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International Patent Law, 2007.
An examination and comparison of articles relating to international patent law.
8,276 words (approx. 33.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates, analyzes and compares articles regarding the existing obligations or provisions regarding international patent law. It examines those provisions that fall under the Paris Convention, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Berne Convention and the Rome Convention. It also looks at the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention, the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Implementation Of The Trips Agreement
National And Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
Patent Right Exhaustion: Doha Declaration (Analysis Of Article 6)
TRIPS And Article 7 (Technological Promotion And Public Protection) Health Analysis
General Enforcement Obligations: Analysis Of Article 41
Fair And Equitable Procedures Article 42
Evidence (Article 43)
Article 45: Damages - Comparison and Analysis Related to IP Where Applicable
From the Paper
"The guides existing to allow action that is effective in prevention of infringement state the "the requirement procedures permit 'effective action' speaks to all possible remedies, including civil, administrative and criminal procedures, as well as border measures, customs, tax and communication procedures." Copyright law in countries of optical media product export has proved ineffective in terms of media licensing and "countries have adopted optical media licensing regimes." TRIPS has as an obligation the provision of "effective actions" of infringement upon rights under this Article. It is held that Article 41 when combined with 61 (assumed to be understood as subsumed within the requirements of Article 41" make it a further requirement o countries to make the provision of any remedies "available" and not limited to those that are only within the law. Article 61 obliges countries to make the provision of criminal procedures and penalties "at least in cases of willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright privacy.""
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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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U.S. Patent Law, 1994.
This paper examines the contemporary controversies related to the United States patent system: Impact of technological innovations, economics, competition, public goods, intellectual property, cost and legal barriers and compared to Japanese patent law.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 13 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the contemporary controversies related to the United States patent system. The most significant of these controversies are those related to restrictions that patent holders are allowed to placed on the use of legally protected intellectual property, the economic harm suffered by patent holders as a result of infringements on patents, and the legal life of patents.
... contends that emerging technological innovation (in fields such as biotechnology and information systems) is being hampered by requirements of the existing American patent system. This problem ... "
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China's Patent Law, 2001.
Focus on international policy; Qualcom's CDMA patents, impact of 1992 revisions to law, intellectual property rights.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Until 1984, when the first Patent Law of the People?s Republic of China was passed, the government of China afforded no patent protection to foreigners (Moser and Ho 453). Along with legislation involving trademark, copyright, and intellectual property rights, China?s patent laws have signaled the Republic?s desire to open its doors to new technology transfer (Shan 1). Though, in its original form, China?s Patent Law fell short of international standards, amendments passed in 1992 have brought the law in line with the international community (Global Sources).
Cultural hurdles faced by the government in enforcing the patent protection it affords have been aggressively pursued. The characteristically Chinese concept of technology as a ..."
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German Patent Law, 2003.
Discusses the protection of intellectual property.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Describes the historic position of granting a patent only if the invention was truly new and representative of a technical step forward. Discusses restrictions of the law and modifications made with passage of the 1986 German Utility Model Act.
From the Paper
"German Patent Law reflects a long history in Germany, one whose laws on patents and other forms of protection have been adopted by other countries like Japan. Up until the adoption of the German Utility Model ..."
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International Operations and Internalization, 2005.
Considers how international operations affects a company's marketing function.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how international operations affects a company's marketing function, including all four components of the marketing mix. It looks at Porter's model of international strategy and stages of internationalization. The paper provides examples.
From the Paper
"In today's economy companies can no longer be satisfied with serving a single geographic market. This strategy is still effective for some businesses but many companies-including small and medium-sized organizations-have recognized the benefits of expanding their operations to the global market. With the advent of the Internet and the ability to transfer funds across borders seamlessly and with low transaction costs the move toward globalization is no longer limited to only large companies ..."
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Rosenbluth International, 2004.
An analysis of Rosenbluth International, an international travel management company based in Philadelphia.
1,541 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Rosenbluth International, an international travel management company based in Philadelphia. The paper examines the process of quality management and quality assurance that the company has undertaken in order to remain competitive and to continue to keep a leading position by providing high quality service to its travel customers. The paper explains that the process has been introduced in stages and has achieved some momentum, first by developing a training program that taught the rudiments of quality assurance to all employees, and then set out to implement a board of quality advisors to act as facilitators for quality teams formed at each business unit. The paper explores the issue of how to keep the momentum going and to develop even more means of assuring quality and of promoting it throughout the organization, especially as the organization now wants to implement the program internationally to increase the international clientele.
