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Ionic Liquids, 2004.
Provides information about ionic liquids and their unique properties.
4,075 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This work provides information on the properties of ionic liquids and explores how these unique properties can be used to conduct experiments that would not be possible without ionic liquids. The paper also examines the future potential of ionic liquids.
From the Paper
"One of the principal driving forces for research in this area is the need to find replacements typical solvents because they are environmentally damaging. This is because they are used in large amounts and they are volatile. Ionic liquids are different from conventional liquids. They are not composed of molecules, polar like water or acetone, or even non-polar like benzene. These liquids are composed of ions. This class of compounds came into being since the 1980s. Since these are liquids, they have the potential to behave as solvents. Which means that potentially there are a million possible solvents that can be created. By combining different anions and cations, it is possible to create a huge library of different ionic liquids each with specific properties. There are at best, 300 organic solvents that are in use in chemical and pharmaceutical industry, today."
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Liquidity, 2004.
A definition of liquidity in a company and a look at what a finance director can do to increase the company's liquidity.
906 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper broadly discusses the two main questions of what constitutes liquidity and what steps can the controller take to improve her/his company's liquidity. The analysis of these questions is taken into consideration, along with the observation of the factors that can help the controller to increase liquidity in order to meet problems and crises situations within the organization. The paper also presents conclusions based on all the details and facts regarding liquidity and the measures that can be adopted to increase the liquidity within the organization.
From the Paper
"The comfortability and easiness through which a company?s asset can be converted into cash as and when wanted is known as liquidity. There are many advantages of liquidity and hence, the organizations and companies should make use of the tools, strategies and methodologies which can be adopted to increase the liquidity with in the organization. The degree of easiness and certainty of value with which the security can be converted into cash is known as liquidity. It is the ability of the company to meet with its current and short-term financial obligations as and when they occur. It has been noted that a company should increase its liquidity because those companies, which have increased their liquidity, are more successful in dealing with the businesses, while on the other hand those companies who have not yet adopted measures to increase liquidity are lacking behind."
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Liquidity Risk, 2008.
An overview of liquidity risk and its affect on Northern Rock and Bear Stearns.
1,791 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how lately we have witnessed some debacles of the well-known financial institutions caused by liquidity crisis. In particular it looks at Northern Rock and Bear Stearns and how liquidity problems have deeply undermined the profitable trading strategies of the banks.
Outline:
Introduction
Causes of Liquidity Risk
Two Episodes of Liquidity Crisis
Episode 1. Northern Rock (NR)
Episode. 2 Bear Stearns
Liquidity Risk Management
Conclusions
From the Paper
"NR was a building society mutually owned by its depositors and borrowers in origin, and on 1 October 1997, it converted to a mortgage-trading bank of a moderate size. Since the demutualization, NR changed its strategies dramatically, and adopted an 'originate and distribute' business model. This aggressive business model has helped NR to expand its loan book substantially from L13bn to L87bn, and its share of UK mortgage market from 0.3% (of L 430bn) to 8.35% (of L1046bn) within a short 10-year period, from 1997 to 2006. By the end of 2006, NR has become the eighth largest listed bank by market value in UK. However, over the same period, the ratio of deposits to total assets in the bank fell from 72% to 27%. As viewed from the graph.1 below, at 31 December 2006, 70% (including Wholesale, Securitised bonds and Covered bonds) of NR's liabilities were funded by short-term borrowings, while a mere 22% of the funding is obtained from retail deposits. "
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Does Liquidity Really Matter?, 2002.
An examination of the importance of liquid capital for businesses in the current economic climate.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper is about the importance of liquidity. The writer shows how all organizations need to be liquid because the need for cash can arise at any time. Banks are especially vulnerable to liquidity crises, as happened in the Asian crisis. The concept of asset management is examined as a way to meet liquidity needs.
From the Paper
"Yes, liquidity is very important, to say the least. And what exactly is liquidity since it is important to know about? Liquidity is the indication of the organization?s ability to meet its current and maturing obligations as they come due; it is the near term cash perspective of the business; and it is cash fuel supply management. The implications of liquidity are that typically lenders will default or shut off credit first to operations with: marginal or negative liquidity, (particularly when coupled with) high debt to asset amounts. Liquidity has one essential rule: be liquid with appropriate working capital. Liquidity is a vital financial concept, as during good times, more expansion/growth opportunities exist due to it; during bad times, still more expansion/growth opportunities exist; liquidity provides revenue opportunities as commodities can be held through low prices; liquidity often reduces costs with lower interest rates; liquidity reduces stress; and during difficult times, sufficient cash stays in business (Birch, 2000). "
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Solubility and Ionic Strength, 2001.
A laboratory analysis concerning the solubilities of various solutions containing different ionic strengths.
