims to be the instrument through which God will be able to bring about the coming of the Messiah.
Many of the fundamentalist groups are not afraid to use violent means to achieve their ends. Indeed, it was Israel who introduced terrorism into the Middle East during her struggle for.."
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The Destructive Effects of Advertising, 1981.
This paper discusses the psychological effects of advertising: Subconscious and subliminal aims, methods of commercial campaigns, manipulation of daydreams, hidden yearnings, guilt complexes and irrational emotional blockages to sell products.
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The following research is on the subject of the psychological effects of advertising. Advertising is a form of communication which is intended to sway people in a particular direction, to influence the audience to purchase a product or service. There is a tacit understanding of this fact on the part of the audience, but this does not mean that the people in the audience--whether it be for television, magazines, books, or newspapers--are able to control fully their own reactions. Advertising operates on many different levels, and there are subliminal messages in advertising that influence the thinking of the public. Many of these messages are certainly inadvertent, deriving from the prejudices and attitudes that are prevalent in a society at a given time. However, many others are intentional, designed to attract the viewer and to guide his or her thinking ... "
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Young Goodman Brown, 2001.
Examines use of witchcraft & the irrational in Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story, "Young Goodman Brown."
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine Nathaniel Hawthorne's use of magical imagery and witchcraft in the short story "Young Goodman Brown." The research will set forth the literary and historical context in which Hawthorne develops the pattern of ideas and events in the story and then discuss the means by which these ideas are organized to accomplish narrative purpose.
"Young Goodman Brown" portrays what Becker terms the Puritan spirit (94-5, et passim) in Salem, the site of the witch hangings in the Massachusetts Bay Colony of the late 1600s, inasmuch as it illustrates the confluence of secular and religious life in the community. Yet whereas Becker identifies the vitality of eighteenth-century Massachusetts Bay Colony with the residue of the positive qualities of the Puritan ethic, he is careful to note that in the seventeenth century, the period of the story.."
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Psychology Of UfO', 1999.
Examines the psychology and mythology of the belief in UFOs as an example of irrational thought.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
People tend to believe all sorts of non-scientific and paranormal concepts and to accept this belief without proof. A prevalent belief is that aliens from some other cosmic body have visited the earth, though there is no direct proof of such an event. Many see this belief as deriving from the prevalence of science fiction in literature, films, and television and from anxiety brought about during the Cold War era, but in fact some belief in alien beings can be found throughout history, though identifying these interlopers as aliens from another planet is more common today than to see them as demons or emissaries from heaven or hell (even though many people believe in visitations from both these realms as well). Psychologists have considered the source of irrational beliefs of all sorts, including a belief ..."
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