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U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1990s, 2002.
Examines the United States' foreign policy in the 1990's, mainly under President Clinton, as the only remaining superpower.
1,054 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how, with the cold-war over, the U.S. found itself re-examining its foreign policies and deciding how to establish itself as the only remaining superpower. This paper looks at three of the principles that shaped foreign policy in the 1990s -- namely a much lessened interest in security, an emphasis on trade and an extraordinary focus on humanitarian activities.
From the Paper
"Much of the United States foreign policy in the 1990s reflected the country?s ongoing adjustment to its new role as, in Richard Haas? terms, a ?reluctant sheriff.? With the zero-sum struggles of the Cold War out of the way, the United States suddenly found itself the only remaining superpower. As Haas observed, ?We no longer live in a world in which a rival possesses missiles aimed at us with the capacity to destroy us in an instant. Nor is the United States engaged any longer in a global struggle for influence or advantage? (The Reluctant Sheriff, 56)."
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Food Rights and U.S. Policy in the 1990s, 2000.
A position paper arguing that the Clinton Administration's refusal to recognize a 'right to food' is entirely inconsistent with its recognition of economic and social rights.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 46.95
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From the Paper
"Among various scholars? enumerations of particular human rights, the fundamental rights listed may be classified as either political and civil rights or economic and social rights. Political and civil rights are negative rights, which are typically satisfied by the mere absence of constraint or harm. In contrast, economic and social rights are positive rights, which constitute an affirmative claim to certain goods and services in society. Human rights have traditionally been considered, by definition, those rights that are universal in nature. Justifying economic and social rights has been problematic because not all goods are attainable. The provision of many economic and social goods is dependent upon a society?s production possibilities, which in many nations are too inadequate to provide for basic needs, and therefore deny the universal possibility of fulfilling such rights. However, consideration of the duties and obligations of actors in a global economy reveal that economic and social rights are, in fact, justified. Mr. Bush and Mr. Reagan?s terming of such rights as mere ?goals? or ?objectives? should not be restored; the Clinton Administration?s termination, by policy, of the distinction between economic and social rights and political and civil rights represents a moral movement forward. However, the Clinton Administration?s refusal to recognize a ?right to food? is entirely inconsistent with its recognition of economic and social rights. "
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International Policy Trade-Offs, 2004.
This paper discusses that international policy must carefully weigh competing and often equally valid choices and make some compromise between these opposing values.
3,255 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the current policy of preemptive strikes is an issue with significant tradeoffs involved for both unilateral and multilateral involvement. The problem with acting in a unilateral fashion is that the acting nation is held solely responsible for the outcome and may be seen as a rogue state by the other nations of the world, thus causing problems immediately with global backlash. The author points out that there are two theories: Liberalism, which argues that, while states may be self-interested and may be working for themselves, in the end, they are also working for the greater good, and constructivism, which argues against a single state blindly trying to force its political structure on all other nations in the name of freedom. The paper relates that similar tough issues involve the private and public clashes regarding environmental protection and immigration laws. These are areas in which a variety of tradeoffs exist, complicating foreign and domestic relationships.
From the Paper
"There is any number of debates surrounding national security. For example, there is an obvious debate plastered all over campuses and in the media regarding whether or not it is right to use war to prevent potential terrorist attacks. Some say that the wars on Iraq and Afghanistan will merely create environments conducive to the formations of disillusioned terrorist cells. Further debates surround the inevitable loss of civil rights associated with nationwide crack downs on suspicious anti-American sentiment and activity. Perhaps the most interesting debate in terms of international policy, however, is that surrounding the importance of multilateral support for national security measures. For the past century, America has generally operated on a multilateral level militarily. Since the founding of the U.N., international opinion has generally held that for conflict to be legitimate, a strong global support must exist behind it. For example, in the first Gulf War, President Bush Sr. let a powerful multilateral force to liberate Kuwait. Today, President Bush Jr. has adopted a far more unilateral strategy, accepting allies where they come in handy but reiterating that they are not entirely necessary. Evidence of this is found both in theory and in action."
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International Competition Policy, 2004.
Analysis of global competition issues and government responses and the impact it all has on businesses and consumers worldwide.
12,039 words (approx. 48.2 pages), 41 sources, APA, $ 233.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a look at the evolution of international competition policy, then focuses on the promotion of competition in worldwide markets and the role of inter-government cooperation in setting the policy environment for better and more productive, as well as fair, competition. It examines efforts being made to address the perceived risk that the conduct of some private businesses may reduce competition and potentially undermine government actions to promote competition (e.g., trade liberalization and deregulation). It includes a look at the adoption of both EU-level and national-level competition laws, which target anti-competitive business conduct resulting largely from US advocacy, and the importance attached to competition law in the context of EU membership. Finally, the potential role of the WTO is discussed.