From the Paper
"The travel business has been changing in recent years, creating first anew business model for the field and then altering the traditional competitive environment. The advent of the Internet and the wide use of the personal computer and other computer systems opened the way for a new form of control for the hospitality and travel industries. In the 1990s, the computer constituted the technology with the greatest effect on travel and hospitality around the world. The travel business has been changing with the development and widespread use of advanced computer programs and with increased access to different computer networks. These changes have included the introduction of new services which travelers can access themselves without the need of agents. One of the reasons for this shift is the belief on the part of the consumer that he or she has been paying too much for travel and that there is some hidden expense in the use of a travel agent that can now be avoided. The customer may also desire to become master of his or her own fate to a much greater degree, using self-service machines and computers to shape individual travel plans. As this form of do-it-yourself-travel grew, the question emerged as to whether the mass of travelers really wanted this sort of system and wanted to do the job themselves rather than leaving it to a travel agent. This idea has been examined and has now been tested."
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International Law, 2005.
This paper discusses the weakness of international law in governing international relations.
2,485 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that international law differs in major areas from domestic law: (1) The scope of international law is much wider than the scope of domestic law; (2) Domestic law is the guideline that defines the relationship between specific bodies, the government, and the citizens, but there are no specific bodies in international law; and (3) International law is voluntary, whereas, domestic law is largely involuntary. The author points out that, when laws are first proposed, countries or states agree to them or reject them on the basis of their political interests. The paper concludes that international relations should be regulated according to the principles of international law as determined by the United Nations and its different organs.
Table of Contents
Difference between International and National Law
The Voluntary Nature of International law
Absence of Mechanism for Regulating International Relations
Political Considerations
Final Analysis
From the Paper
"International relations are supposedly guided by a number of institutions and a defined body of law. The international arena is hardly a jungle in which countries may act as they choose with the only limitation upon their action being the presence of stronger states willing, and capable, of imposing restrictions upon them and regulating their behavior. In other words, within the context of international relations, state behavior is governed, not by IR theories but, by international law and international institutions, such as the United Nations. Furthermore, in cases where states behavior conflicts with the established regulations, their violations are either dealt with through the UN Security Council or through one of the international courts, depending upon the type of violations. Consequently, on this basis, one would assume international relations to be based upon a just system in which states are treated equally, in the sense that all are equally required to obey the law. However, this is not the case and international relations can almost be contrasted to a jungle because not only are the strongest not required to obey the law but also those under their protection are at equal liberty to disregard international law."
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The Implications of International Law, 2005.
A discussion regarding the need for a validity of international law and the International Court of Justice.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the purpose of international law and the role that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) plays in resolving disputes between nation states. The large increase in the number of cases is favorably as it shows the willingness of states to use the Court to reaffirm their conviction in the legality of their position in a conflict against a stronger opponent.
From the Paper
" For as long as history has been recorded, nation states have joined forces by entering into treaties in an effort to avoid violent conflict and war (i.e. League of Nations and Treaty of Versailles). In previous times, the Catholic Church mediated international disputes (Currie 2003). These agreements were implemented in an effort to prevent brutal crimes against society, somewhat like a rulebook for war. Treaties between nations involve all parties agreeing upon and adopting a set of rules that dictate interaction with one another ranging from battlefield rules to diplomatic protocol, including a framework for resolving contentious issues among states."
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International Mutual Funds, 2004.
This paper discusses investing in various international mutual funds, describes individual funds, and compares international funds to mutual funds in the U.S.
4,925 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are four types of international mutual funds: The international funds, which invest only in well-known markets outside the U.S. such as Germany, France, Japan, Hong Kong and Australia; the global funds, which contain mixtures of U.S. and international stocks; the regional funds, which concentrate in geographic areas like Latin America, the Pacific Rim and Europe, with the concentration of these firms in small countries and emerging markets; and the country funds, which concentrate only on one country. The author points out that international funds are useful when it is felt that the U.S. market is not doing so well, and the emerging markets in the foreign countries are expected to perform better than the U.S. market. The paper relates that an important feature of international funds is that they give small investors an opportunity to invest in shares all over the world, an activity that would be very difficult or expensive to pursue on their own and that provides a good opportunity for diversification.
