| Papers [1-15] of 64 :: [Page 1 of 5] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 —> | Search results on "IQ CRIMINALITY": |
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IQ and Criminality, 2006.
A look at the research into the link between IQ and criminality.
3,137 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the factors that influence one's IQ and the direct link between IQ and criminality and how various environmental and social issues can also play a role. It also discusses the various methodologies used to conduct the study of the relationship between IQ and criminality.
From the Paper
"Adoptee studies have provided the most striking evidence of gene-environment interaction with respect to antisocial behavior. Thus, in a Scandinavian adoptee study of petty criminality, found that just less than 3% of individuals without a criminal biological parent and without major risk experiences in the adoptive family showed petty criminality. The risk doubled when there was an environmental but not a genetic risk. It went up to 12% with genetic risk in the absence of environmental risk but soared to 40% when both types of risks were present. In other words, those individuals at genetic risk were most likely to be adversely affected by adversities in their adoptive family. It is important to note that, because the adoptee strategy is specifically designed to remove the overlap between genetic and environmental risk, the proportion of variation in the population accounted for by this interaction will necessarily be misleadingly low. That is because the proportion of variation in the population explained by the interaction reflects the proportion of individuals in the key cell (in this case, the subgroup with both genetic and environmental risks); for that reason, it provides a most unsatisfactory measure of the strength of the effects as they operate on individuals . (Rutter, 1997, p. 396)
One thing important to note is that above and throughout other studies done on the subject matter, there is not just a relationship made between IQ and criminality. There are other factors often indicated, i.e. environmental factors, societal factors, etc. So there is a necessity to understand that the lack of IQ often has its own determinants and factors, it just so happens that there is a correlation no matter how small between criminality and IQ. It is proven throughout that with lower IQ criminality does often more than less become a characteristic."
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IQ and Criminal Behavior, 2002.
A study of the relationship between criminals and having a low IQ.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
A paper on the topic of criminal behavior and the relationship to low IQ and school performance.
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Crime and IQ, 2002.
A thorough examination and study into whether persons performing crime, generally possess a lower or higher IQ.
4,150 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The use of IQ as a factor or predictor of violent crime has a long and controversial history. However, study after study has found that many criminals who commit aggressive crimes have lower than average IQ?s. However, other studies also find a correlation between white-collar crimes, rapist/stalkers and serial murder and a higher than average IQ.
This paper explores how a lower or higher than average IQ can be a contributory factor towards the type of crime an offender commits.
The first part of this paper defines IQ and how this quotient is measured and quantified. The second part then discusses the body of research that links a lower than average IQ to aggressive and criminal behavior. These studies range from older work by Hirschi and Hendalang to more current research conducted in other countries like Germany.
The next part discusses criticisms of these studies. One researcher finds that many of these studies are skewed or guilty of sloppy research. Another study fails to find a correlation between IQ and crime in adolescents who are juvenile offenders. In the fourth section, the paper then explores how IQ can be a contributory factor towards the commission of stalker/rape, serial murder and white-collar crimes. This is partially explained by opportunity, since people with higher IQ?s have more chances of getting jobs which allow them to commit crimes like speculation and insider trading. In addition, crimes like serial murder and stalking require meticulous planning and great patience, qualities which may be difficult for people with lower IQ and higher aggression levels.
Finally, this paper discusses if correlation link is causal. In the discussion, this paper posits that IQ can simply be an indicator of the types of crimes a person can commit, but not necessarily a predictor.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Purpose of Study
III. Review of Related Literature
IV. Methods of Study
V. Research
a. IQ
i. Definition
ii. How Is It Measured?
b. Biological/Physiological Theories of Crime
i. Overview
ii. Studies showing IQ as Predictor
c. Criticisms of IQ as Predictor of Crime
i. Flawed Data/Research
ii. Link Missing in Adolescents
iii. Assessment of the Evidence
d. IQ and Types of Crime
i. Aggressive Crime
ii. Serial Killers
iii. Rapist/Stalkers
e. Implications and Discussions
i. Is the link Causal?
ii. How IQ Affects Economic Success
iii. How IQ Affects Relationships
iv. What Can Be Done?