Evolution of International Competition Policy
Promotion of Competition in World Markets
Role of Inter-Governmental Cooperation in Setting Policy
Private Business Practices That Reduce Competition
National vs. EU-Level Competition Laws
Role of the WTO
From the Paper
"Economic interdependence among countries across the globe has increased sharply in the past fifty years. This international economic interdependence has made vast contributions to greatly improved standards of living for most countries. Ongoing international economic integration bears the promise of further and larger benefits. However, the increasing sensitivity of national economies to events and policies that originate beyond their borders creates dilemmas and pitfalls that may prove to be disastrous if national policies and international cooperation are less than well managed."
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International Monetary Policy, 2002.
A look at international monetary speculation.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines international monetary speculation, its impacts and ways to limit it. Monetary speculation is commonly cited as a cause of the financial crises of the 1990s. The 'Tobin tax' is the most common proposal to limit the impact of international monetary speculation.
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Hegemonic Stability Theory and International Monetary Policy, 2002.
The paper looks at the theory of a hegemony in which a rich and powerful state supplies goods and services to the international community.
2,688 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the history of hegemony and the economic theory that holds that the world is the most stable and prosperous when a hegemon exists as an organizer of the world economic and political systems. The paper looks at the United States as it historically filled the role of hegemon.
From the Paper
"The theory of hegemonic stability offers an overview of world economic history as influenced by major powers: the Dutch (1620 ? 1672), the English (1815 ? 1873) and the Americans (1945 ? 1971). Naturally following is the theory of hegemony fatigue as put forth by Paul Kennedy and others: hegemony is a self-limiting system since the other countries (free riders) which use and benefit from the system put such a burden on the hegemon (who must bear the cost of the system) that sooner or later the system collapses. When the hegemon becomes unable to bear the burden of cost of the other countries, it either turns inward and puts its domestic issues first, or collapses under the strain. Frequently cited examples of hegemony fatigue and decline are that of England at the end of the 19th century, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system (the mechanism of US hegemony) and the collapse of the Iron Curtain which was the mechanism of the hegemony of the Soviet Union over Central and Eastern Europe."
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International Monetary Policies, 1994.
This paper discusses the 1993 international monetary policies (interest rates, money supply) and performances (production, employment, prices) of Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Sweden & the U.S.. Tables.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"National economies around the world are more dependent on one another than at any time in the past. The increasing globalization of the economic sphere of life has ushered in a period wherein monetary policies implemented by a major industrial power affect not only the national economy of that specific country, but also affect the level and character of economic activity in all other countries. For almost three years, economic activity has been stagnant in the world's largest industrial economies. For the most part, the industrial countries have not acted in unison ... "
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Chinese Monetary Policy as Foreign Policy, 2008.
An analysis of how China's monetary policy has been used as part of its foreign policy to influence international relations.
3,815 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses China's economic policies. It focuses on its monetary policies and the use of its artificial control over its exchange rate as an unofficial brief of its foreign policy. It shows how China uses its monetary policy internationally to improve its positions on trade, foreign relations, and bilateral agreements with various countries.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Overview
Chinese Monetary Policy
Foreign Investment as Policy
Foreign Trade
Conclusions
From the Paper
"For many years the Chinese Yuan was pegged to the U.S. dollar and, until recently, this was not a foreign policy issue. However, as the U.S. as well as other markets, have seen their import markets grow far beyond their export markets and consequently maintain extreme trade deficits, the artificial manipulation of the Yuan has now become a matter of foreign policy. Many foreign markets view China's exchange regime, managed float or not, to be an economic weapon and one in which it has not been reticent to utilize."
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United Nations Policy Formulation and Policy Implementation, 2004.
Provides an overview of United Nations policy formulation and policy implementation in the context of international public administration organizations.
1,478 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, instances of policies that were developed and not effectively carried out, as well as recent requirements for the formulation of policies put into place at the UN. It looks at how a sustained public information campaign is extremely important for the success of the UN?s attempt to reinvent its system of policy formulation and policy implementation due to all the ?bad news?, including terrorism and war and AIDS, etc., dominating the TV and print news agencies.
From the Paper
"There are myriad examples of the UN?s good work ? in many and diverse areas where there are desperate human needs throughout the world ? and also, on the other hand, there is no shortage of evidence that some policies, although they were drawn up with the best of intentions, failed in their mission, or were thwarted either through no direct fault of the UN, or because the UN?s policy implementation could not match the promises in the policy formulation. One example of the apparent failure of a policy which was to be implemented was recently reported by the British Medical Journal (Tayal, 2003). The journal claimed that a UN policy designed to tackle the health and human rights needs of ?indigenous people? ? a policy which was formulated in 1995 ? has not been very effective in its implementation."
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The International Monetary Fund's Loans Policy, 2008.
A discussion of how the International Monetary Fund's policy on conditional loans hurts rather than helps the economies of developing nations.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the policy of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to impose stringent conditions upon the loans it releases to developing nations. The paper pays especial attention to why the IMF approach hurts developing nations and how the lending policy of the Fund acts as a sort of neo-colonialism that perpetuates north-south global imbalances. Finally, the political nature of the IMF and how this manifests itself in the loan conditions of the Fund is touched upon. In the end, the paper maintains that the IMF would serve everyone better if it would narrow its scope of activities and focus on preventing fiscal crises rather than aggravating them in the world's poorest states.
