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The Internationalization of American English, 2007.
This paper argues that the internationalization of American English as the global language may be a triumph for the U.S.A., but it is a threat to the rest of the world.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the elastic characteristic of American English has made it the lingua franca of globalization, thus enabling people of different nationalities to make each other understood and do business. The author points out that American English is a crossbreed of languages with numerous origins, including Celtic, Norse, Germanic, Romance, Spanish and Latin; therefore, the language sounds familiar even without any previous exposure to it. The paper relates that there is no doubt that this spread of American English has political underpinnings, the same way that globalization was oriented politically when the rich and powerful nations first embarked on it over 100 years ago.
Table of Content
Triumph for America
Globalization
Fall of French
English as a Threat
From the Paper
"The spread of English as a global language is actually traced to the heyday of the British Empire in the 19th century. When "the sun never set on the British Empire," the colonized countries that practically spanned four continents learned the Queen's English as the British colonizers taught them the rudiments of international trade and civilization. This was the same native British language that in much earlier times was spoken only by the "lower class people" of England since the elite conversed exclusively in Latin, French or Greek. This was also the same ancestral tongue of the Americans who nonetheless evolved their own brand of English and did their own spreading of the language as they established their own colonial domain."
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Internationalization Challenges and Strategies in China, 2006.
This dissertation is an extensive report of research to analyze the internationalization strategies taken by Xerox, Ricoh and Canon to respond to challenges posed by China's emerging market.
15,125 words (approx. 60.5 pages), 100 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the major findings of this research to analyze the internationalization strategies taken by Xerox, Ricoh and Canon to respond to challenges posed by China's emerging market was that cultural distance was a far less significant internationalization challenge in the Chinese office electronics industry than the literature review suggested. The author points out that the research confirmed the significance of administrative heritage and organizational structure as key internationalization challenges that firm's face including those in the Chinese office electronics industry. The paper indicates that the internationalization process leads to a network of international market activities through foreign direct investment and other forms of international business involvement and may result in the inter-dependencies of all multinational corporations in one host country, which is one important aspect of internationalization.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Internationalization Challenges
Local Market Disadvantages
Disproportionate Operating Costs and a Denial of Benefits Afforded to Domestic Firms
Cultural Distance and Market Entry Modes
Political Bargaining and Positioning
Institutional Differences and Corruption
Local Density and WFOE Performance
Organizational Capabilities
Administrative Heritage
Organizational Structure
Internationalization Strategies
Exporting
International Licensing Agreements
International Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances
Wholly-Owned Foreign Enterprise
Doing Business in China
The Global Office Electronics Industry
Research Design
Case Study Approach
Data Collection
Framework for Analysis
Case Studies
Short-Term Challenges
Cultural Distance and Organisational Capabilities
Political Bargaining and Positioning
Long-Term Challenges
Administrative Heritage
Organizational Structure
China Strategies of Office Electronics Firms
Discussion
Short-Term Challenges
Long-Term Challenges
Limitations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are many local market conditions that could test a company's resolve to enter a new and unfamiliar market, which present themselves as key challenges to firms. The initial challenge comes in the form of entry barriers. Jennifer Rankin (2003) interprets these barriers in terms of the huge investment and risks that the undertaking entails. Moreover, the return on investment may take years to materialize. So if the company is a penny-pincher afraid to take risks and also in a hurry to recoup its investment, it might as well forget internationalization."
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Internationalization of Thomas Pink, 2008.
An analysis of the background, development and internationalization of the shirt manufacturing company, Thomas Pink.
2,601 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the internationalization of London's famous shirt maker, Thomas Pink. It describes a background of the company and some of the reasons for the company's success. The paper then looks at how the company has developed since its establishment and describes its internationalization process. Finally, the paper discusses the effect of the market and the consumer on the company's success.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Internationalization Process
Thomas Pink Internationalization Push and Pull Factors
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Cultural Factors
Competitors
Apparel Market
Consumer
Micro Analysis
Macro Analysis
Strategy
International Market and Marketing Research
Primary Data
Secondary Data
Market Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When entering an international market it is imperative to perform thorough market research. In Thomas Pink's case, the company must gather all the information on potential customers in these international markets. The research conducted by Thomas Pink on the markets of the United States, France, Turkey, Thailand, China, Ireland, and the United Arab Emirates has revealed that these markets lacked a shirt producer like Thomas Pink. Also, these markets presented a series of customers that matched the company's products. The expanding markets of Orient and the timing chosen by Thomas Pink to enter these markets was very opportunistic for the company, which used this niche to enter these markets with other products as well."
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English Teaching Methodolodgy - ESL (English Second Language), 2002.