1. Welfare States?
2. Anti-Violence Programs
VI. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Several studies have found links between a low IQ and a greater tendency towards aggression and crime. However, there are many criminals ? such as serial murderers, rapist/stalkers and white-collar thieves ? who show a consistently higher IQ. This paper posits that a lower than average IQ can contribute towards aggression by putting people at a cognitive disadvantage, lowering their chances of succeeding at school and forging loving relationships. However, crimes which require patience and meticulous planning will necessitate a higher IQ. In both instances, however, IQ is merely an indicator and no direct causal relationship has been established."
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Race, IQ and Intelligence, 2006.
This paper examines whether or not a link exists between race, IQ and intelligence or if this is just a myth known as the imaginary white-black gap.
2,491 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper opens with a clear definition of both IQ and intelligence. The writer of this paper contends that IQ does not measure racial characteristics or individual phenotypic characters such as height or weight. IQ results are a measurement of the rank order or relative standing of test scores in a given population. IQ tests measure only cultural content, values and assumptions taught through formal education. This paper discusses the myths about race and IQ which go back a long way, to a time before IQ tests. The writer cites various philosophers and social scientists who believed that the branches of humanity were distinguishable both temperamentally and intellectually. The writer of this paper attempts to legitimize the viewpoint that intelligence is culturally based, not genetically based and that IQ is a measure of very limited usefulness in very limited situations with a very narrowly defined cultural group. This paper also analyzes one's exposure to technology and educational content and its impact on IQ scores, regardless of race or ethnicity.
Table of Contents:
Defining IQ and Intelligence
What About Race?
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The myths about race and IQ go back a long way, to a time before IQ tests. Philosophers Hume, Kant and Hegel all believed that the various branches of humanity were distinguishable both temperamentally and intellectually. As difficult as it is to credit today, Kant and Hume associated "the dark pigmentation of persons of African origin with cognitive deficiencies, and Hegel wrote disparagingly of the natural temperament of Africans as explanatory of their cultures." They came by their prejudice 'honestly': Aristotle had argued that the dark pigmentation of the Africans of Egypt and Nubia in ancient times signaled cowardice. Thereafter, while philosophers no longer seemed to dabble in racial issues, social scientists did."
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IQ Test Scores, 2004.
An analysis of the causes of the gap in the IQ test scores of African-Americans and European-Americans.
2,139 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at both the heredity explanation and the environmental explanation for the gap in IQ scores of different racial groups. The paper examines whether the difference in the IQ scores can be explained by a cultural bias in the IQ tests.
Outline
Cultural Differences in IQ Test Scores
Heredity Explanation and ?The Bell Curve?
Environmental Explanation for the IQ Gap
Cultural Bias of IQ Tests
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The genetic explanation for the IQ difference between different races has a long history and the ?Whites? have not always been held to possess superior intelligence. For example, when the Moors from North Africa invaded Europe in the 8th century AD, they speculated that the Europeans might be congenitally incapable of abstract thought . (Nisbett 1998, p 86) When the U.S. Army started a large-scale mental testing program in 1917 for testing the intelligence of its recruits, it found that whites scored substantially higher than blacks. Social Darwinists and Biological Determinists jumped on the finding, citing it as evidence that whites had ?more innate ability than blacks.? (Jencks and Philips, 1998, p.16) In the post-World War II backlash against the genetic differences among human beings, such explanations were discredited and remained suppressed until the 1960s."
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IQ and Mental Retardation, 2002.
This paper discusses the debate in regards to raising the IQ cutoff scores for the mental retardation assessment.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at the issue of raising of IQ scores so that the IQ cutoff for mental retardation would be raised to 80. The author examines the evidence for and against raising the scores and also discusses the relevancy of IQ scores and how many other variables should be taken into account when evaluating intelligence.
From the Paper
"The debate regarding IQ tests continues to rage into the new millennium. Every decade has a myriad of new studies supporting or contradicting the last accepted theories and studies. here are new studies which indicate that the IQ scores in the United States has risen by 3 points per decade, ?indicating that intelligence is not stable but is flexible with regards to environmental influences.? However, after vast research, no one knows just exactly what is causing the rise in IQ scores. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate in regards to raising the IQ cutoff scores for the mental retardation assessment. The American Association of Mental Retardation?s definition of mental retardation is ?a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills?This disability originates before age 18.?"