Table of Contents
Mutual Funds, the Dynamic Market
What is a Mutual Fund?
The Choice of International Funds
How Does One Know What the Fund is Doing?
From the Paper
"The aim of any mutual fund is to pool in the money from different investors and put it in a position where it can be managed by professionals. The manager makes the trades, realizes the gain or loss, and collects the income in the form of dividend or interest. The gains or losses are then passed on to the individual investors. The operation of most funds are open-ended, and that means that the investment company is at liberty to issue new shares to investors, and also undertakes to buy back shares from investors who want to leave the fund. There are also close ended funs which issue a fixed number of shares, and only these can be bought or sold by the investors among themselves through a stock exchange. The person who has issued these closed funds is not responsible for redeeming them, so the trading of these has to be only through a broker."
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Contemporary International Economy, 2007.
This paper argues that current international institutions are no longer effective in regulating the contemporary international economy.
4,594 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the forces at play in the international community today as they affect the contemporary international economy. The writer then provides a discussion of the current trends affecting international institutions in the 21st century. Further, the writer offers an analysis of the impact these events and trends have had on international institutions. This is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Events and Trends Affecting International Institutions in the 21st Century
Impact of Events and Trends on International Institutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Following World War II, the United States assumed a leadership role in developing new types of international institutions. For example, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided for a liberalization of international trade, the Bretton Woods framework created a fixed exchange-rate system (which lasted until 1971), and the International Monetary Fund controlled the flow of credits until the mid- 1970s and once again from the early 1980s thereafter; in addition, these authors note that the EEC institutionalized a free-trade area in the heart of Western Europe at this time. According to Mingst, international institutions are defined as those they are comprised of membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. A coordinating body for international institutions, the Union of International Associations, currently distinguishes between the more than 250 international governmental organizations (IGOs) that have been created by intergovernmental agreements and whose members are states, and the approximately 6,000 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), whose members are associations or individuals."
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International Labour Standards, 2002.
An overview of international labor laws including international trade agreements and their impact on labor standards.
4,400 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 160.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes existing international labor laws and discusses these laws in the contexts of globalization. Some of the issues covered in this essay include international trade agreements and their impact on labor standards, international laws regarding unions and worker rights, as well as economic contexts of capitalism and imperialism. This paper also offers strategic solutions for international labor laws as a way to anticipate the problems of labor and globalization.
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The International Monetary Fund, 2005.
Considers how international institutions and the IMF are used to stabilize international economies.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how international institutions in general and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in particular, are used in the international economy to stabilize economies. The paper also evaluates the criticism leveled at the IMF in recent years.
From the Paper
"Today's economies are linked on a global level. For example consumers in the United States purchase computers manufactured in Japan and receive service assistance from call centers based in India ..."
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Inter-related International Business, 2005.
This paper discusses the inter-relationship of international companies and the various countries in which they do business using Beckman Instruments, a California-based international biomedical company.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that changes in governments of Italy and Hong Kong precipitated events which required that Beckman Instruments, a Fortune 500 company, totally re-engineer all of its processes. The author points out that, throughout the first half of the 1990s, Beckman was profitable and successful in penetrating new markets worldwide; unfortunately, in late 1994, at the same time, (1) in Italy, there was a complete change of government; (2) the rest of Western Europe was experiencing a major recession and (3) the realization that Hong Kong was going to be given back to the People's Republic of China began to dawn in the minds of the long term development team. The paper relates that Beckman found that the international market is riskier than the domestic market; although Beckman tried to understand the various types of negotiation and business ways of various cultures, like many other international companies, it lost both money and prospective business when the international countries political climate changed.
From the Paper
"By fall of 1994, Beckman realized that it had to totally reengineer itself again. This time not only did it move its emphasis totally away from the scientific instrument focus; it had to refocus the medical device side of its company. With the economic disaster in Europe, Beckman had to close many of its offices and layoff hundreds of people in every company from Great Britain to Germany. It also had to layoff hundreds if not thousands of US employees as well. Before October 1994, Beckman had retired 90 percent of the employees who had more than 20 years of employment with the company By November 1994; Beckman had given notice to over two thousand individuals that were employed by the company worldwide. Employment practices in Europe required as long as one year's notice for most employees. In the United States, employees were laid off just before Christmas."
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