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International Human Rights and Children, 2006.
A look at the child labor crisis in Asia, the factors contributing to it and the difficulties in solving the problem.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 160.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of human rights regarding children. More specifically, the paper focuses on the issue of human rights and children in Asia, which has the most significant problem with child labor. Statistical data as well as reasons for the problem and how to solve it are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"The problem of child labor around the world is very significant with an estimated 250 million children between the ages of five and fourteen being put to work. Of these children who are working, an estimated 120 million are working on a full time basis. Furthermore, many of these children are working long hours under dangerous conditions. Especially throughout the continent of Asia, child labor is an enormous problem which causes many children in this region to face exploitation, health risks, deplorable conditions, and a limited time for education all for economic gain. There are many factors which contribute to the child labor crisis in Asia as well as numerous hurdles to solving the problem."
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Islamic Crime and Punishment and International Human Rights Law, 2000.
This paper is an in-depth look at Islamic law and how it frequently comes into conflict with international law and human rights.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 17 sources, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper is a detailed discussion of Islamic criminal law, its sources, its application, and its conflict with international law and human rights. The author examines both primary and secondary sources of Islamic law, and describes Hudud, Tazir and Qesas crime and punishment. The paper also focuses on the historical background of Muslim law.
From the paper:
?Islam means ?submission? or ?surrender? to the will of Allah. For the more than one billion Muslims of the world, this means submission to a comprehensive code of law governing every arena of life: social, political, economic, and religious. In Islam there is no separation of church and state, no distinction between religion and politics; Government, law, and religion are unified. Some would argue that Islamic law is not fully practiced in any part of the Islamic world. While this may be true, twenty-three nations have either declared Islam to be the state religion or declared the religious writings of Islam to be the principal source of law.?
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Jack Donnelly?s "International Human Rights", 2005.
A review of Donnelly's book about the politics of human rights.
2,635 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief summary of Jack Donnelly's book "International Human Rights". Included in this summary is an analysis of the author's use of sources and tools such as tables, illustrations, and appendixes. Next, a critical analysis of Donnelly's book takes into account his writing style, his choice of subject matter, his selection of case studies, the relevance of the book to scholastic research, and other general critical observations of Donnelly's work. Finally, the conclusion draws together both summary and critical analysis and recommendations and suggestions for further research or more questions are presented. Additionally, the book's potential to influence changes in foreign policies is examined.
From the Paper
"As the death toll rises in Iraq and questions are raised regarding the foreign policies practiced by the United States, books like Jack Donnelly's International Human Rights become particularly relevant. American intervention in Iraq has become one of the salient political issues of our time, one that begs a thorough investigation of the need for international human rights policies. In his book, Donnelly presents a thorough overview of the politics of human rights, tracing its role in domestic and foreign policies since the Second World War. In fact, the author notes that before the 1940s, international human rights were of little importance. Isolationism and strict respect for national sovereignty guided foreign relations policies and precluded nations, individuals, or organizations from taking action to promote human rights outside of their own communities. Pointing out how the Holocaust moved human rights into the realm of international politics in conjunction with a burgeoning global economic marketplace, Jack Donnelly offers his readers insight into the overall development of international human rights awareness and official policies."
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Human Rights as an Internal Affair, 2008.
This paper argues that human rights are not an internal state affair and rejects that attempting to impose universal human rights is simply Western cultural imperialism.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This essay argues that there are such things as universal human rights, and that when one state violates these, other states have a legitimate reason to raise appeal. The essay states that this can give rise to a tension between state autonomy and universal rights, however, it argues that this possibility must be endured, for the alternative is to allow people to be abused. Moreover, the paper asserts that there are practical steps that could be taken to encourage sovereign states to acknowledge universal human rights.
From the Paper
"The only difference between those who argued against suffrage in the West or against same-sex marriage in Canada, and those who today argue in favour of genital mutilation in Nigeria, is that the Western defenders of sexism and heterosexism claimed to speak for all of humanity, and for God, while the minorities claim only to speak for themselves, and sometimes for their own God - and of course, for "their women." The principle is the same - invoking culture, God, nature or tradition to justify oppression of women or other minorities, and in this way attempting to maintain the status quo. That argument was overcome in England and in Canada, and it should be overcome in non-Western nations too. Moreover, it is argued that if this poses some slight risk to the autonomy of some individual nations, then so be it. National autonomy should not extend to the point of giving ruling groups the right of torture, murder, mutilation or any other kind of violent abuse against individual human beings - not even if they are women or children!"