This paper explores some of the fundemental principles of teaching English as a second language.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper serves as a guide for teaching students English as a second language. It is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the first three weeks of educating a group that has never before learned English. The paper explains the characteristics of the material intended to be taught. It also clarifies what one should do if the students made mistakes and deals with ways of encouraging students to talk. The second part of the paper explores the required environment for second language acquisition and the thirds part discusses factors that are beneficial for second language learning efforts.
From the Paper
"First impressions are important in establishing a good relationship between teachers and students. Foreign students often come to the classroom with many fears. (Cary, 2000) Therefore, it is very important that the teacher establish a friendly, enthusiastic atmosphere free of any negative vibes. (Samway, 1999) Even though the students are afraid, this can be eased by a friendly smile and pleasant small talk. This is especially important before giving any sort of assessment test, which should be given during the first class of the term as part of class orientation."
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Internationalization of Branding, 2006.
An in-depth paper on how retail clothing companies are working to internationalize their brand names.
17,074 words (approx. 68.3 pages), 46 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses at length the challenges faced by the retail fashion industry. After a thorough overview of current issues, the paper launches into a case study of Perry Ellis, Inc., a major fashion retailer, which owns thirteen brands, including Perry Ellis, Penguin Sport and Southpoint. Perry Ellis, Inc. also licenses an additional five brands, including Nike and Tommy Hilfiger. The author explains how Perry Ellis has leveraged the brand-name familiarity to become a lucrative company. The paper also provides a case study of the Levi Strauss company, and shows its distinct branding style.
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, issues surrounding branding in the retail industry have emerged as a significant concern for retailers, consumers, and the fashion industry alike. Organizations are using branding as a strategy tool in today's business environment with increasing regularity. Although brands and branding are not new ideas, retailers are applying them to more diverse settings where the role of branding is becoming increasingly important (Wentz & Suchard, 1993). The traditional role for brands has recently reemerged as a topic of interest, as retailers are increasingly turning toward the internationalization of brands to survive in the highly competitive industry. With the growing realization that brands are one of a retailer's most valuable intangible assets, branding has emerged as a top management priority in the last decade. As a result of its highly competitive nature, branding carries a significant effect in the retailing industry as one of the main drivers influencing customer perceptions, store choice and loyalty. Thus, as an attempt to offer more to the consumer than just low prices, retailers are developing marketing strategies that build store equity and differentiate their brand."
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Matthew Arnold: Late Victorian English Poet and Critic, 2002.
This paper discuses Matthew Arnold's critical analysis of English culture and the English nation during late the Victorian period.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The author states the late Victorian period in England was a unique time in that country?s literary history. Both literature and the political culture supported one another by different notions of England?s future. Matthew Arnold addressed directly issues of the purpose of English culture and the English nation.
From the Paper
"Matthew Arnold was a conservative writer in the sense that he was not egalitarian. He feared an intrusion of ?vulgarity? into the culture and of ?Philistine populism.? (Wilson xvii; xvii) But his ideas were more complex than that. Arnold did believe that the essential thrust of English development should not be so much to expand its physical boundaries, but to create a culture of, as he termed it, ?Sweetness and Light.? "
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The Future of English and Mother Tongue, 2001.
This essay deals with shifts of languages other than English and the globalization of English.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
A personal opinion paper which addresses the following questions - Does globalization of English form a serious threat? Do languages other than English face a slow death? This essays argues the eminent future of English and mother tongue.
From the Paper
"It appears that English is to become the main language in Europe, and perhaps the world. This topic has been discussed extensively and widely and there has been massive scientific research in recent years. I came upon the article ?The Great English Divide? merely by chance, and the discussion caught my particular interest, as I am a Dutch-speaking Belgian, living in multi-lingual South Africa and currently studying towards a degree in English. I surfed the Internet, and found hundreds of articles discussing this same subject. The articles of my choice are only a few examples. Professor David Crystal has nominated a book to the subject ?English as a global language? , where he researched these three questions: What makes a world language? Why is English the leading candidate? Will it continue to hold that position? David Crystal has written a number of books on the topic itself. My main interest is how this globalisation of the English Language will influence English as a language. Is the idea of globalisation of English not just a triumphalist notion? Will the increase of the use of English in non-English speaking countries change English vocabulary and grammar? Will the use of 'Fusion English' increase? Paradoxically, could it mean that the population of Europe will become monolingual and could therefore mother languages become extinct?"
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Who and Which in Bulgarian and English, 2006.
Examines problems of number and gender transfer when translating "who" and "which" from Bulgarian into English.