1,722 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 2 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Determined in this experiment were the solubilities and mean activity coefficients of various solutions containing different ionic strengths. These measurements were achieved by the simple distillation of calcium iodate solutions against thiosulphate and a starch indicator. The data obtained from these results led to the determination of the concentrations of the calcium salt, the concentration of the iodate salt, C, u, u1/2 and [2A(u)1/2]/[1 + B(u)1/2]. A plot of log10C versus [2A(u)1/2]/[1 + B(u)1/2] allowed for the calculation of K. The value of K obtained was 1.0789 x 10-6 + 0.0037. Three different values of the mean activity coefficients were tabulated. From the tabulated values it was observed that the experimental values were larger than the theoretical values."
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Solid-Liquid Phase Diagram, 2001.
An experiment using a procedure known as thermal anaylsis.
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 58.95
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From the Paper
"A solid-liquid phase diagram was constructed for a naphthalene - diphenylamine system. The phase diagram was constructed using the procedure known as thermal analysis. Thermal analysis allows for the determination of phase boundaries. A graph of the phase boundaries was then plotted versus mole fraction of naphthalene. From the graph the eutectic composition of the system was determined to be 0.39 + 0.1 moles of naphthalene and 0.61 + 0.1 moles of diphenylamine. The ln of mole fractions of naphthalene were then plotted versus 1/Temperature and from these graphs the heat of fusion and melting temperature for Ha and Hb were determined to be 99.49 + 2.0 KJ/mol and 17.38 KJ/mol, respectively. The Ta and Tb were determined to be 29.0 + 2.0 oC and 81.4 + 2.0 oC, respectively."
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Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium of Acetone and Cyclohexane, 2000.
Analysis of a lab experiment on acetone and cyclohexane.
1,188 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 40.95
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From the Paper
"A phase diagram was constructed for an acetone - cyclohexane system. The phase diagram was constructed from the simple distillation of acetone and cyclohexane. Samples were taken of the liquid phase and vapour phase of both components. The refractive index was then determined for each sample. The data from the refractive index then allowed for the construction of the phase diagram. As determined from the phase diagram the boiling point of the azeotrope was 53oC and the percent mole composition of the azeotrope was 67.0 + 2.0% acetone and 33.0 + 2.0% cyclohexane."
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Liquid Natural Gas Infrastructure Risks, 2007.
A risk assessment of liquefied natural gas facilities and the safety standards and technology associated with them.
8,834 words (approx. 35.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 185.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses safety and risk posed by liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. It specifically focuses on the safety of these facilities in that they are highly visible and make easy targets for terrorist attacks. The paper also discusses the safety standards and technology associated with LNG, particularly following a catastrophic event in 1944 in Cleveland. It describes the environmental effects of a disaster, as well as symptoms of exposure in an LNG accident. The paper concludes with a long-term risk assessment of the future of LNG.
Table of Contents:
The Infrastructure
Risks Associated with Spills
Cold Hazards
Pool Fires
Vapor Clouds
"A Cleaner Alternative"
By-Products of Combustion
Symptoms of Exposure in an LNG Accident
A Matter of Scale and Scope
Long Term Environmental Impact
Disaster Planning and Modeling
Evacuation
Contamination Control
Improving LNG Accident Response
How Real is the Risk?
Potential Scenario from an LNG Explosion in Boston Harbor
The Future of LNG Risk Assessment
From the Paper
"Up until this point, only one real world scenario of an LNG accident existed and it was long ago before recent developments in technology and safety protocol. Other assessments, such as those made by FERC and industry professionals are largely theoretical. They leave too many variables to chance. To accurately assess the real dangers of LNG, there is a critical need for credible, scenario based research. This is the next phase in the research cycle concerning the safety of LNG. If we are to remove the issue from the political battleground, we need more research-based evidence. In the case of LNG, valid research can be difficult due to the nature of the material."
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Fluoroscopy, 2004.
An examination of the many advantages in using non-ionic contrast media over ionic contrast media.
1,789 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
One of the problems faced by the radiology department is the choice of using ionic or non-ionic intravenous contrast media. This paper explains that the choice of contrast media has become tougher with the arrival of continuous attention and compensation discount. The paper examines the various side affects and provides reasons why non-ionic contrast media should be used over ionic contrast media.
From the Paper
"Low risk patients getting ionic contrast are insecure than the high-risk patients who are getting non-ionic contrast, as given by Zeich.10. Juvenile patients as well as adults who are administrated nonionic low osmolar contrast media are more secure than the ionic high osmolar contrast media and they are now used regularly. An extensive nationwide relative clinical study was done in Japan (337,647 cases) on the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to high osmolar ionic contrast media and low osmolar nonionic contrast media. Nonionic contrast media were given to 168,363 cases (49.9%) and ionic contrast media in 169,284 cases (50.01%). On the whole 12.6% of ADRs was dominated by ionic contrast media group and 3.13% by the non-ionic contrast media group."
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Storage Tanks, 2004.