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Abortion Rights are Human Rights, 2005.
This paper discusses and argues that the rights to abortion are in themselves human rights.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This is an opinion paper explaining why abortion is a human right and should be available to all women as long as the fetus is not an "actual life" but is still a "potential life." The writer argues that the mother's human rights would take precedence over the "potential life" of the fetus, and once the fetus has transitioned to "actual life" then the mother's rights would be seriously limited.
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Human rights vs. Human Nature, 2006.
A discussion regarding the justification of war and the issue of human rights versus human nature.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the question of justifying military intervention on the basis of protection of human rights, pointing out that such a question requires a prior assumption. The paper clarifies this assumption to be that countries are capable of benevolent, disinterested altruism. History refutes this assumption. The paper further discusses how individuals and groups within a country may very well have the best intentions to bring relief to the suffering citizens of a brutal dictatorship or civil war; but countless examples, from Vietnam, to Latin America, to Rwanda, to present day Iraq, show a road to hell paved with such good intentions. The political and military forces involved in such maneuvers, by their very nature, preclude truly altruistic actions.
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Human Rights And Human Trafficking, 2006.
A discussion on human trafficking and the international response to the problem.
5,084 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how human trafficking has increasingly become a problem for many countries throughout the world, with people being taken from their families, homes and communities and ensnared in a life of servitude to others in a strange and foreign country. The paper focuses on the question of whether there is enough being done to combat the increasing problem of human trafficking. The paper examines the international community's response to the problem. The paper details various countries and communities and how they have been effected by human trafficking.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Overview Of Human Trafficking Throughout The World
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
India
Bulgaria
The Netherlands
Pakistan
Russia
Uganda
Poland - The Press And The Perspective In Media
Mexico - 20,000 Child Victims
Mongolia - 200 Mongolian Children Exploited As Prostitutes
Other Countries
What Is Being Done To Combat This Problem?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to a separate report, "Migrant trafficking and smuggling has become a global business generating huge profits for traffickers and organized crime syndicates." (Counter-Trafficking, 2006) In fact in a study conducted by IOM reports "...an estimated 15 to 30 million irregular migrants worldwide." (Counter-Trafficking, 2006) Sadly a report of the U.S. Department of Justice states that an estimated "...700,000 women and children are trafficked yearly across borders." (Counter-Trafficking, 2006) The reason stated that so many of these migrants go unreported is due to the inherent "...clandestine nature..." involved in so many of the lives and migration of these individuals."
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Human Rights in Japan, 2003.
An overview of international human rights with an emphasis on Japan.
1,823 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper takes a wide-ranging look at human rights around the world today, showing the key themes and issues currently affecting the international community. The introduction explains key terms necessary for the paper and gives a history of the development of human rights. The paper focuses on Japan as a case-study (though numerous other examples are cited where applicable). The author of the paper goes undercover in Japan to show that, despite ?successes? in improving human rights in countries such as South Africa, shocking human rights violations still occur today worldwide even in developed countries and these need to be exposed and then dealt with.
From the Paper
"At least the Japanese of Korean and Chinese ancestry blend in to the Japanese population at large but human rights violations can be far worse for those who do not. An unofficial but widely accepted racial-pyramid stereotyping exists amongst Japanese society at large. Japanese, naturally, are at the top of the ethnic groups. It could be argued that an inferiority complex with whites (particularly European and American) still exists but this has gradually eroded with Japan?s economic ascension and the increasing crime and disorder in Western cultures. After Westerners follow Asians (first Chinese, then Koreans and finally other Asians) who Japanese look down upon as inferiors and finally blacks (except, paradoxically, musically and athletically gifted blacks whom the Japanese detachedly admire)."
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Human Rights in South Africa, 2003.
An overview of international human rights with an emphasis on South Africa.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a wide-ranging look at human rights around the world today, showing the key themes and issues currently affecting the international community. The introduction explains key terms necessary for the paper and gives a history of the development of human rights. The paper focuses on South Africa as a case-study (though numerous other examples are cited where applicable). South Africa is used as an example of a developing country whose human rights issues have been identified internally by the South African government as well as externally by the international community and then acted upon to some degree of success.
From the Paper
"?Human rights? are rights that all humans are entitled to such as the right to live, the right to liberty, the right to freedom of expression and the right to equality within society. ?Civil rights? and ?civil liberties? refer to the guarantees that a state may make to its citizens and are offered in addition to one?s basic human rights. Perhaps the best quantification of human rights (and the mostly widely accepted) is the United Nations? Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Although the UN?s Declaration is over half a century old and has been savagely criticized at times it still serves as a useful guide to general ideals of human rights."