4,983 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
There are a number of problems that a translator might come upon when translating wh- words from Bulgarian into English. This paper looks at "who" and "which" in particular. Why is there a problem? In English, "who" and "which" do not take grammatical markers for gender and number, while in Bulgarian they do . In English and Bulgarian, gender is grammaticalized differently. This particularity is sometimes considered a problem for certain translations from Bulgarian, and more specifically, when gender seems of importance to the Bulgarian text. This paper deals with the notions of grammatical and semantic gender only because the former exists in Bulgarian and the latter is used in English. This paper begins with some preliminary remarks, exposing the differences between Bulgarian and English when it comes to number and gender markings. Some translation examples are discussed in more detail in the section entitled "Examples". It must be pointed out that the paper investigates only one side of the problem, where Bulgarian is the source language and English is the target language. Back translation is not discussed here. The main focus is on how gender itself is produced and translated. Following paragraphs clarify what gender is in both languages and what problems translators might encounter if they choose to transfer a gendered reference from Bulgarian into English.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Preliminary Remarks on Gender and Number in English and Bulgarian
Who and Which in English
Who and Which in Bulgarian
Examples
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In the extra-linguistic world, gender is a physiological phenomenon connected with the structure of some living beings. There are objects with no sex (inanimate) and others with sex (animate). The category of sex has two exponents (male and female). These facts can be reflected in language since gender markings in a given language are, on the first place, categories established through our contact with the natural differences between the sexes and between what we have called "the animate" and "the inanimate". Thus, the linguistic exponent of sex has the following grammatical and/or lexical correspondences in English:
1 M / he male (animate) boy, father, John, etc.
2 F / she female (animate) girl, mother, Mary, etc.
3 N / it O gender (inanimate/undetermined) cat, stone, table, baby (if sex unknown)"
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Teaching the English Language, 2008.
This paper discusses task based instruction in English language learning for English second language (ESL) students and presents a teaching module combining English language learning and social issues.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a task based curriculum provides students with the opportunity to apply immediately their learning to tasks on a consistent basis. The author points out that task based instruction provides students with a true learning experience in which they are capable of demonstrating learning through actual experience. The paper indicates that, as students perform tasks they are capable of building on the knowledge and skills that they have already acquired and realizing their abilities related to the unit of instruction. The author includes a module that focuses on the combination of English language learning and social issues, which are relevant to the student's learning and growth and will lead to positive outcomes in education.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
English Language Learning and Social Issues Module
Part One
Part Two
Part Three
Part Four
Part Five
Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The module will focus on the theme of social issues and the target learning stage is intermediate, at grades 9-12. At this stage of learning and development high school students are consistently focusing on social issues that impact their everyday lives. Allowing these students to focus on these issues, as well as using English as a means to that expression will motivate the students toward successful completion of the unit. Additionally, tasks that are defined for the students that will allow them to realize their goals in the unit will support the learning and ensure retention of the skills and knowledge that have been acquired."
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English Language Learners (ELLs), 2007.
This paper discusses writing strategies for English language learners (ELLs).
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the problem of English language learners (ELLs) learning to write English may be in the failure of the current educational system to distinguish between the differences in the oral and written traditions of the English language. The author points out that ELL students may acquire verbal English skills fairly quickly, which is often mistaken for complete English proficiency; however, research demonstrates that the conventions of written English are far different than spoken English and that ELL students develop written English skills at a rate far slower than the rate at which they develop spoken English skills. The paper relates that ELL students must have a clear understanding of the methodology behind the writing process in order for them to comprehend the general writing traditions of the English language.
Table of Contents:
Discussion
Time Expectations for Adaptation
Conversational English versus Written and Academic English
Failure to Distinguish Oral and Academic Communication in Teaching
Strategies for Teachers
Prewriting
Revising and the "Writer's Workshop"
Journal Writing
Reformulation
Benefits of Encouraging Primary Language Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The wide variance in writing conventions amongst different languages often forces ELL students to 'unlearn' the conventions of their first language. For example, if a student's first language is a mainly a symbolic, or logographic language, a student may have difficulty learning to form letters that in turn form a word. However, this aspect of language acquisition should not always be considered a hinderance in learning written English. It can also have positive benefits. If a student is already writing in their first language, it is likely that those skills can be utilized to advantage of teaching written English."
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Linguistics and the History of the English Language, 2002.
This paper explores the areas of linguistics and the history of the English language in terms of what an English teacher should know before teaching the subject.
4,392 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper asks if future English teachers should study the history of English. The writer shows that teachers should have a knowledge of linguistics. Main points of the paper include: why English is complicated, why languages (especially English) change, grammar rules and problems, spelling history and problems, how dialects are developed and how they influence English in the classroom, semantic changes and more. The paper concludes that all these contribute to a better and more interesting English classroom.