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IQ and EQ, 2002.
The differences, similarities, and interdependance of IQ and EQ.
4,450 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 24 sources, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper critically evaluates the respective importance of IQ and EQ for organizational effectiveness. It does this by first defining what is meant by IQ, EQ and organizational effectiveness. Once the author defines these concepts the essay then determines active strengths and weaknesses of both IQ and EQ in terms of their contributions toward organizational effectiveness.
From the paper:
"The reason for defining IQ in this way is that, in the author?s opinion, all the major definitions, theories, standpoints and constructs of IQ have some aspect that can be described as a cognitive ability that can in turn be identified by psychometric tests. This is because the abilities represented by cognitive ability may be broad.
"Knowledge about emotions is concerned with understanding both the determinants and consequences of moods and emotions, and how they evolve and change over time. The central proposition of this construct is that people differ in their awareness and understanding of how different situations, events, people and other stimuli generate emotions. It further claims that appreciation of the consequences of moods and emotions also varies across individuals. In other words, some people have a rudimentary understanding of how they are influenced by feelings, while others are more insightful of the effects of emotions on their actions."
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Breastfeeding and IQ, 2004.
This paper is a literature review to determine if infants who are breastfed tend to have higher IQs as they mature.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper reports that the review of the literature suggests, not only a correlation between breastfeeding and an increased IQ, but also researchers have developed sound theories about the cause of this correlation. The author points out that current studies suggest that it is the chemistry of the milk itself, rather than the bonding that occurs during nursing, that increases IQ. The paper stresses that demonstrating links between breastfeeding and IQ should encourage all mothers who can to breastfeed, and those who cannot, or choose not to, to select formulas that are as chemically close as possible to breast milk.
From the Paper
"It is important to note that other studies refute this finding ? or at least call into question the overall importance (over the course of the entire lifespan) of breastfeeding in terms of increased IQ. While other research has correlated the findings of the New Zealand study that breastfeeding does provide an initial advantage to children, this advantage is reduced over time. Such a finding again underscores the complexity of attempting to determine what accounts for human intelligence (setting aside for the moment the fact that ?intelligence? itself is a complex concept that has a number of different definitions, none of which works as well in all cultures). Certainly, it is possible that any benefits vis-?-vis raised IQ that a child receives because of breastfeeding may well be wiped out later on, if ? for example ? the child is severely abused."
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IQ and Crime, 2002.
A look at the relationship between level of IQ and crime.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the connection between IQ and crime. It finds that while some recent research has found that a lower IQ is associated with greater incidences of particular forms of crime, that an overall depiction of crime as being a function of genetic predisposition as measured in intelligence is flawed.
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IQ Tests, 2005.
This paper discusses the issue of bias in intelligence (IQ) testing.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the bias in IQ testing is a cultural bias. The author points out that the items on intelligence tests, such as the Stanford-Binet test, were developed within the North American cultural context and are designed solely for that context. The paper relates that this cultural bias is manifested in both the general factor analysis and the five factor analysis.
From the Paper
"IQ tests are designed very specifically to test logical thinking within a particular cultural context. The bias in these tests is cultural, and tends to heavily favor people with a white middle class background. The most widely used IQ tests reward social class, education, and experience. Meanwhile, educational and occupational success is not completely correlated with intelligence. IQ tests mainly measure only one form of intelligence, crystallized intelligence. Certain types of intelligence are barely included, while other abilities cannot be tested at all. The only means for addressing the deficiencies is to focus on the cultural bias. Cultural bias is manifested in both general factor analysis and five factor analysis".
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IQ Tests, 2001.
A critical examination of standardized testing, from IQ tests, to psychological profiling tests to aptitude tests.
3,285 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper examines some of the major forms of standardized testing used in the United States today and assesses them for both fairness and validity.