From the Paper
"The debilitating impact of IMF loan policies upon developing nations does great harm in a host of areas, but it is arguable that the greatest impact is felt in the realm of business-labour relations. To wit, the International Monetary Fund's unwavering commitment to "labour-market flexibility" has meant that labour laws and wage standards have been revised dramatically downward in nations that are already shouldering heavy loan obligations that they must wonder if they can ever pay off. According to a 1995 United Nations Trade and Development Report which Cavanagh and his team seize upon, the new "flexible" labour laws do not encourage an increase in productive capacity, and they surely do not encourage the creation of work. Instead, they make firing workers easier and they reduce the ability of unions to protect vulnerable employees (Cavanagh et al, 2000). In the end, the devastating reality for struggling men, women and (sometimes) children in poverty-stricken nations desperately trying to extricate themselves from one problem after another is that their governments' reliance upon IMF loans makes their job security, working conditions, wages and benefits (such as they are) entirely dependent upon the capricious whims of foreign corporate mavens who know that they can count upon the IMF to work on their behalf."
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Australian International Trade: External Policy and Deficit, 2000.
A look at the export and import trade in Australia and the problems they face.
1,571 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This essay focuses on the Australian International Trade: The External Policy. It contains researched materials about:
(1) the constraints on Australian exports; (2) future exports growth; (3) the costs associated with imports (fully explained); (4) imports that could be produced in Australia; and (5) the effects of Australian businesses pushing to market their products. This essay also outlines the problems Australia faces in terms of international trade, and the effects it has on the Current Account Deficit (CAD). It also has some well-researched forecasts as to the exports that can and will be increased and the imports that can be reduced.
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International Operations and Internalization, 2005.
Considers how international operations affects a company's marketing function.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how international operations affects a company's marketing function, including all four components of the marketing mix. It looks at Porter's model of international strategy and stages of internationalization. The paper provides examples.
From the Paper
"In today's economy companies can no longer be satisfied with serving a single geographic market. This strategy is still effective for some businesses but many companies-including small and medium-sized organizations-have recognized the benefits of expanding their operations to the global market. With the advent of the Internet and the ability to transfer funds across borders seamlessly and with low transaction costs the move toward globalization is no longer limited to only large companies ..."
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Human Resource Policy and Practice, 2002.
Discusses the changing face of human resource policy since the 1990s and the new direction it is taking in the new millenium.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
HR in the last decade or so has changed its focus. The directions of HR activities have taken on a role of relationship builder; in order to gain value added processes within its organization. Furthermore, its role as the central controlling point of human activities has also redirected towards strategic in terms of catching up with market activities, environmental changes, and technological invasion. Its role is also to support the company in its long-term strategy and reaching its competitive. However, it will have to take over the task to acquaint its people of upcoming change. That is it has the duty to overcoming every kind of barriers that are possible ranging from technological change to external integration.
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U.S. Policy in the Middle East, 1990.
This paper discusses American interests and security policy in the 1990s: Background, oil, Israel, Arabs, terrorism and coercive diplomacy.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 13 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"This research proposes an American security policy for the Middle East for the 1991-2000 time period. This proposed policy is developed through consideration of (a) the factors causing the Middle East to be important to the United States, to include current American interests and objectives, (b) assumptions relating to the Middle East for the 1991-2000 time period which may be expected to influence American policy, and (c) proposed policy changes for the United States with respect to the Middle East."
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Public School Policy Making, 2007.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an understanding of the public school policy process, key policy terminology and policy concepts by examining the public school (K-12) policy for the state of New York.
3,635 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper explores various policy papers, which define public school policy ranging from illumination of the classroom to environmentally sensitive cleaning and maintenance to funding recommendations. The author points out that a systematic difference was found between the federal and the non-federal systems in policy performance including little indication that federal systems either equalize or redistribute the aggregate resources of society. The paper relates that the goals of the governor's 'Campaign for Fiscal Equity' are (1) a multi-year, massive infusion of school funding, (2) the creation of a clear cut system of accountability to drive funds to key educational strategies and (3) a fair and simple foundation formula to distribute school aid based on student need not politics.
Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
BEST (Building Educational Success Together)
State of Affairs in New York State Schools
Inequality in Quality of Classroom Provision
Policy Adoption Recommendations of the Three Agencies
Fiscal Policy Recommendations
Policy Recommendations Comparison
New York State Board of Regents
The Atlantic Philanthropies, The Ford Foundation, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The American Institute for Research (A.I.R) and Management Analysis and Planning (MAP)
New York State Commission on Education Reform
Impact of Federalism on Policy-Making Process
Recent Policy Enactment
From the Paper
"Policy issues in New York State Schools are inclusive of use of chemical and pesticides in school and recently Education Law 409-I has been enacted which establishes the department as being responsible to report "on the status of utilizing environmentally sensitive cleaning and maintenance (green ) products in all public and nonpublic schools by June 1, 2007." Policy such as this is shaped by the stated needs of certain socio-political view and in one such case the need for facility alignment for quality education is upheld by educators."
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