From the Paper
"The English language has a rich history, spanning centuries and passed on by different tribes. A lot of other languages, especially French, has had some influence on the English language. The language has undergone many changes in its history, including the Great Vowel Shift, which changed the way English was spoken. Some people who know more than one language have said that English is the hardest language to learn. As of today, many educated professors and acclaimed administration members probably don?t know the real reasons behind some grammar rules and depend on technology to correct their fragment sentences. What makes English such a hard language to learn and use, even for its native speakers? Will the knowledge of the history behind the English language enable teachers to help students master English? I believe that knowledge leads to understanding; therefore teachers with a strong background in the history of English will be better equipped to teach this difficult subject."
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The California English Language Development Test, 2008.
This paper is a review of the literature on the California English Language Development Test (CELDT) and student achievement when learning English as a second language.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the California English Language Development Test (CELDT) is used as a means of evaluating language proficiency among students learning English as a second language to identify students who are learning English as a second language. The author points out that the CELDT also is used to monitor the performance of these students at regular intervals and to reclassify students from limited English proficiency to fluent English proficiency. The paper stresses that CELDT is a monitoring system, not a pedagogical approach; therefore, its use will never directly improve or diminish the scores of second language learners. The paper concludes that administrators and educators may have unwittingly created a setting in which the CELDT is given more credibility than it deserves in terms of its significance as a testing apparatus.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
CELDT in Application
Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The test was used for the first time in 2001, suggesting that data pertaining to its use is insufficient to judge long-term outcomes based on the use of the test. The CELDT was developed by the professional for-profit test organization, "CTB-McGraw Hill" and is "designed to assess English learners in grades 1 through 12 on reading, writing, comprehension, and oral English along a continuum of five levels, from Beginning (1) to Advanced (5)" The test has been praised in California by educators and administrators who were forced to rely on a variety of different tests but now can evaluate a student's performance even when he or she has moved from one school to another."
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The English Language and India, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the British using their English language and culture in India to "educate the Indians".
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the 18th century, the British missionaries and their establishing institutions of learning, which initiated much of the early education of the Indians, thought that if English was intrinsically healthy, it stood to reason that the Indian languages were the opposite. The author points out that, to find employment in a civil service position, an individual needed to pass an English qualifying exam and receive a "western degree"; therefore, it is no surprise that the educated class, in some cases, became more English than the English. The paper relates that, with the leadership of Gandhi, who was once an avid Anglophile, the many Indian languages came to be favored over English; however, even today, English is used as a kind of national language for affairs of state because India is multi-lingual and having a unifying language is seen as important. Several long quotes.
From the Paper
"The group that benefited possibly the most was the Bengalis.
The Bengalis developed a vigorous Westernized culture quite independent of their British neighbors. Education became a mark of social distinction as well as a means for advancement. Competition in the schools and universities was (and is) fierce by Western standards. The highly educated and literate populace gave rise to a great demand for books. A few blocks south of the Marble Palace is the College Street Market where, adjacent to the dignified buildings of Calcutta University, there exists a prodigious collection of publishers and booksellers. The market is an intellectual phenomenon in itself, probably the largest book market in the world. Books on every conceivable subject are published both in English and Bengali. The Bengali authors have a marvelous facility with the English language and at its best the quality of literature in Calcutta ranks with that of any center in the world."
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Internationalizing the Community College Curriculum, 2002.
A discussion of the advantages of incorporating internationalization into the community college curriculum .
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons an internationalized curriculum will benefit community colleges and their students. We are an increasingly global society, and it is getting more and more difficult for people to function in the business world without some sort of international understanding. It is becoming clear that if this nation is to compete in a global market, our students must be taught an international perspective. There are many techniques for integrating international objectives into coursework, and if done properly, these objectives can be seamlessly introduced into the existing curriculum of almost any college class. Several community colleges across the nation are already making an effort to incorporate internationalization into their college environment. When internationalization of the community college curriculum takes place, everyone benefits.
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Mandarin Speakers' Production of English Vowels, 2007.
An analysis of Mandarin speakers' production and perception of English vowels and their mastery of the English language.
1,526 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This study examines how production and perception of English vowels are affected by one's native language, specifically among Mandarin speakers. The paper examines the specific relationship between Mandarin speakers' production and perception of English vowels and their mastery of the English language, including their comprehension of intonation and pitch. The author hypothesizes that Mandarin speakers' would experience more difficulty mastering English vowels if their exposure to the English language encompassed one year or less.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Previous studies suggest that multiple factors affect speakers' ability to produce sounds and their perceptions of sound. Various studies including that conducted by Boroditsky (2001) suggest that how one speaks affects many aspects of their livelihood including how one views or perceives the world. Further studies suggest that when compared with native English speakers, Mandarin speakers tend to refer to different concepts in different ways, including describing time in different manners (Boroditsky, 2001). The results of this study are relevant as they suggest that language is a "powerful tool shaping thought" and that one's native language "plays an important role in shaping thoughts and thought processes" (Boroditsky, 20)."
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