Contents:
Introduction;
An Overview of Testing and Some Basic Definitions;
History of Standardized Psychological Testing;
Functions of Tests and Testing;
Typology of Current Tests;
The Key to Psychological and IQ Tests: Who Interprets Them;
Conclusion: Do Any of These Tests Do What They Promise
From the Paper
"The usefulness of psychological tests depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior. By providing information about the probability of a person's responses or performance, tests aid in making a variety of decisions. One of the sustained criticisms of psychological tests is how well in fact they are able to do precisely this ? predict future behavior. Many tests have the word ?aptitude? in their titles to reassure us that they are in fact not simply testing the subject on how much he or she knows, what his or her mental state is at present, or what his or her experiences have been to date. And it is certainly true that to some extent tests do have a predictive value ? although of course the validity of this predictive value varies widely from test to test. But it is also true that one of the most important aspects of human nature (or the human psyche or human intelligence) is that we are capable of learning and changing. How much each one of us is capable of changing has remained a difficult aspect of human behavior to assess. And whether the particular circumstances that might cause someone to change will come about remain in the realm of crystal ball gazing (Nash 119)."
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IQ Tests, 2002.
A review of the theory of using IQ tests and the limitations due to cultural bias.
4,149 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the cultural bias that exists in intelligence quotient testing. The paper begins with a literary review which explains the definitions of cultural bias in testing and the historical implications. The paper also looks at the origins of the IQ test and the reasons why the cultural bias exists. The paper focuses on how cultural bias in intelligence assessment has produced historical implications.
From the Paper
"Myers (1995) contends that the IQ test, as we know it, was created by a German psychologist named William Stern. The test asserts that an individual?s intelligence quotient is equal to mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. Other scientists, including Lewis Terman and Alfred Binet helped to perfect the tests. Terman believed that intelligence could be measured and that IQ tests would demonstrate that certain ethnic groups had natural propensities towards crime and lacked intelligence. (Myers 1995) He reckoned that IQ testing could eventually reduce reproduction of these ethnic groups thus creating a reduction in crime."
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IQ Tests, 2001.
A look at the controversial intelligence testing of IQ Tests.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a brief look at the controversy surrounding IQ tests. The writer claims that these tests do not truly measure a person's intelligence and that too much emphasis is placed on them. He also claims that too many factors can influence the result of these tests and provides research to show that their importance should be limited.
From the Paper
"There are few issues in psychology which have attracted more attention, debate and controversy than intelligence testing and measurement. Such is the importance of IQ testing that the future of most individuals' educational and career prospects rely, to an enormous extent, on their performance in these standardized tests. Although the influence of IQ tests was previously limited to the area of child development, the use of all types of intelligence testing has become increasingly common throughout society. A great many colleges and universities have adopted them to evaluate prospective entrants, and most employers, especially the military, public authorities and the nursing profession include some form of IQ test in their selection process. As a result of this widespread use, the original IQ test developed by Alfred Binet in 1904, has had to evolve in order to measure skills other than academic ability."
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IQ Testing Controversy, 1995.
Critiques IQ tests, significance, validity, bias, social and individual harm and intelligence theories.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"A great deal of educational thought and research has been devoted to the study of intelligence quotient, or IQ. All research points to the fact that all intelligence tests are designed to do one thing: differentiate people. In addition, since IQ tests differ widely, it can be said that they differentiate people according to different measurements. Therefore, intelligence is not one static construct, invariable across all populations. Ultimately, intelligence has to be seen as the measurement defined by a particular intelligence test. One can be sure that differentiation is the basis for the test, and the test may even be a valid predictor of future academic or vocational success; however, one cannot be sure that the test will ultimately be good for the individual taking it, or society in general."
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IQ & EQ, 1999.
Defines, examines & compares concepts of intelligence quotient (IQ) & emotional quotient (measurement of proper emotional comportment).
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 18 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine issues surrounding the concepts of IQ, or the theory of intelligence quotient, and EQ, a theory of emotional intelligence or emotion quotient. The plan of the research will be to set forth the theoretical and cultural context in which IQ and EQ have emerged as conceptual phenomena that can be compared and contrasted, and then to discuss evidence and professional discourse on the subjects in a way that appropriately positions them for understanding and further research.
The popular American culture of the 1990s--indeed popular culture more generally--has been so overwhelmed by ready access to catchphrases and scientific-sounding terminology that it may be tempting for many nonscientists and nonprofessionals to believe that having a general idea of what a piece of jargon means.."
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