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Human Rights Law, 2003.
An analysis of the protections of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as they apply to human rights law in the United Kingdom.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the history of the Council of Europe and The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, commonly known as the ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights). The paper analyzes the history of human rights in the UK beginning with the Magna Carta of the 13th century, and continuing into the 20th century, when legislation was developed to coordinate British law with the original ECHR of 1949 and its subsequent charters and protocols expanding European protections of civil rights. The paper reviews various sections of the ECHR and compares them to English Common Law and provisions of the UK's Human Rights Act of 1998. The paper discusses the difference between non-derogable rights and derogated rights, citing several relevant sections of the ECHR. It also examines several points of the ECHR and considers their acceptability under UK law. In conclusion, the paper finds that the ECHR laws are quite complex and that new British legislation only furthers the dissonance with their applicability to the UK.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Council for Europe had been originally established at the end of the Second World War and had an objective of the protection of Europe against totalitarianism and atrocities that were witnessed during the war. This council had the convention as a treaty within the actions it took. (European Convention on Human Rights) The United Kingdom was one of the founder members of this convention and also involved in the design of the law. It was also one of the first countries to approve the treaty. It has also appeals to be made to the European Commission for Human Rights since 1966. The influence of the Convention has been growing in the UK during the past ten years as the European Court of Human Rights are now taking quicker action about the appeals that are being made to it. (The European Convention on Human Rights)"
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Human Rights in China: A Misnomer?, 2005.
A broad, balanced and critical look at human rights in modern China.
2,436 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper defines key terms necessary for the paper ('human rights', 'civil rights' and 'civil liberties') and gives a brief history of the development of human rights (from Socrates through to the U.S. Bill of Rights and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights). The main paper is split into two parts. Part one looks at alleged human rights violations from both an external, generally 'Western', perspective and an internal, Chinese (Asian-Islamic) perspective. It argues that human rights as an issue is being manipulated by both Western and Eastern governments for political purposes. Examples used in the paper include alleged oppression in Tibet, Xinjiang, and Tianenmen Square; as well as suspected torture based on religious, political and socio-cultural intolerance by the Chinese government. Part two looks at possible solutions to the human rights issue. It again uses both internal (Chinese) and external (U.S. and U.N.) perspectives and leads to the thought-provoking conclusion. The full text of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights is included in the appendix.
From the Paper
"'Human rights' are rights that all humans are entitled to such as the right to live, the right to liberty, the right to freedom of expression and the right to equality within society. 'Civil rights' and 'civil liberties' refer to the guarantees that a state may make to its citizens and are offered in addition to one's basic human rights. Perhaps the best quantification of human rights (and the mostly widely accepted in the West) is the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Although the UN's Declaration is over half a century old and has been savagely criticized at times it still serves as a useful guide to general ideals of human rights."
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Human Rights, 2005.
This paper discusses the concept of human rights, which has its origin in the moral philosophies of Aristotle and the Stoic philosophers.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the theory of human rights has broadened in concept over the centuries; its contemporary form includes securing for individuals the necessary economic, political and social conditions required to lead a minimally good life regardless of their caste, color, nationality, religion or gender. The author points out that, despite some objections raised mostly by people with vested interests to the doctrine of human rights, most people around the world are in agreement that human rights should not only be respected but also be promoted actively. The paper relates that frequent human rights violations are still taking place around the world, as witnessed in Darfur (Sudan) and Abu Gharib (Iraq).
Table of Contents
Historical Origins and Development
Three Generations of Human Rights and its Current Concept
Objections to Human Rights & Their Rebuttal
The Moral Relativists' Argument
Do Human Rights Intrude on State Sovereignty?
Religious Objections
What are the Consequences of Disregarding Human Rights?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The theory of human rights is based on the doctrine of "moral universalism" first put forward by Aristotle and Stoics. In "Nicomachean Ethics," Aristotle presents his argument in support of the existence of "a natural moral order" and opines that such a "natural" order should be the basis for all truly rational systems of justice. This concept of moral universalism implies that morality is not dependant on social and historical conditions and applies to all human beings regardless of place and time, and forms the basis of human rights. Roman Stoic philosophers such as Cicero and Seneca, also supported 'moral universalism' and argued that all moral laws originated in the rational will of God and the authority of such moral law transcended all local legal codes. Christianity, which emerged later, maintained the belief of a universal moral code in the ensuing centuries."
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Reshaping Sovereignty: Democracy and Respect for Human Rights, 2005.