An analysis of two types of tanks used for storage of liquids, above-ground storage tanks (AST) and underground storage tanks (UST), with a focus on the need for maintenance.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the maintenance required for the upkeep of liquid storage tanks. The paper explains that these tanks need to be inspected, repaired, and tested prior to usage. In the U.S. for example, the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), along with the American Petroleum Institute (API), determine the guidelines by which tank farms have to be managed. The paper contends that fear of leaks and contamination of the ground water and the subsequent ground water, oil clean-up has resulted in the creation of extensive and detailed guidelines by which these tanks have to be maintained to prevent any failures.
From the Paper
"Ever since crude oil was first successfully drilled in the U.S. in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, the demand for oil has only been increasing over the years in countries all over the world. (Camden, 1883) Crude oil is not used in the extracted form; but it is refined to obtained products such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, gas-oil and fuel oil. Secondary products during the purification of crude oil are obtained are lubricants, asphalt, perfumes and insecticides. There are, approximately, more than 4,000 different petrochemical products obtained from refining of crude oil that have commercial value. All these products have to be stored for consumption. (DOE, 2000)"
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Nutritional Needs of Athletes, 1990.
This paper discusses the nutritional needs of professionals and amateur athletes: Vitamins, minerals, diet and liquids.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The relatively new science of nutrition is taking on a much larger role in athletics today. The current fitness and health food craze has dramatized the potential danger poor nutrition can have on performance. The purpose of this report will be to discuss the nutritional needs of athletes, both professional and amateur. Included in the study will be a look at the latest information on elements of nutrition such as vitamin needs, diets and liquid requirements.
The term "nutrition" describes the method by which materials from the environment are consumed in order to provide the nutrients and energy necessary to support a healthy body. Nutrients, comprised of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol, vitamins, minerals, trace elements, dietary fiber and water, are found in varying quantities in all foods. No one food ... "
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Recommendations for Changes in Starbuck's Working Capital Strategies, 2002.
Given the troubling condition of Starbuck?s liquidity and activity ratios, the paper proposes several recommendations to improve the company?s financial health.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper recommends that the company should not expand so aggressively and that it should free up some working capital, including cash and marketable securities for day-to-day operations, and closely monitor their liquidity ratios. The paper then explains that Starbucks should make some important changes to their sources and uses of short term financing. Finally, the paper recommends that the company should make some changes to their inventory policies and gives examples of these changes.
From the Paper
"A cash ratio is simply a measure of a company's cash and marketable securities in relation to their current liabilities. Starbuck?s cash ratio declined steadily from 1997 to 2000, with a small (0.08) jump in 2001. In every year since 1998, the ratio has been below 1.0. A ratio below 1.0 indicates that a firm may not be able meet it?s financial obligation, as it does not have enough readily available cash and securities on hand to meet their current liabilities."
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Risks and Bank Capital Regulation, 2002.
A study of the main categories of risk-- liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and capital risk and how they can impact the viability of a financial institution.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental objectives of bank management is maximizing shareholder value. To maximize shareholder value, bank managers must address the risk-return trade off inherent in many of their day-to-day financial transactions. This paper examines the different types of risk which fall into four main categories liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and capital risk and shows how crucial they are to maximizing shareholder value. Examples from real life bank figures are used to illustrate examples.
From the Paper
"If a financial institution does not have enough liquid assets, then it is possible that a run on customer withdrawals could not be met. A common scenario in the Great Depression of the 1930?s, an inability to meet withdrawal demand can destroy the reputation of a financial institution. Carrying a disproportionately high liquidity risk has the potential to completely obliterate the good reputation of a financial institution, and ultimately result in the institution closing its doors."
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Phase Changes of Water, 2005.
A write-up for an experiment regarding phase changes in water from solid to liquid to gas.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment, which studied phase changes in water from solid (ice) to liquid (water) to gas (steam). The paper describes the experimental method, gives the results, and analyzes the data in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory and the effects of pressure on boiling water.
From the Paper
"In this lab, the heating curve generated when ice makes the transition between solid to liquid to gas was investigated. The boiling point and current atmospheric conditions were compared at the locations where different students..."
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Theories Of Alfred Marshall and John Maynard Keynes, 1999.
Examines Marshall's contributions to Keynesian theory including the concept of expectations, monetary theory, quantity of money, liquidity preference. Discusses the impact of theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and others.
8,100 words (approx. 32.4 pages), 32 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this research to consider the Marshallian contribution to the Keynesian argument. These contributions are related primarily to the concept of expectations, and to monetary theory. With respect to monetary theory, the emphasis in this research is on quantity of money and liquidity preference.
From the Paper
"THE MARSHALLIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE KEYNESIAN ARGUMENT
Introduction
The purpose of this research to consider the Marshallian contribution to the Keynesian argument. These contributions are related primarily to the concept of expectations, and to monetary theory. With respect to monetary theory, the emphasis in this research is on quantity of money and liquidity preference.
Background
The Great Depression of the 1930s ushered in unemployment levels of 25 percent and higher in the United States and other industrial economies, and prevailing economic models appeared to be incapable of explaining economic developments (Eisner, 1994, pp. 211-229). It was into this economic morass that John ..."
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