Examines the impact that democracy and respect for human rights are having upon the principle of sovereignty on which international relations is based.
4,974 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
The influence of democracy and respect for human rights on sovereignty is analyzed by their status as international norms, their roles in the recognition of new states and their impact in regards to interventionary practices. Specific and extensive examples are used in each of these dimensions of the analysis. Case studies referred to include Somalia, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Nagorno-Karabakh, Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Afghanistan, Haiti and East Timor.
Paper Outline:
Democracy
Democracy as an International Norm
Democracy and the Recognition of New States
Democracy and Intervention
Democracy Conclusion
Human Rights
Respect for Human Rights as an International Norm
Respect for Human Rights in the Recognition of New States
Humanitarian Intervention
Human Rights Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, signed in December of 1933, established the criteria that a state must meet as a person of international law: a permanent population; a defined territory; a government; and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. These criteria entail two aspects of sovereignty: an internal one referring to a government's authority over a defined territory and the population within, and an external dimension referring to a state's recognition by other states. Since 1933, however, the international system has undergone many changes: WWII, the rise of the United States, the creation of the United Nations, decolonization, the Cold War, the fall of the Soviet Union, the growth of democracy, the birth of the European Union, and the emergence of an active international community."
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Human Rights in England and the ECHR, 2004.
A comparative analysis of the decisions of the Divisional Court and the Court of Appeal with that of the European Court of Human Rights concerning human rights cases.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the decisions of the Divisional Court and the Court of Appeal in R v Ministry of Defence ex parte Smith [1996] 2 WLR 305 with that of the European Court of Human Rights in Lustig-Prean v UK (2000) 29 EHRR 548. It discusses how the different outcomes in these cases can be chiefly explained by the approaches available to the courts in terms of reviewing State policy. It looks at why the test of 'irrationality' employed by the English courts meant that the discriminatory government policy could not be overturned and then examines why the test of 'proportionality' available to the Court of Human Rights allowed a fundamentally different outcome to be reached.
From the Paper
"Having accepted Brown LJ?s assessment regarding the justiciability of the policy, both the Divisional Court and Court of Appeal considered each of the three grounds for the review application: that the policy breached Article 2 of the EC Equal Treatment Directive ; that it breached Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights; and that it was ?irrational?. Both English courts shared the view that the word ?sex? in the EC Directive should not be construed as embracing sexual orientation and should, therefore, have a meaning no broader than gender . Had they accepted the applicants? argument, the policy would have been unlawful as it would amount to direct discrimination . In the Divisional Court, Brown LJ emphasised the ?unambiguous? language of the Directive, which plainly refers to discrimination of gender rather than of orientation."
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From Natural Law to Human Rights, 2006.
This essay explores how human rights grew from natural rights.
4,511 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer declares that early proponents of natural law argued that people have common sense and are born with an intuitive knowledge of right and wrong. This paper discusses that human rights are those rights that are based on human nature. The writer examines how human rights grew from natural rights. It argues that conceptions of right and wrong are not based on an unchanging, eternal order, but are negotiable; that is, open to revision as the years go by and times change. It is seen, for example, how women and children have used natural rights arguments to gain rights that formerly were denied them.
The writer concludes that human rights have evolved from natural law and natural rights and that human rights are intimately connected to morality and ethics.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Law and the Concept of Rights
Changing the Law in Response to a New Moral Awareness
Human Rights for Women
Juvenile Death Penalty
Rights versus Utilitarianism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"More than anyone else the philosopher John Locke influenced the shape and form of democracy in the United States. He argued that human beings have certain fundamental rights, which governments cannot take away. He argued that no individual has a natural right to rule over others, and that a person's natural state is a state of freedom. Freedom, he explained, was not the same as license or permission to do whatever one wants; rather, freedom is based on the "law of reason which places precise limits on our behavior". Not everyone is able to enjoy their natural rights because other people and the government sometimes violate them; therefore, Locke suggested that men assemble and choose leaders who can be trusted to protect their natural rights. The primary function of government ought to be to protect the natural rights of its citizens, to protect citizens from other states, and to establish and maintain internal order. He suggested that oppressive governments (governments that had broken trust with the people) could, and should, be overthrown; in other words, sometimes, revolution is justified--especially if the government violates the natural rights of its citizens. In questions where natural rights are not the issue, then the will of the majority should prevail. His ideas profoundly inspired the Founding Fathers and the Declaration of Independence; moreover, the Constitution was written mainly to protect the people's rights from government interference, to insure internal order, and to establish defense."
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